# Tutorial: Create a web server and an Amazon Aurora DB cluster
<a name="TUT_WebAppWithRDS"></a>

This tutorial shows you how to install an Apache web server with PHP and create a MariaDB, MySQL, or PostgreSQL database. The web server runs on an Amazon EC2 instance using Amazon Linux 2023, and you can choose between an Aurora MySQL or Aurora PostgreSQL DB cluster. Both the Amazon EC2 instance and the DB cluster run in a virtual private cloud (VPC) based on the Amazon VPC service. 

**Important**  
There's no charge for creating an AWS account. However, by completing this tutorial, you might incur costs for the AWS resources you use. You can delete these resources after you complete the tutorial if they are no longer needed.

**Note**  
This tutorial works with Amazon Linux 2023 and might not work for other versions of Linux.

In the tutorial that follows, you create an EC2 instance that uses the default VPC, subnets, and security group for your AWS account. This tutorial shows you how to create the DB cluster and automatically set up connectivity with the EC2 instance that you created. The tutorial then shows you how to install the web server on the EC2 instance. You connect your web server to your DB cluster in the VPC using the DB cluster writer endpoint.

1. [Launch an EC2 instance to connect with your DB cluster](CHAP_Tutorials.WebServerDB.LaunchEC2.md)

1. [Create an Amazon Aurora DB cluster](CHAP_Tutorials.WebServerDB.CreateDBCluster.md)

1. [Install a web server on your EC2 instance](CHAP_Tutorials.WebServerDB.CreateWebServer.md)

The following diagram shows the configuration when the tutorial is complete.

![\[Single VPC Scenario\]](http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/AuroraUserGuide/images/con-VPC-sec-grp-aurora.png)


**Note**  
After you complete the tutorial, there is a public and private subnet in each Availability Zone in your VPC. This tutorial uses the default VPC for your AWS account and automatically sets up connectivity between your EC2 instance and DB cluster. If you would rather configure a new VPC for this scenario instead, complete the tasks in [Tutorial: Create a VPC for use with a DB cluster (IPv4 only)](CHAP_Tutorials.WebServerDB.CreateVPC.md).

# Launch an EC2 instance to connect with your DB cluster
<a name="CHAP_Tutorials.WebServerDB.LaunchEC2"></a>

Create an Amazon EC2 instance in the public subnet of your VPC.

**To launch an EC2 instance**

1. Sign in to the AWS Management Console and open the Amazon EC2 console at [https://console.aws.amazon.com/ec2/](https://console.aws.amazon.com/ec2/).

1. In the upper-right corner of the AWS Management Console, choose the AWS Region where you want to create the EC2 instance.

1. Choose **EC2 Dashboard**, and then choose **Launch instance**, as shown following.  
![\[EC2 Dashboard\]](http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/AuroraUserGuide/images/Tutorial_WebServer_11.png)

1. Choose the following settings in the **Launch an instance** page.

   1. Under **Name and tags**, for **Name**, enter **tutorial-ec2-instance-web-server**.

   1. Under **Application and OS Images (Amazon Machine Image)**, choose **Amazon Linux**, and then choose the **Amazon Linux 2023 AMI**. Keep the defaults for the other choices.  
![\[Choose an Amazon Machine Image\]](http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/AuroraUserGuide/images/Tutorial_WebServer_12.png)

   1. Under **Instance type**, choose **t2.micro**.

   1. Under **Key pair (login)**, choose a **Key pair name** to use an existing key pair. To create a new key pair for the Amazon EC2 instance, choose **Create new key pair** and then use the **Create key pair** window to create it.

      For more information about creating a new key pair, see [Create a key pair](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/get-set-up-for-amazon-ec2.html#create-a-key-pair) in the *Amazon EC2 User Guide*.

   1. Under **Network settings**, set these values and keep the other values as their defaults:
      + For **Allow SSH traffic from**, choose the source of SSH connections to the EC2 instance.

        You can choose **My IP** if the displayed IP address is correct for SSH connections.

        Otherwise, you can determine the IP address to use to connect to EC2 instances in your VPC using Secure Shell (SSH). To determine your public IP address, in a different browser window or tab, you can use the service at [https://checkip.amazonaws.com](https://checkip.amazonaws.com). An example of an IP address is `203.0.113.25/32`.

        In many cases, you might connect through an internet service provider (ISP) or from behind your firewall without a static IP address. If so, make sure to determine the range of IP addresses used by client computers.
**Warning**  
If you use `0.0.0.0/0` for SSH access, you make it possible for all IP addresses to access your public instances using SSH. This approach is acceptable for a short time in a test environment, but it's unsafe for production environments. In production, authorize only a specific IP address or range of addresses to access your instances using SSH.
      + Turn on **Allow HTTPs traffic from the internet**.
      + Turn on **Allow HTTP traffic from the internet**.  
![\[Configure Instance Details\]](http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/AuroraUserGuide/images/Tutorial_WebServer_14.png)

   1. Leave the default values for the remaining sections.

   1. Review a summary of your instance configuration in the **Summary** panel, and when you're ready, choose **Launch instance**.

1. On the **Launch Status** page, note the identifier for your new EC2 instance, for example: `i-1234567890abcdef0`.  
![\[EC2 instance identifier on Launch Status page.\]](http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/AuroraUserGuide/images/getting-started-ec2-id.png)

1. Choose the EC2 instance identifier to open the list of EC2 instances, and then select your EC2 instance.

1. In the **Details** tab, note the following values, which you need when you connect using SSH:

   1. In **Instance summary**, note the value for **Public IPv4 DNS**.  
![\[EC2 public DNS name on Details tab of Instances page.\]](http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/AuroraUserGuide/images/easy-create-ec2-public-dns.png)

   1. In **Instance details**, note the value for **Key pair name**.  
![\[EC2 key pair name on Details tab of Instance page.\]](http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/AuroraUserGuide/images/easy-create-ec2-key-pair.png)

1. Wait until **Instance state** for your instance is **Running** before continuing.

1. Complete [Create an Amazon Aurora DB cluster](CHAP_Tutorials.WebServerDB.CreateDBCluster.md).

# Create an Amazon Aurora DB cluster
<a name="CHAP_Tutorials.WebServerDB.CreateDBCluster"></a>

Create an Amazon Aurora MySQL or Aurora PostgreSQL DB cluster that maintains the data used by a web application.

------
#### [ Aurora MySQL ]

**To create an Aurora MySQL DB cluster**

1. Sign in to the AWS Management Console and open the Amazon RDS console at [https://console.aws.amazon.com/rds/](https://console.aws.amazon.com/rds/).

1. In the upper-right corner of the AWS Management Console, make sure the AWS Region is the same as the one where you created your EC2 instance.

1. In the navigation pane, choose **Databases**.

1. Choose **Create database**.

1. On the **Create database** page, choose **Standard create**.

1. For **Engine options**, choose **Aurora (MySQL Compatible)**.  
![\[Select engine type\]](http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/AuroraUserGuide/images/aurora-engine-options-mysql.png)

   Keep the default values for **Version** and the other engine options.

1. In the **Templates** section, choose **Dev/Test**.  
![\[Select template\]](http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/AuroraUserGuide/images/tutorial-create-template-2.png)

1. In the **Settings** section, set these values:
   + **DB cluster identifier** – Type **tutorial-db-cluster**.
   + **Master username** – Type **tutorial\$1user**.
   + **Auto generate a password** – Leave the option turned off.
   + **Master password** – Type a password.
   + **Confirm password** – Retype the password.  
![\[Settings sections\]](http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/AuroraUserGuide/images/Tutorial_WebServer_Settings-Aurora.png)

1. In the **Instance configuration** section, set these values:
   + **Burstable classes (includes t classes)**
   + **db.t3.small** or **db.t3.medium**
**Note**  
We recommend using the T DB instance classes only for development and test servers, or other non-production servers. For more details on the T instance classes, see [DB instance class types](Concepts.DBInstanceClass.Types.md).  
![\[Instance configuration section\]](http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/AuroraUserGuide/images/Tutorial_WebServer_DB_instance_small_aurora.png)

1. In the **Availability and durability** section, use the default values.

1. In the **Connectivity** section, set these values and keep the other values as their defaults:
   + For **Compute resource**, choose **Connect to an EC2 compute resource**.
   + For **EC2 instance**, choose the EC2 instance you created previously, such as **tutorial-ec2-instance-web-server**.  
![\[Connectivity section\]](http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/AuroraUserGuide/images/Tutorial_WebServer_Connectivity.png)

1. Open the **Additional configuration** section, and enter **sample** for **Initial database name**. Keep the default settings for the other options.

1. To create your Aurora MySQL DB cluster, choose **Create database**.

   Your new DB cluster appears in the **Databases** list with the status **Creating**.

1. Wait for the **Status** of your new DB cluster to show as **Available**. Then choose the DB cluster name to show its details.

1. In the **Connectivity & security** section, view the **Endpoint** and **Port** of the writer DB instance.  
![\[DB cluster details\]](http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/AuroraUserGuide/images/Tutorial_WebServer_Endpoint_Port_Aurora.png)

   Note the endpoint and port for your writer DB instance. You use this information to connect your web server to your DB cluster.

1. Complete [Install a web server on your EC2 instance](CHAP_Tutorials.WebServerDB.CreateWebServer.md).

------
#### [ Aurora PostgreSQL ]

**To create an Aurora PostgreSQL DB cluster**

1. Sign in to the AWS Management Console and open the Amazon RDS console at [https://console.aws.amazon.com/rds/](https://console.aws.amazon.com/rds/).

1. In the upper-right corner of the AWS Management Console, make sure the AWS Region is the same as the one where you created your EC2 instance.

1. In the navigation pane, choose **Databases**.

1. Choose **Create database**.

1. On the **Create database** page, choose **Standard create**.

1. For **Engine options**, choose **Aurora (PostgreSQL Compatible)**.  
![\[Select engine type and template\]](http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/AuroraUserGuide/images/aurora-engine-options-postgres.png)

   Keep the default values for **Version** and the other engine options.

1. In the **Templates** section, choose **Dev/Test**.  
![\[Select template\]](http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/AuroraUserGuide/images/tutorial-create-template-2.png)

1. In the **Settings** section, set these values:
   + **DB cluster identifier** – Type **tutorial-db-cluster**.
   + **Master username** – Type **tutorial\$1user**.
   + **Auto generate a password** – Leave the option turned off.
   + **Master password** – Type a password.
   + **Confirm password** – Retype the password.  
![\[Settings sections\]](http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/AuroraUserGuide/images/Tutorial_WebServer_Settings-Aurora.png)

1. In the **Instance configuration** section, set these values:
   + **Burstable classes (includes t classes)**
   + **db.t3.small** or **db.t3.medium**
**Note**  
We recommend using the T DB instance classes only for development and test servers, or other non-production servers. For more details on the T instance classes, see [DB instance class types](Concepts.DBInstanceClass.Types.md).  
![\[Instance configuration section\]](http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/AuroraUserGuide/images/Tutorial_WebServer_DB_instance_small_aurora.png)

1. In the **Availability and durability** section, use the default values.

1. In the **Connectivity** section, set these values and keep the other values as their defaults:
   + For **Compute resource**, choose **Connect to an EC2 compute resource**.
   + For **EC2 instance**, choose the EC2 instance you created previously, such as **tutorial-ec2-instance-web-server**.  
![\[Connectivity section\]](http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/AuroraUserGuide/images/Tutorial_WebServer_Connectivity.png)

1. Open the **Additional configuration** section, and enter **sample** for **Initial database name**. Keep the default settings for the other options.

1. To create your Aurora PostgreSQL DB cluster, choose **Create database**.

   Your new DB cluster appears in the **Databases** list with the status **Creating**.

1. Wait for the **Status** of your new DB cluster to show as **Available**. Then choose the DB cluster name to show its details.

1. In the **Connectivity & security** section, view the **Endpoint** and **Port** of the writer DB instance.  
![\[DB cluster details\]](http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/AuroraUserGuide/images/Tutorial_WebServer_Endpoint_Port_APG.png)

   Note the endpoint and port for your writer DB instance. You use this information to connect your web server to your DB cluster.

1. Complete [Install a web server on your EC2 instance](CHAP_Tutorials.WebServerDB.CreateWebServer.md).

------

# Install a web server on your EC2 instance
<a name="CHAP_Tutorials.WebServerDB.CreateWebServer"></a>

Install a web server on the EC2 instance you created in [Launch an EC2 instance to connect with your DB cluster](CHAP_Tutorials.WebServerDB.LaunchEC2.md). The web server connects to the Amazon Aurora DB cluster that you created in [Create an Amazon Aurora DB cluster](CHAP_Tutorials.WebServerDB.CreateDBCluster.md). 

## Install an Apache web server with PHP and MariaDB
<a name="CHAP_Tutorials.WebServerDB.CreateWebServer.Apache"></a>

Connect to your EC2 instance and install the web server.

**To connect to your EC2 instance and install the Apache web server with PHP**

1. Connect to the EC2 instance that you created earlier by following the steps in [Connect to your Linux instance](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/AccessingInstances.html) in the *Amazon EC2 User Guide*.

   We recommend that you connect to your EC2 instance using SSH. If the SSH client utility is installed on Windows, Linux, or Mac, you can connect to the instance using the following command format:

   ```
   ssh -i location_of_pem_file ec2-user@ec2-instance-public-dns-name
   ```

   For example, assume that `ec2-database-connect-key-pair.pem` is stored in `/dir1` on Linux, and the public IPv4 DNS for your EC2 instance is `ec2-12-345-678-90.compute-1.amazonaws.com`. Your SSH command would look as follows:

   ```
   ssh -i /dir1/ec2-database-connect-key-pair.pem ec2-user@ec2-12-345-678-90.compute-1.amazonaws.com
   ```

1. Get the latest bug fixes and security updates by updating the software on your EC2 instance. To do this, use the following command.
**Note**  
The `-y` option installs the updates without asking for confirmation. To examine updates before installing, omit this option.

   ```
   sudo dnf update -y
   ```

1. After the updates complete, install the Apache web server, PHP, and MariaDB or PostgreSQL software using the following commands. This command installs multiple software packages and related dependencies at the same time.

------
#### [ MariaDB & MySQL ]

   ```
   sudo dnf install -y httpd php php-mysqli mariadb105
   ```

------
#### [ PostgreSQL ]

   ```
   sudo dnf install -y httpd php php-pgsql postgresql15
   ```

------

   If you receive an error, your instance probably wasn't launched with an Amazon Linux 2023 AMI. You might be using the Amazon Linux 2 AMI instead. You can view your version of Amazon Linux using the following command.

   ```
   cat /etc/system-release
   ```

   For more information, see [Updating instance software](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/install-updates.html).

1. Start the web server with the command shown following.

   ```
   sudo systemctl start httpd
   ```

   You can test that your web server is properly installed and started. To do this, enter the public Domain Name System (DNS) name of your EC2 instance in the address bar of a web browser, for example: `http://ec2-42-8-168-21.us-west-1.compute.amazonaws.com`. If your web server is running, then you see the Apache test page. 

   If you don't see the Apache test page, check your inbound rules for the VPC security group that you created in [Tutorial: Create a VPC for use with a DB cluster (IPv4 only)](CHAP_Tutorials.WebServerDB.CreateVPC.md). Make sure that your inbound rules include one allowing HTTP (port 80) access for the IP address to connect to the web server.
**Note**  
The Apache test page appears only when there is no content in the document root directory, `/var/www/html`. After you add content to the document root directory, your content appears at the public DNS address of your EC2 instance. Before this point, it appears on the Apache test page.

1. Configure the web server to start with each system boot using the `systemctl` command.

   ```
   sudo systemctl enable httpd
   ```

To allow `ec2-user` to manage files in the default root directory for your Apache web server, modify the ownership and permissions of the `/var/www` directory. There are many ways to accomplish this task. In this tutorial, you add `ec2-user` to the `apache` group, to give the `apache` group ownership of the `/var/www` directory and assign write permissions to the group.

**To set file permissions for the Apache web server**

1. Add the `ec2-user` user to the `apache` group.

   ```
   sudo usermod -a -G apache ec2-user
   ```

1. Log out to refresh your permissions and include the new `apache` group.

   ```
   exit
   ```

1. Log back in again and verify that the `apache` group exists with the `groups` command.

   ```
   groups
   ```

   Your output looks similar to the following:

   ```
   ec2-user adm wheel apache systemd-journal
   ```

1. Change the group ownership of the `/var/www` directory and its contents to the `apache` group.

   ```
   sudo chown -R ec2-user:apache /var/www
   ```

1. Change the directory permissions of `/var/www` and its subdirectories to add group write permissions and set the group ID on subdirectories created in the future.

   ```
   sudo chmod 2775 /var/www
   find /var/www -type d -exec sudo chmod 2775 {} \;
   ```

1. Recursively change the permissions for files in the `/var/www` directory and its subdirectories to add group write permissions.

   ```
   find /var/www -type f -exec sudo chmod 0664 {} \;
   ```

Now, `ec2-user` (and any future members of the `apache` group) can add, delete, and edit files in the Apache document root. This makes it possible for you to add content, such as a static website or a PHP application. 

**Note**  
A web server running the HTTP protocol provides no transport security for the data that it sends or receives. When you connect to an HTTP server using a web browser, much information is visible to eavesdroppers anywhere along the network pathway. This information includes the URLs that you visit, the content of web pages that you receive, and the contents (including passwords) of any HTML forms.   
The best practice for securing your web server is to install support for HTTPS (HTTP Secure). This protocol protects your data with SSL/TLS encryption. For more information, see [ Tutorial: Configure SSL/TLS with the Amazon Linux AMI](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/SSL-on-amazon-linux-ami.html) in the *Amazon EC2 User Guide*.

## Connect your Apache web server to your DB cluster
<a name="CHAP_Tutorials.WebServerDB.CreateWebServer.PHPContent"></a>

Next, you add content to your Apache web server that connects to your Amazon Aurora DB cluster.

**To add content to the Apache web server that connects to your DB cluster**

1. While still connected to your EC2 instance, change the directory to `/var/www` and create a new subdirectory named `inc`.

   ```
   cd /var/www
   mkdir inc
   cd inc
   ```

1. Create a new file in the `inc` directory named `dbinfo.inc`, and then edit the file by calling nano (or the editor of your choice).

   ```
   >dbinfo.inc
   nano dbinfo.inc
   ```

1. Add the following contents to the `dbinfo.inc` file. Here, *db\$1instance\$1endpoint* is DB cluster writer endpoint, without the port, for your DB cluster.
**Note**  
We recommend placing the user name and password information in a folder that isn't part of the document root for your web server. Doing this reduces the possibility of your security information being exposed.  
Make sure to change `master password` to a suitable password in your application.

   ```
   <?php
   
   define('DB_SERVER', 'db_cluster_writer_endpoint');
   define('DB_USERNAME', 'tutorial_user');
   define('DB_PASSWORD', 'master password');
   define('DB_DATABASE', 'sample');
   ?>
   ```

1. Save and close the `dbinfo.inc` file. If you are using nano, save and close the file by using Ctrl\$1S and Ctrl\$1X.

1. Change the directory to `/var/www/html`.

   ```
   cd /var/www/html
   ```

1. Create a new file in the `html` directory named `SamplePage.php`, and then edit the file by calling nano (or the editor of your choice).

   ```
   >SamplePage.php
   nano SamplePage.php
   ```

1. Add the following contents to the `SamplePage.php` file:

------
#### [ MariaDB & MySQL ]

   ```
   <?php include "../inc/dbinfo.inc"; ?>
   <html>
   <body>
   <h1>Sample page</h1>
   <?php
   
     /* Connect to MySQL and select the database. */
     $connection = mysqli_connect(DB_SERVER, DB_USERNAME, DB_PASSWORD);
   
     if (mysqli_connect_errno()) echo "Failed to connect to MySQL: " . mysqli_connect_error();
   
     $database = mysqli_select_db($connection, DB_DATABASE);
   
     /* Ensure that the EMPLOYEES table exists. */
     VerifyEmployeesTable($connection, DB_DATABASE);
   
     /* If input fields are populated, add a row to the EMPLOYEES table. */
     $employee_name = htmlentities($_POST['NAME']);
     $employee_address = htmlentities($_POST['ADDRESS']);
   
     if (strlen($employee_name) || strlen($employee_address)) {
       AddEmployee($connection, $employee_name, $employee_address);
     }
   ?>
   
   <!-- Input form -->
   <form action="<?PHP echo $_SERVER['SCRIPT_NAME'] ?>" method="POST">
     <table border="0">
       <tr>
         <td>NAME</td>
         <td>ADDRESS</td>
       </tr>
       <tr>
         <td>
           <input type="text" name="NAME" maxlength="45" size="30" />
         </td>
         <td>
           <input type="text" name="ADDRESS" maxlength="90" size="60" />
         </td>
         <td>
           <input type="submit" value="Add Data" />
         </td>
       </tr>
     </table>
   </form>
   
   <!-- Display table data. -->
   <table border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
     <tr>
       <td>ID</td>
       <td>NAME</td>
       <td>ADDRESS</td>
     </tr>
   
   <?php
   
   $result = mysqli_query($connection, "SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEES");
   
   while($query_data = mysqli_fetch_row($result)) {
     echo "<tr>";
     echo "<td>",$query_data[0], "</td>",
          "<td>",$query_data[1], "</td>",
          "<td>",$query_data[2], "</td>";
     echo "</tr>";
   }
   ?>
   
   </table>
   
   <!-- Clean up. -->
   <?php
   
     mysqli_free_result($result);
     mysqli_close($connection);
   
   ?>
   
   </body>
   </html>
   
   
   <?php
   
   /* Add an employee to the table. */
   function AddEmployee($connection, $name, $address) {
      $n = mysqli_real_escape_string($connection, $name);
      $a = mysqli_real_escape_string($connection, $address);
   
      $query = "INSERT INTO EMPLOYEES (NAME, ADDRESS) VALUES ('$n', '$a');";
   
      if(!mysqli_query($connection, $query)) echo("<p>Error adding employee data.</p>");
   }
   
   /* Check whether the table exists and, if not, create it. */
   function VerifyEmployeesTable($connection, $dbName) {
     if(!TableExists("EMPLOYEES", $connection, $dbName))
     {
        $query = "CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEES (
            ID int(11) UNSIGNED AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
            NAME VARCHAR(45),
            ADDRESS VARCHAR(90)
          )";
   
        if(!mysqli_query($connection, $query)) echo("<p>Error creating table.</p>");
     }
   }
   
   /* Check for the existence of a table. */
   function TableExists($tableName, $connection, $dbName) {
     $t = mysqli_real_escape_string($connection, $tableName);
     $d = mysqli_real_escape_string($connection, $dbName);
   
     $checktable = mysqli_query($connection,
         "SELECT TABLE_NAME FROM information_schema.TABLES WHERE TABLE_NAME = '$t' AND TABLE_SCHEMA = '$d'");
   
     if(mysqli_num_rows($checktable) > 0) return true;
   
     return false;
   }
   ?>
   ```

------
#### [ PostgreSQL ]

   ```
   <?php include "../inc/dbinfo.inc"; ?>
   
   <html>
   <body>
   <h1>Sample page</h1>
   <?php
   
   /* Connect to PostgreSQL and select the database. */
   $constring = "host=" . DB_SERVER . " dbname=" . DB_DATABASE . " user=" . DB_USERNAME . " password=" . DB_PASSWORD ;
   $connection = pg_connect($constring);
   
   if (!$connection){
    echo "Failed to connect to PostgreSQL";
    exit;
   }
   
   /* Ensure that the EMPLOYEES table exists. */
   VerifyEmployeesTable($connection, DB_DATABASE);
   
   /* If input fields are populated, add a row to the EMPLOYEES table. */
   $employee_name = htmlentities($_POST['NAME']);
   $employee_address = htmlentities($_POST['ADDRESS']);
   
   if (strlen($employee_name) || strlen($employee_address)) {
     AddEmployee($connection, $employee_name, $employee_address);
   }
   
   ?>
   
   <!-- Input form -->
   <form action="<?PHP echo $_SERVER['SCRIPT_NAME'] ?>" method="POST">
     <table border="0">
       <tr>
         <td>NAME</td>
         <td>ADDRESS</td>
       </tr>
       <tr>
         <td>
       <input type="text" name="NAME" maxlength="45" size="30" />
         </td>
         <td>
       <input type="text" name="ADDRESS" maxlength="90" size="60" />
         </td>
         <td>
       <input type="submit" value="Add Data" />
         </td>
       </tr>
     </table>
   </form>
   <!-- Display table data. -->
   <table border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
     <tr>
       <td>ID</td>
       <td>NAME</td>
       <td>ADDRESS</td>
     </tr>
   
   <?php
   
   $result = pg_query($connection, "SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEES");
   
   while($query_data = pg_fetch_row($result)) {
     echo "<tr>";
     echo "<td>",$query_data[0], "</td>",
          "<td>",$query_data[1], "</td>",
          "<td>",$query_data[2], "</td>";
     echo "</tr>";
   }
   ?>
   </table>
   
   <!-- Clean up. -->
   <?php
   
     pg_free_result($result);
     pg_close($connection);
   ?>
   </body>
   </html>
   
   
   <?php
   
   /* Add an employee to the table. */
   function AddEmployee($connection, $name, $address) {
      $n = pg_escape_string($name);
      $a = pg_escape_string($address);
      echo "Forming Query";
      $query = "INSERT INTO EMPLOYEES (NAME, ADDRESS) VALUES ('$n', '$a');";
   
      if(!pg_query($connection, $query)) echo("<p>Error adding employee data.</p>"); 
   }
   
   /* Check whether the table exists and, if not, create it. */
   function VerifyEmployeesTable($connection, $dbName) {
     if(!TableExists("EMPLOYEES", $connection, $dbName))
     {
        $query = "CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEES (
            ID serial PRIMARY KEY,
            NAME VARCHAR(45),
            ADDRESS VARCHAR(90)
          )";
   
        if(!pg_query($connection, $query)) echo("<p>Error creating table.</p>"); 
     }
   }
   /* Check for the existence of a table. */
   function TableExists($tableName, $connection, $dbName) {
     $t = strtolower(pg_escape_string($tableName)); //table name is case sensitive
     $d = pg_escape_string($dbName); //schema is 'public' instead of 'sample' db name so not using that
   
     $query = "SELECT TABLE_NAME FROM information_schema.TABLES WHERE TABLE_NAME = '$t';";
     $checktable = pg_query($connection, $query);
   
     if (pg_num_rows($checktable) >0) return true;
     return false;
   
   }
   ?>
   ```

------

1. Save and close the `SamplePage.php` file.

1. Verify that your web server successfully connects to your DB cluster by opening a web browser and browsing to `http://EC2 instance endpoint/SamplePage.php`, for example: `http://ec2-12-345-67-890.us-west-2.compute.amazonaws.com/SamplePage.php`.

You can use `SamplePage.php` to add data to your DB cluster. The data that you add is then displayed on the page. To verify that the data was inserted into the table, install MySQL client on the Amazon EC2 instance. Then connect to the DB cluster and query the table. 

For information about connecting to a DB cluster, see [Connecting to an Amazon Aurora DB cluster](Aurora.Connecting.md).

To make sure that your DB cluster is as secure as possible, verify that sources outside of the VPC can't connect to your DB cluster. 

After you have finished testing your web server and your database, you should delete your DB cluster and your Amazon EC2 instance.
+ To delete a DB cluster, follow the instructions in [Deleting Aurora DB clusters and DB instances](USER_DeleteCluster.md). You don't need to create a final snapshot.
+ To terminate an Amazon EC2 instance, follow the instruction in [Terminate your instance](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/terminating-instances.html) in the *Amazon EC2 User Guide*.