Understand response headers policies - Amazon CloudFront
Policy details (metadata)CORS headersSecurity headersCustom headersRemove headersServer-Timing header

Understand response headers policies

You can use a response headers policy to specify the HTTP headers that Amazon CloudFront removes or adds in responses that it sends to viewers. For more information about response headers policies and reasons to use them, see Add or remove HTTP headers in CloudFront responses with a policy.

The following topics explain the settings in a response headers policy. The settings are grouped into categories, which are represented in the following topics.

Policy details (metadata)

The policy details settings contain metadata about a response headers policy.

  • Name – A name to identify the response headers policy. In the console, you use the name to attach the policy to a cache behavior.

  • Description (optional) – A comment to describe the response headers policy. This is optional, but it can help you identify the purpose of the policy.

CORS headers

The cross-origin resource sharing (CORS) settings allow you to add and configure CORS headers in a response headers policy.

This list focuses on how to specify settings and valid values in a response headers policy. For more information about each of these headers and how they're used for real-world CORS requests and responses, see cross-origin resource sharing in the MDN Web Docs and the CORS protocol spec.

Access-Control-Allow-Credentials

This is a Boolean setting (true or false) that determines if CloudFront adds the Access-Control-Allow-Credentials header in responses to CORS requests. When this setting is set to true, CloudFront adds the Access-Control-Allow-Credentials: true header in responses to CORS requests. Otherwise, CloudFront doesn't add this header to responses.

Access-Control-Allow-Headers

Specifies the header names that CloudFront uses as values for the Access-Control-Allow-Headers header in responses to CORS preflight requests. Valid values for this setting include HTTP header names or the wildcard character (*), which indicates that all headers are allowed.

Note

The Authorization header can't use a wildcard and must be listed explicitly.

Examples of valid use of the wildcard character
Example Will match Will not match

x-amz-*

x-amz-test

x-amz-

x-amz

x-*-amz

x-test-amz

x--amz
* All headers except Authorization Authorization
Access-Control-Allow-Methods

Specifies the HTTP methods that CloudFront uses as values for the Access-Control-Allow-Methods header in responses to CORS preflight requests. Valid values are GET, DELETE, HEAD, OPTIONS, PATCH, POST, PUT, and ALL. ALL is a special value that includes all of the listed HTTP methods.

Access-Control-Allow-Origin

Specifies the values that CloudFront can use in the Access-Control-Allow-Origin response header. Valid values for this setting include a specific origin (such as http://www.example.com) or the wildcard character (*), which indicates that all origins are allowed.

Notes

  • The wildcard character (*) is allowed as the leftmost subdomain (*.example.org).

  • The wildcard character (*) isn't allowed in the following positions:

    • Top-level domains (example.*)

    • To the right of subdomains (test.*.example.org) or within any subdomains (*test.example.org)

    • Inside of terms (exa*mple.org)

For examples of ways to use the wildcard character, see the following table.

Example Will match Will not match

http://*.example.org

http://www.example.org

http://test.example.org

https://test.example.org

https://test.example.org:123

http://test.example.org:123

*.example.org

test.example.org

test.test.example.org

.example.org

http://test.example.org

https://test.example.org

http://test.example.org:123

https://test.example.org:123

example.org

http://example.org

https://example.org

http://example.org

https://example.org

http://example.org:123

http://example.org:*

http://example.org:123

http://example.org

http://example.org:1*3

http://example.org:123

http://example.org:1893

http://example.org:13

*.example.org:1*

test.example.org:123
Access-Control-Expose-Headers

Specifies the header names that CloudFront uses as values for the Access-Control-Expose-Headers header in responses to CORS requests. Valid values for this setting include HTTP header names or the wildcard character (*).

Access-Control-Max-Age

A number of seconds, which CloudFront uses as the value for the Access-Control-Max-Age header in responses to CORS preflight requests.

Origin override

A Boolean setting that determines how CloudFront behaves when the response from the origin contains one of the CORS headers that's also in the policy.

  • When set to true and the origin response contains a CORS header that's also in the policy, CloudFront adds the CORS header in the policy to the response. CloudFront then sends that response to the viewer. CloudFront ignores the header that it received from the origin.

  • When set to false and the origin response contains a CORS header (regardless of whether the CORS header is in the policy), CloudFront includes the CORS header that it received from the origin to the response. CloudFront doesn't add any CORS headers in the policy to the response that is sent to the viewer.

Security headers

You can use the security headers settings to add and configure several security-related HTTP response headers in a response headers policy.

This list describes how you can specify settings and valid values in a response headers policy. For more information about each of these headers and how they're used in real-world HTTP responses, see the links to the MDN Web Docs.

Content-Security-Policy

Specifies the content security policy directives that CloudFront uses as values for the Content-Security-Policy response header.

For more information about this header and valid policy directives, see Content-Security-Policy in the MDN Web Docs.

Note

The Content-Security-Policy header value is limited to 1783 characters.

Referrer-Policy

Specifies the referrer policy directive that CloudFront uses as the value for the Referrer-Policy response header. Valid values for this setting are no-referrer, no-referrer-when-downgrade, origin, origin-when-cross-origin, same-origin, strict-origin, strict-origin-when-cross-origin, and unsafe-url.

For more information about this header and these directives, see Referrer-Policy in the MDN Web Docs.

Strict-Transport-Security

Specifies the directives and settings that CloudFront uses as the value for the Strict-Transport-Security response header. For this setting, you separately specify:

  • A number of seconds, which CloudFront uses as the value for the max-age directive of this header

  • A Boolean setting (true or false) for preload, which determines whether CloudFront includes the preload directive in the value of this header

  • A Boolean setting (true or false) for includeSubDomains, which determines whether CloudFront includes the includeSubDomains directive in the value of this header

For more information about this header and these directives, see Strict-Transport-Security in the MDN Web Docs.

X-Content-Type-Options

This is a Boolean setting (true or false) that determines if CloudFront adds the X-Content-Type-Options header to responses. When this setting is true, CloudFront adds the X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff header to responses. Otherwise CloudFront doesn't add this header.

For more information about this header, see X-Content-Type-Options in the MDN Web Docs.

X-Frame-Options

Specifies the directive that CloudFront uses as the value for the X-Frame-Options response header. Valid values for this setting are DENY or SAMEORIGIN.

For more information about this header and these directives, see X-Frame-Options in the MDN Web Docs.

X-XSS-Protection

Specifies the directives and settings that CloudFront uses as the value for the X-XSS-Protection response header. For this setting, you separately specify:

  • An X-XSS-Protection setting of 0 (disables XSS filtering) or 1 (enables XSS filtering)

  • A Boolean setting (true or false) for block, which determines whether CloudFront includes the mode=block directive in the value for this header

  • A reporting URI, which determines whether CloudFront includes the report=reporting URI directive in the value for this header

You can specify true for block, or you can specify a reporting URI, but you can't specify both together. For more information about this header and these directives, see X-XSS-Protection in the MDN Web Docs.

Origin override

Each of these security headers settings contains a Boolean setting (true or false) that determines how CloudFront behaves when the response from the origin contains that header.

When this setting is set to true and the origin response contains the header, CloudFront adds the header in the policy to the response that it sends to the viewer. It ignores the header that it received from the origin.

When this setting is set to false and the origin response contains the header, CloudFront includes the header that it received from the origin in the response that it sends to the viewer.

When the origin response doesn't contain the header, CloudFront adds the header in the policy to the response that it sends to the viewer. CloudFront does this when this setting is set to true or false.

Custom headers

You can use custom headers settings to add and configure custom HTTP headers in a response headers policy. CloudFront adds these headers to every response that it returns to viewers. For each custom header, you also specify the value for the header, though specifying a value is optional. This is because CloudFront can add a response header with no value.

Each custom header also has its own Origin override setting:

  • When this setting is set to true and the origin response contains the custom header that's in the policy, CloudFront adds the custom header in the policy to the response that it sends to the viewer. It ignores the header that it received from the origin.

  • When this setting is false and the origin response contains the custom header that's in the policy, CloudFront includes the custom header that it received from the origin in the response that it sends to the viewer.

  • When the origin response doesn't contain the custom header that's in the policy, CloudFront adds the custom header in the policy to the response that it sends to the viewer. CloudFront does this when this setting is set to true or false.

Remove headers

You can specify headers that you want CloudFront to remove from the responses it receives from the origin so the headers are not included in the responses that CloudFront sends to viewers. CloudFront removes the headers from every response it sends to viewers, whether the objects is served from CloudFront's cache or from the origin. For example, you can remove headers that are of no use to browsers, such as X-Powered-By or Vary, so that CloudFront removes these headers from the responses that it sends to viewers.

When you specify headers to remove using a response headers policy, CloudFront removes the headers first and then adds any headers that are specified in other sections of the response headers policy (CORS headers, security headers, custom headers, etc.). If you specify a header to remove but also add the same header in another section of the policy, CloudFront includes the header in the responses that it sends to viewers.

Note

You can use a response headers policy to remove the Server and Date headers that CloudFront received from the origin, so that these headers (as received from the origin) are not included in the responses that CloudFront sends to viewers. However, if you do that, CloudFront adds its own version of these headers to responses that it sends to viewers. For the Server header that CloudFront adds, the header's value is CloudFront.

Headers that you can't remove

You cannot remove the following headers using a response headers policy. If you specify these headers in the Remove headers section of a response headers policy (ResponseHeadersPolicyRemoveHeadersConfig in the API), you receive an error.

  • Connection

  • Content-Encoding

  • Content-Length

  • Expect

  • Host

  • Keep-Alive

  • Proxy-Authenticate

  • Proxy-Authorization

  • Proxy-Connection

  • Trailer

  • Transfer-Encoding

  • Upgrade

  • Via

  • Warning

  • X-Accel-Buffering

  • X-Accel-Charset

  • X-Accel-Limit-Rate

  • X-Accel-Redirect

  • X-Amz-Cf-.*

  • X-Amzn-Auth

  • X-Amzn-Cf-Billing

  • X-Amzn-Cf-Id

  • X-Amzn-Cf-Xff

  • X-Amzn-ErrorType

  • X-Amzn-Fle-Profile

  • X-Amzn-Header-Count

  • X-Amzn-Header-Order

  • X-Amzn-Lambda-Integration-Tag

  • X-Amzn-RequestId

  • X-Cache

  • X-Edge-.*

  • X-Forwarded-Proto

  • X-Real-Ip

Server-Timing header

Use the Server-Timing header setting to enable the Server-Timing header in HTTP responses sent from CloudFront. You can use this header to view metrics that can help you gain insights about the behavior and performance of CloudFront and your origin. For example, you can see which cache layer served a cache hit. Or, you can see the first byte latency from the origin if there's a cache miss. The metrics in the Server-Timing header can help you troubleshoot issues or test the efficiency of your CloudFront or origin configuration.

For more information about using the Server-Timing header with CloudFront, see the following topics.

To enable the Server-Timing header, create (or edit) a response headers policy.

Sampling rate and Pragma request header

When you enable the Server-Timing header in a response headers policy, you also specify the sampling rate. The sampling rate is a number 0–100 (inclusive) that specifies the percentage of responses that you want CloudFront to add the Server-Timing header to. When you set the sampling rate to 100, CloudFront adds the Server-Timing header to the HTTP response for every request that matches the cache behavior that the response headers policy is attached to. When you set it to 50, CloudFront adds the header to 50% of the responses for requests that match the cache behavior. You can set the sampling rate to any number 0–100 with up to four decimal places.

When the sampling rate is set to a number lower than 100, you can't control which responses CloudFront adds the Server-Timing header to, only the percentage. However, you can add the Pragma header with a value set to server-timing in an HTTP request to receive the Server-Timing header in the response to that request. This works no matter what the sampling rate is set to. Even when the sampling rate is set to zero (0), CloudFront adds the Server-Timing header to the response if the request contains the Pragma: server-timing header.

Server-Timing header from the origin

When there is a cache miss and CloudFront forwards the request to the origin, the origin might include a Server-Timing header in its response to CloudFront. In this case, CloudFront adds its metrics to the Server-Timing header that it received from the origin. The response that CloudFront sends to the viewer contains a single Server-Timing header that includes the value that came from the origin and the metrics that CloudFront added. The header value from the origin might be at the end, or in between two sets of metrics that CloudFront adds to the header.

When there is a cache hit, the response that CloudFront sends to the viewer contains a single Server-Timing header that includes only the CloudFront metrics in the header value (the value from the origin is not included).

Server-Timing header metrics

When CloudFront adds the Server-Timing header to an HTTP response, the value of the header contains one or more metrics that can help you gain insights about the behavior and performance of CloudFront and your origin. The following list contains all the metrics and their potential values. A Server-Timing header contains only some of these metrics, depending on the nature of the request and response through CloudFront.

Some of these metrics are included in the Server-Timing header with a name only (no value). Others are a name and a value. When a metric has a value, the name and value are separated by a semicolon (;). When the header contains more than one metric, the metrics are separated by a comma (,).

cdn-cache-hit

CloudFront provided a response from the cache without making a request to the origin.

cdn-cache-refresh

CloudFront provided a response from the cache after sending a request to the origin to verify that the cached object is still valid. In this case, CloudFront didn't retrieve the full object from the origin.

cdn-cache-miss

CloudFront didn't provide the response from the cache. In this case, CloudFront requested the full object from the origin before returning the response.

cdn-pop

Contains a value that describes which CloudFront point of presence (POP) handled the request.

cdn-rid

Contains a value with the CloudFront unique identifier for the request. You can use this request identifier (RID) when troubleshooting issues with AWS Support

cdn-hit-layer

This metric is present when CloudFront provides a response from the cache without making a request to the origin. It contains one of the following values:

  • EDGE – CloudFront provided the cached response from a POP location.

  • REC – CloudFront provided the cached response from a regional edge cache (REC) location.

  • Origin Shield – CloudFront provided the cached response from the REC that's acting as Origin Shield.

cdn-upstream-layer

When CloudFront requests the full object from the origin, this metric is present and contains one of the following values:

  • EDGE – A POP location sent the request directly to the origin.

  • REC – A REC location sent the request directly to the origin.

  • Origin Shield – The REC that's acting as Origin Shield sent the request directly to the origin.

cdn-upstream-dns

Contains a value with the number of milliseconds that were spent retrieving the DNS record for the origin. A value of zero (0) indicates that CloudFront used a cached DNS result or reused an existing connection.

cdn-upstream-connect

Contains a value with the number of milliseconds between when the origin DNS request completed and a TCP (and TLS, if applicable) connection to the origin completed. A value of zero (0) indicates that CloudFront reused an existing connection.

cdn-upstream-fbl

Contains a value with the number of milliseconds between when the origin HTTP request is completed and when the first byte is received in the response from the origin (first byte latency).

cdn-downstream-fbl

Contains a value with the number of milliseconds between when the edge location finished receiving the request and when it sent the first byte of the response to the viewer.

Server-Timing header examples

The following are examples of a Server-Timing header that a viewer might receive from CloudFront when the Server-Timing header setting is enabled.

Example – cache miss

The following example shows a Server-Timing header that a viewer might receive when the requested object is not in the CloudFront cache.

Server-Timing: cdn-upstream-layer;desc="EDGE",cdn-upstream-dns;dur=0,cdn-upstream-connect;dur=114,cdn-upstream-fbl;dur=177,cdn-cache-miss,cdn-pop;desc="PHX50-C2",cdn-rid;desc="yNPsyYn7skvTzwWkq3Wcc8Nj_foxUjQUe9H1ifslzWhb0w7aLbFvGg==",cdn-downstream-fbl;dur=436

This Server-Timing header indicates the following:

  • The origin request was sent from a CloudFront point of presence (POP) location (cdn-upstream-layer;desc="EDGE").

  • CloudFront used a cached DNS result for the origin (cdn-upstream-dns;dur=0).

  • It took 114 milliseconds for CloudFront to complete the TCP (and TLS, if applicable) connection to the origin (cdn-upstream-connect;dur=114).

  • It took 177 milliseconds for CloudFront to receive the first byte of the response from the origin, after completing the request (cdn-upstream-fbl;dur=177).

  • The requested object wasn't in CloudFront's cache (cdn-cache-miss).

  • The request was received at the edge location identified by the code PHX50-C2 (cdn-pop;desc="PHX50-C2").

  • The CloudFront unique ID for this request was yNPsyYn7skvTzwWkq3Wcc8Nj_foxUjQUe9H1ifslzWhb0w7aLbFvGg== (cdn-rid;desc="yNPsyYn7skvTzwWkq3Wcc8Nj_foxUjQUe9H1ifslzWhb0w7aLbFvGg==").

  • It took 436 milliseconds for CloudFront to send the first byte of the response to the viewer, after receiving the viewer request (cdn-downstream-fbl;dur=436).

Example – cache hit

The following example shows a Server-Timing header that a viewer might receive when the requested object is in CloudFront's cache.

Server-Timing: cdn-cache-hit,cdn-pop;desc="SEA19-C1",cdn-rid;desc="nQBz4aJU2kP9iC3KHEq7vFxfMozu-VYBwGzkW9diOpeVc7xsrLKj-g==",cdn-hit-layer;desc="REC",cdn-downstream-fbl;dur=137

This Server-Timing header indicates the following:

  • The requested object was in the cache (cdn-cache-hit).

  • The request was received at the edge location identified by the code SEA19-C1 (cdn-pop;desc="SEA19-C1").

  • The CloudFront unique ID for this request was nQBz4aJU2kP9iC3KHEq7vFxfMozu-VYBwGzkW9diOpeVc7xsrLKj-g== (cdn-rid;desc="nQBz4aJU2kP9iC3KHEq7vFxfMozu-VYBwGzkW9diOpeVc7xsrLKj-g==").

  • The requested object was cached in a regional edge cache (REC) location (cdn-hit-layer;desc="REC").

  • It took 137 milliseconds for CloudFront to send the first byte of the response to the viewer, after receiving the viewer request (cdn-downstream-fbl;dur=137).