# Getting started with Amazon Aurora Global Database To get started with Aurora Global Database, first decide which Aurora DB engine you want to use and in which AWS Regions. Only specific versions of the Aurora MySQL and Aurora PostgreSQL database engines in certain AWS Regions support Aurora Global Database. For the complete list, see [Supported Regions and DB engines for Aurora global databases](Concepts.Aurora_Fea_Regions_DB-eng.Feature.GlobalDatabase.md). You can create an Aurora Global Database in one of the following ways: + **Create a new Aurora Global Database with new Aurora DB clusters and Aurora DB instances** – You can do this by following the steps in [Creating an Amazon Aurora global database](aurora-global-database-creating.md). After you create the primary Aurora DB cluster, you then add the secondary AWS Region by following the steps in [Adding an AWS Region to an Amazon Aurora global database](aurora-global-database-attaching.md). + **Use an existing Aurora DB cluster that supports the Aurora Global Database feature and add an AWS Region to it** – You can do this only if your existing Aurora DB cluster uses a DB engine version that is global-compatible. Check whether you can choose **Add region** for **Action** on the AWS Management Console when your Aurora DB cluster is selected. If you can, you can use that Aurora DB cluster for your Aurora global cluster. For more information, see [Adding an AWS Region to an Amazon Aurora global database](aurora-global-database-attaching.md). Before creating an Aurora Global Database, we recommend that you understand all configuration requirements. **Topics** + [ # Configuration requirements of an Amazon Aurora global database ](aurora-global-database.configuration.requirements.md) + [ # Creating an Amazon Aurora global database ](aurora-global-database-creating.md) + [ # Adding an AWS Region to an Amazon Aurora global database ](aurora-global-database-attaching.md) + [ # Creating a headless Aurora DB cluster in a secondary Region ](aurora-global-database-attach.console.headless.md) + [ # Creating an Amazon Aurora global database from an Aurora or Amazon RDS snapshot ](aurora-global-database.use-snapshot.md) # Configuration requirements of an Amazon Aurora global database Before you start working with your global database, plan the cluster and instance names, AWS Regions, number of instances and instance classes that you intend to use. Make sure that your choices agree with the following configuration requirements. An Aurora global database spans at least two AWS Regions. The primary AWS Region supports an Aurora DB cluster that has one writer Aurora DB instance. A secondary AWS Region runs a read-only Aurora DB cluster made up entirely of Aurora Replicas. At least one secondary AWS Region is required, but an Aurora global database can have up to 10 secondary AWS Regions. The table lists the maximum Aurora DB clusters, Aurora DB instances, and Aurora Replicas allowed in an Aurora global database. | Description | Primary AWS Region | Secondary AWS Regions | | --- | --- | --- | | Aurora DB clusters | 1 | 10 (maximum) | | Writer instances | 1 | 0 | | Read-only instances (Aurora replicas), per Aurora DB cluster | 15 (max) | 16 (total) | | Read-only instances (max allowed, given actual number of secondary Regions) | 15 - *s* | *s* = total number of secondary AWS Regions | The Aurora DB clusters that make up an Aurora global database have the following specific requirements: + **DB instance class requirements** – An Aurora global database requires DB instance classes that are optimized for memory-intensive applications. For information about the memory optimized DB instance classes, see [DB instance class types](Concepts.DBInstanceClass.Types.md). We recommend that you use a db.r5 or higher instance class. + **AWS Region requirements** – An Aurora global database needs a primary Aurora DB cluster in one AWS Region, and at least one secondary Aurora DB cluster in a different Region. You can create up to 10 secondary (read-only) Aurora DB clusters, and each must be in a different Region. In other words, no two Aurora DB clusters in an Aurora global database can be in the same AWS Region. For information about which combinations of Aurora DB engine, engine version, and AWS Region you can use with Aurora Global Database, see [Supported Regions and DB engines for Aurora global databases](Concepts.Aurora_Fea_Regions_DB-eng.Feature.GlobalDatabase.md). + **Naming requirements** – The names you choose for each of your Aurora DB clusters must be unique, across all AWS Regions. You can't use the same name for different Aurora DB clusters even though they're in different Regions. + **Capacity requirements for Aurora Serverless v2** – For a global database with Aurora Serverless v2, the [minimum recommended capacity](aurora-serverless-v2.setting-capacity.md#aurora-serverless-v2.min_capacity_considerations) for the DB cluster in the primary AWS Region is 8 ACUs. Before you can follow the procedures in this section, you need an AWS account. Complete the setup tasks for working with Amazon Aurora. For more information, see [Setting up your environment for Amazon Aurora](CHAP_SettingUp_Aurora.md). You also need to complete other preliminary steps for creating any Aurora DB cluster. To learn more, see [Creating an Amazon Aurora DB cluster](Aurora.CreateInstance.md). When you are ready to set up your global database, see [Creating an Amazon Aurora global database](aurora-global-database-creating.md) for the procedure to create all the necessary resources. You can also follow the procedure in [Adding an AWS Region to an Amazon Aurora global database](aurora-global-database-attaching.md) to create a global database using an existing Aurora cluster as the primary cluster. # Creating an Amazon Aurora global database To create an Aurora global database and its associated resources by using the AWS Management Console, the AWS CLI, or the RDS API, use the following steps. **Note** If you have an existing Aurora DB cluster running an Aurora database engine that's global-compatible, you can use a shorter form of this procedure. In that case, you can add another AWS Region to the existing DB cluster to create your Aurora global database. To do so, see [Adding an AWS Region to an Amazon Aurora global database](aurora-global-database-attaching.md). ## Console The steps for creating an Aurora global database begin by signing in to an AWS Region that supports the Aurora global database feature. For a complete list, see [Supported Regions and DB engines for Aurora global databases](Concepts.Aurora_Fea_Regions_DB-eng.Feature.GlobalDatabase.md). One of the following steps is choosing a virtual private cloud (VPC) based on Amazon VPC for your Aurora DB cluster. To use your own VPC, we recommend that you create it in advance so it's available for you to choose. At the same time, create any related subnets, and as needed a subnet group and security group. To learn how, see [Tutorial: Create a VPC for use with a DB cluster (IPv4 only)](CHAP_Tutorials.WebServerDB.CreateVPC.md). For general information about creating an Aurora DB cluster, see [Creating an Amazon Aurora DB cluster](Aurora.CreateInstance.md). **To create an Aurora global database** 1. Sign in to the AWS Management Console and open the Amazon RDS console at [https://console.aws.amazon.com/rds/](https://console.aws.amazon.com/rds/). 1. Choose **Create database**. On the **Create database** page, do the following: + For the database creation method, choose **Standard create**. (Don't choose Easy create.) + For `Engine type` in the **Engine options** section, choose the applicable engine type, **Aurora (MySQL Compatible)** or **Aurora (PostgreSQL Compatible)**. 1. Continue creating your Aurora global database by using the steps from the following procedures. ### Creating a global database using Aurora MySQL The following steps apply to all versions of Aurora MySQL. **To create an Aurora global database using Aurora MySQL** Complete the **Create database** page. 1. For **Engine options**, choose the following: 1. For **Engine version**, choose the version of Aurora MySQL that you want to use for your Aurora global database. 1. For **Templates**, choose **Production**. Or you can choose Dev/Test if appropriate for your use case. Don't use Dev/Test in production environments. 1. For **Settings**, do the following: 1. Enter a meaningful name for the DB cluster identifier. When you finish creating the Aurora global database, this name identifies the primary DB cluster. 1. Enter your own password for the `admin` user account for the DB instance, or have Aurora generate one for you. If you choose to autogenerate a password, you get an option to copy the password. ![\[Screenshot of Settings choices when creating a global database.\]](http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/AuroraUserGuide/images/aurora-global-db-create-ams-3.png) 1. For **DB instance class**, choose `db.r5.large` or another memory optimized DB instance class. We recommend that you use a db.r5 or higher instance class. 1. For **Availability & durability**, we recommend that you choose to have Aurora create an Aurora Replica in a different Availability Zone (AZ) for you. If you don't create an Aurora Replica now, you need to do it later. ![\[Screenshot of Availability & durability.\]](http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/AuroraUserGuide/images/aurora-global-db-create-ams-4b.png) 1. For **Connectivity**, choose the virtual private cloud (VPC) based on Amazon VPC that defines the virtual networking environment for this DB instance. You can choose the defaults to simplify this task. 1. Complete the **Database authentication** settings. To simplify the process, you can choose **Password authentication** now and set up AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM) later. 1. For **Additional configuration**, do the following: 1. Enter a name for **Initial database name** to create the primary Aurora DB instance for this cluster. This is the writer node for the Aurora primary DB cluster. Leave the defaults selected for the DB cluster parameter group and DB parameter group, unless you have your own custom parameter groups that you want to use. 1. Clear the **Enable backtrack** check box if it's selected. Aurora global databases don't support backtracking. Otherwise, accept the other default settings for **Additional configuration**. 1. Choose **Create database**. It can take several minutes for Aurora to complete the process of creating the Aurora DB instance, its Aurora Replica, and the Aurora DB cluster. You can tell when the Aurora DB cluster is ready to use as the primary DB cluster in an Aurora global database by its status. When that's so, its status and that of the writer and replica node is **Available**, as shown following. ![\[Screenshot of Databases with an Aurora DB cluster ready to use for Aurora global database.\]](http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/AuroraUserGuide/images/aurora-global-db-create-ams-5.png) When your primary DB cluster is available, create the Aurora global database by adding a secondary cluster to it. To do this, follow the steps in [Adding an AWS Region to an Amazon Aurora global database](aurora-global-database-attaching.md). ### Creating a global database using Aurora PostgreSQL **To create an Aurora global database using Aurora PostgreSQL** Complete the **Create database** page. 1. For **Engine options**, choose the following: 1. For **Engine version**, choose the version of Aurora PostgreSQL that you want to use for your Aurora global database. 1. For **Templates**, choose **Production**. Or you can choose Dev/Test if appropriate. Don't use Dev/Test in production environments. 1. For **Settings**, do the following: 1. Enter a meaningful name for the DB cluster identifier. When you finish creating the Aurora global database, this name identifies the primary DB cluster. 1. Enter your own password for the default admin account for the DB cluster, or have Aurora generate one for you. If you choose Auto generate a password, you get an option to copy the password. ![\[Screenshot of Settings choices when creating a global database.\]](http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/AuroraUserGuide/images/aurora-global-db-create-apg-2.png) 1. For **DB instance class**, choose `db.r5.large` or another memory optimized DB instance class. We recommend that you use a db.r5 or higher instance class. 1. For **Availability & durability**, we recommend that you choose to have Aurora create an Aurora Replica in a different AZ for you. If you don't create an Aurora Replica now, you need to do it later. 1. For **Connectivity**, choose the virtual private cloud (VPC) based on Amazon VPC that defines the virtual networking environment for this DB instance. You can choose the defaults to simplify this task. 1. (Optional) Complete the **Database authentication** settings. Password authentication is always enabled. To simplify the process, you can skip this section and set up IAM or password and Kerberos authentication later. 1. For **Additional configuration**, do the following: 1. Enter a name for **Initial database name** to create the primary Aurora DB instance for this cluster. This is the writer node for the Aurora primary DB cluster. Leave the defaults selected for the DB cluster parameter group and DB parameter group, unless you have your own custom parameter groups that you want to use. 1. Accept all other default settings for **Additional configuration**, such as Encryption, Log exports, and so on. 1. Choose **Create database**. It can take several minutes for Aurora to complete the process of creating the Aurora DB instance, its Aurora Replica, and the Aurora DB cluster. When the cluster is ready to use, the Aurora DB cluster and its writer and replica nodes display **Available** status. This becomes the primary DB cluster of your Aurora global database, after you add a secondary. ![\[Screenshot of Databases with an Aurora DB cluster ready to use for Aurora global database.\]](http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/AuroraUserGuide/images/aurora-global-db-create-apg-5-add-region.png) When your primary DB cluster is available, create one or more secondary clusters by following the steps in [Adding an AWS Region to an Amazon Aurora global database](aurora-global-database-attaching.md). ## AWS CLI The AWS CLI commands in the procedures following accomplish the following tasks: 1. Create an Aurora global database, giving it a name and specifying the Aurora database engine type that you plan to use. 1. Create an Aurora DB cluster for the Aurora global database. 1. Create the Aurora DB instance for the cluster. This is the primary Aurora DB cluster for the global database. 1. Create a second DB instance for Aurora DB cluster. This is a reader to complete the Aurora DB cluster. 1. Create a second Aurora DB cluster in another Region and then add it to your Aurora global database, by following the steps in [Adding an AWS Region to an Amazon Aurora global database](aurora-global-database-attaching.md). Follow the procedure for your Aurora database engine. ### Creating a global database using Aurora MySQL **To create an Aurora global database using Aurora MySQL** 1. Use the `[create-global-cluster](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/cli/latest/reference/rds/create-global-cluster.html)` CLI command, passing the name of the AWS Region, Aurora database engine, and version. For Linux, macOS, or Unix: ``` aws rds create-global-cluster --region primary_region \ --global-cluster-identifier global_database_id \ --engine aurora-mysql \ --engine-version version # optional ``` For Windows: ``` aws rds create-global-cluster ^ --global-cluster-identifier global_database_id ^ --engine aurora-mysql ^ --engine-version version # optional ``` This creates an "empty" Aurora global database, with just a name (identifier) and Aurora database engine. It can take a few minutes for the Aurora global database to be available. Before going to the next step, use the `[describe-global-clusters](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/cli/latest/reference/rds/describe-global-clusters.html)` CLI command to see if it's available. ``` aws rds describe-global-clusters --region primary_region --global-cluster-identifier global_database_id ``` When the Aurora global database is available, you can create its primary Aurora DB cluster. 1. To create a primary Aurora DB cluster, use the `[create-db-cluster](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/cli/latest/reference/rds/create-db-cluster.html)` CLI command. Include the name of your Aurora global database by using the `--global-cluster-identifier` parameter. For Linux, macOS, or Unix: ``` aws rds create-db-cluster \ --region primary_region \ --db-cluster-identifier primary_db_cluster_id \ --master-username userid \ --master-user-password password \ --engine aurora-mysql \ --engine-version version \ --global-cluster-identifier global_database_id ``` For Windows: ``` aws rds create-db-cluster ^ --region primary_region ^ --db-cluster-identifier primary_db_cluster_id ^ --master-username userid ^ --master-user-password password ^ --engine aurora-mysql ^ --engine-version version ^ --global-cluster-identifier global_database_id ``` Use the `[describe-db-clusters](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/cli/latest/reference/rds/describe-db-clusters.html)` AWS CLI command to confirm that the Aurora DB cluster is ready. To single out a specific Aurora DB cluster, use `--db-cluster-identifier` parameter. Or you can leave out the Aurora DB cluster name in the command to get details about all your Aurora DB clusters in the given Region. ``` aws rds describe-db-clusters --region primary_region --db-cluster-identifier primary_db_cluster_id ``` When the response shows `"Status": "available"` for the cluster, it's ready to use. 1. Create the DB instance for your primary Aurora DB cluster. To do so, use the `[create-db-instance](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/cli/latest/reference/rds/create-db-instance.html)` CLI command. Give the command your Aurora DB cluster's name, and specify the configuration details for the instance. You don't need to pass the `--master-username` and `--master-user-password` parameters in the command, because it gets those from the Aurora DB cluster. For the `--db-instance-class`, you can use only those from the memory optimized classes, such as `db.r5.large`. We recommend that you use a db.r5 or higher instance class. For information about these classes, see [DB instance class types](Concepts.DBInstanceClass.Types.md). For Linux, macOS, or Unix: ``` aws rds create-db-instance \ --db-cluster-identifier primary_db_cluster_id \ --db-instance-class instance_class \ --db-instance-identifier db_instance_id \ --engine aurora-mysql \ --engine-version version \ --region primary_region ``` For Windows: ``` aws rds create-db-instance ^ --db-cluster-identifier primary_db_cluster_id ^ --db-instance-class instance_class ^ --db-instance-identifier db_instance_id ^ --engine aurora-mysql ^ --engine-version version ^ --region primary_region ``` The `create-db-instance` operation might take some time to complete. Check the status to see if the Aurora DB instance is available before continuing. ``` aws rds describe-db-clusters --db-cluster-identifier primary_db_cluster_id ``` When the command returns a status of `available`, you can create another Aurora DB instance for your primary DB cluster. This is the reader instance (the Aurora Replica) for the Aurora DB cluster. 1. To create another Aurora DB instance for the cluster, use the `[create-db-instance](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/cli/latest/reference/rds/create-db-instance.html)` CLI command. For Linux, macOS, or Unix: ``` aws rds create-db-instance \ --db-cluster-identifier primary_db_cluster_id \ --db-instance-class instance_class \ --db-instance-identifier replica_db_instance_id \ --engine aurora-mysql ``` For Windows: ``` aws rds create-db-instance ^ --db-cluster-identifier primary_db_cluster_id ^ --db-instance-class instance_class ^ --db-instance-identifier replica_db_instance_id ^ --engine aurora-mysql ``` When the DB instance is available, replication begins from the writer node to the replica. Before continuing, check that the DB instance is available with the `[describe-db-instances](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/cli/latest/reference/rds/describe-db-instances.html)` CLI command. At this point, you have an Aurora global database with its primary Aurora DB cluster containing a writer DB instance and an Aurora Replica. You can now add a read-only Aurora DB cluster in a different Region to complete your Aurora global database. To do so, follow the steps in [Adding an AWS Region to an Amazon Aurora global database](aurora-global-database-attaching.md). ### Creating a global database using Aurora PostgreSQL When you create Aurora objects for an Aurora global database by using the following commands, it can take a few minutes for each to become available. We recommend that after completing any given command, you check the specific Aurora object's status to make sure that the status is available. To do so, use the `[describe-global-clusters](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/cli/latest/reference/rds/describe-global-clusters.html)` CLI command. ``` aws rds describe-global-clusters --region primary_region --global-cluster-identifier global_database_id ``` **To create an Aurora global database using Aurora PostgreSQL** 1. Use the `[create-global-cluster](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/cli/latest/reference/rds/create-global-cluster.html)` CLI command. For Linux, macOS, or Unix: ``` aws rds create-global-cluster --region primary_region \ --global-cluster-identifier global_database_id \ --engine aurora-postgresql \ --engine-version version # optional ``` For Windows: ``` aws rds create-global-cluster ^ --global-cluster-identifier global_database_id ^ --engine aurora-postgresql ^ --engine-version version # optional ``` When the Aurora global database is available, you can create its primary Aurora DB cluster. 1. To create a primary Aurora DB cluster, use the `[create-db-cluster](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/cli/latest/reference/rds/create-db-cluster.html)` CLI command. Include the name of your Aurora global database by using the `--global-cluster-identifier` parameter. For Linux, macOS, or Unix: ``` aws rds create-db-cluster \ --region primary_region \ --db-cluster-identifier primary_db_cluster_id \ --master-username userid \ --master-user-password password \ --engine aurora-postgresql \ --engine-version version \ --global-cluster-identifier global_database_id ``` For Windows: ``` aws rds create-db-cluster ^ --region primary_region ^ --db-cluster-identifier primary_db_cluster_id ^ --master-username userid ^ --master-user-password password ^ --engine aurora-postgresql ^ --engine-version version ^ --global-cluster-identifier global_database_id ``` Check that the Aurora DB cluster is ready. When the response from the following command shows `"Status": "available"` for the Aurora DB cluster, you can continue. ``` aws rds describe-db-clusters --region primary_region --db-cluster-identifier primary_db_cluster_id ``` 1. Create the DB instance for your primary Aurora DB cluster. To do so, use the `[create-db-instance](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/cli/latest/reference/rds/create-db-instance.html)` CLI command. Pass the name of your Aurora DB cluster with the `--db-cluster-identifier` parameter. You don't need to pass the `--master-username` and `--master-user-password` parameters in the command, because it gets those from the Aurora DB cluster. For the `--db-instance-class`, you can use only those from the memory optimized classes, such as `db.r5.large`. We recommend that you use a db.r5 or higher instance class. For information about these classes, see [DB instance class types](Concepts.DBInstanceClass.Types.md). For Linux, macOS, or Unix: ``` aws rds create-db-instance \ --db-cluster-identifier primary_db_cluster_id \ --db-instance-class instance_class \ --db-instance-identifier db_instance_id \ --engine aurora-postgresql \ --engine-version version \ --region primary_region ``` For Windows: ``` aws rds create-db-instance ^ --db-cluster-identifier primary_db_cluster_id ^ --db-instance-class instance_class ^ --db-instance-identifier db_instance_id ^ --engine aurora-postgresql ^ --engine-version version ^ --region primary_region ``` 1. Check the status of the Aurora DB instance before continuing. ``` aws rds describe-db-clusters --db-cluster-identifier primary_db_cluster_id ``` If the response shows that Aurora DB instance status is `available`, you can create another Aurora DB instance for your primary DB cluster. 1. To create an Aurora Replica for Aurora DB cluster, use the `[create-db-instance](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/cli/latest/reference/rds/create-db-instance.html)` CLI command. For Linux, macOS, or Unix: ``` aws rds create-db-instance \ --db-cluster-identifier primary_db_cluster_id \ --db-instance-class instance_class \ --db-instance-identifier replica_db_instance_id \ --engine aurora-postgresql ``` For Windows: ``` aws rds create-db-instance ^ --db-cluster-identifier primary_db_cluster_id ^ --db-instance-class instance_class ^ --db-instance-identifier replica_db_instance_id ^ --engine aurora-postgresql ``` When the DB instance is available, replication begins from the writer node to the replica. Before continuing, check that the DB instance is available with the `[describe-db-instances](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/cli/latest/reference/rds/describe-db-instances.html)` CLI command. Your Aurora global database exists, but it has only its primary Region with an Aurora DB cluster made up of a writer DB instance and an Aurora Replica. You can now add a read-only Aurora DB cluster in a different Region to complete your Aurora global database. To do so, follow the steps in [Adding an AWS Region to an Amazon Aurora global database](aurora-global-database-attaching.md). ## RDS API To create an Aurora global database with the RDS API, run the [CreateGlobalCluster](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/APIReference/API_CreateGlobalCluster.html) operation. # Adding an AWS Region to an Amazon Aurora global database You can use the following procedure to add an additional secondary cluster to an existing global database. You can also create a global database from a standalone Aurora DB cluster by using this procedure to add the first secondary AWS Region. An Aurora global database needs at least one secondary Aurora DB cluster in a different AWS Region than the primary Aurora DB cluster. You can attach up to 10 secondary DB clusters to your Aurora global database. Repeat the following procedure for each new secondary DB cluster. For each secondary DB cluster that you add to your Aurora global database, reduce the number of Aurora Replicas allowed to the primary DB cluster by one. For example, if your Aurora global database has 10 secondary Regions, your primary DB cluster can have only 5 (rather than 15) Aurora Replicas. For more information, see [Configuration requirements of an Amazon Aurora global database](aurora-global-database.configuration.requirements.md). The number of Aurora Replicas (reader instances) in the primary DB cluster determines the number of secondary DB clusters you can add. The total number of reader instances in the primary DB cluster plus the number of secondary clusters can't exceed 15. For example, if you have 14 reader instances in the primary DB cluster and 1 secondary cluster, you can't add another secondary cluster to the global database. **Note** For Aurora MySQL version 3, when you create a secondary cluster, make sure that the value of `lower_case_table_names` matches the value in the primary cluster. This setting is a database parameter that affects how the server handles identifier case sensitivity. For more information about database parameters, see [Parameter groups for Amazon Aurora](USER_WorkingWithParamGroups.md). We recommend that when you create a secondary cluster, you use the same DB engine version for the primary and secondary. If necessary, upgrade the primary to be the same version as the secondary. For more information, see [Patch level compatibility for managed cross-Region switchovers and failovers](aurora-global-database-upgrade.md#aurora-global-database-upgrade.minor.incompatibility). ## Console **To add an AWS Region to an Aurora global database** 1. Sign in to the AWS Management Console and open the Amazon RDS console at [https://console.aws.amazon.com/rds/](https://console.aws.amazon.com/rds/). 1. In the navigation pane of the AWS Management Console, choose **Databases**. 1. Choose the Aurora global database that needs a secondary Aurora DB cluster. Ensure that the primary Aurora DB cluster is `Available`. 1. For **Actions**, choose **Add AWS Region**. ![\[Screenshot showing provisioned DB cluster with "Add AWS Region" chosen from the Actions menu.\]](http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/AuroraUserGuide/images/aurora-global-db-create-apg-5-add-region.png) 1. On the **Add a region** page, choose the secondary AWS Region. You can't choose an AWS Region that already has a secondary Aurora DB cluster for the same Aurora global database. Also, it can't be the same Region as the primary Aurora DB cluster. **Note** Babelfish for Aurora PostgreSQL global databases works in secondary regions only if the parameters that control Babelfish preferences are turned on in those regions. For more information, see [DB cluster parameter group settings for Babelfish](babelfish-configuration.md) ![\[The Add a region page for an Aurora global database.\]](http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/AuroraUserGuide/images/aurora-global-db-create-apg-6-add-region.png) 1. Complete the remaining fields for the secondary Aurora cluster in the new AWS Region. These are the same configuration options as for any Aurora DB cluster instance, except for the following option for Aurora MySQL–based Aurora global databases only: + Enable read replica write forwarding – This optional setting let's your Aurora global database's secondary DB clusters forward write operations to the primary cluster. For more information, see [Using write forwarding in an Amazon Aurora global database](aurora-global-database-write-forwarding.md). ![\[Screenshot showing the secondary cluster is now part of the Aurora global database.\]](http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/AuroraUserGuide/images/aurora-global-database-enable-write-forwarding.png) 1. Choose **Add AWS Region**. After you finish adding the Region to your Aurora global database, you can see it in the list of **Databases** in the AWS Management Console as shown in the screenshot. ![\[Screenshot showing the secondary cluster is now part of the Aurora global database.\]](http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/AuroraUserGuide/images/aurora-global-db-apg-complete.png) ## AWS CLI **To add a secondary AWS Region to an Aurora global database** To add a secondary cluster to your global database using the CLI, you must already have the global cluster container object. If you haven't already run the `create-global-cluster` command, see the CLI procedure in [Creating an Amazon Aurora global database](aurora-global-database-creating.md). 1. Use the `[create-db-cluster](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/cli/latest/reference/rds/create-db-cluster.html)` CLI command with the name (`--global-cluster-identifier`) of your Aurora global database. For other parameters, do the following: 1. For `--region`, choose a different AWS Region than that of your Aurora primary Region. 1. Choose specific values for the `--engine` and `--engine-version` parameters. These values are the same as those for the primary Aurora DB cluster in your Aurora global database. 1. For an encrypted cluster, specify your primary AWS Region as the `--source-region` for encryption. The following example creates a new Aurora DB cluster and attaches it to an Aurora global database as a read-only secondary Aurora DB cluster. In the last step, an Aurora DB instance is added to the new Aurora DB cluster. For Linux, macOS, or Unix: ``` aws rds --region secondary_region \ create-db-cluster \ --db-cluster-identifier secondary_cluster_id \ --global-cluster-identifier global_database_id \ --engine aurora-mysql | aurora-postgresql \ --engine-version version aws rds --region secondary_region \ create-db-instance \ --db-instance-class instance_class \ --db-cluster-identifier secondary_cluster_id \ --db-instance-identifier db_instance_id \ --engine aurora-mysql | aurora-postgresql ``` For Windows: ``` aws rds --region secondary_region ^ create-db-cluster ^ --db-cluster-identifier secondary_cluster_id ^ --global-cluster-identifier global_database_id_id ^ --engine aurora-mysql | aurora-postgresql ^ --engine-version version aws rds --region secondary_region ^ create-db-instance ^ --db-instance-class instance_class ^ --db-cluster-identifier secondary_cluster_id ^ --db-instance-identifier db_instance_id ^ --engine aurora-mysql | aurora-postgresql ``` ## RDS API To add a new AWS Region to an Aurora global database with the RDS API, run the [CreateDBCluster](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/APIReference/API_CreateDBCluster.html) operation. Specify the identifier of the existing global database using the `GlobalClusterIdentifier` parameter. # Creating a headless Aurora DB cluster in a secondary Region Although an Aurora global database requires at least one secondary Aurora DB cluster in a different AWS Region than the primary, you can use a *headless* configuration for the secondary cluster. A headless secondary Aurora DB cluster is one without a DB instance. This type of configuration can lower expenses for an Aurora global database. In an Aurora DB cluster, compute and storage are decoupled. Without the DB instance, you're not charged for compute, only for storage. If it's set up correctly, a headless secondary's storage volume is kept in-sync with the primary Aurora DB cluster. You add the secondary cluster as you normally do when creating an Aurora global database. If you are creating all the clusters in the global database, follow the procedure in [Creating an Amazon Aurora global database](aurora-global-database-creating.md). If you already have a DB cluster to use as the primary cluster, follow the procedure in [Adding an AWS Region to an Amazon Aurora global database](aurora-global-database-attaching.md). After the primary Aurora DB cluster begins replication to the secondary, you delete the Aurora read-only DB instance from the secondary Aurora DB cluster. This secondary cluster is now considered "headless" because it no longer has a DB instance. Even without any DB instance in the secondary cluster, Aurora keeps the storage volume in sync with the primary Aurora DB cluster. **Warning** With Aurora PostgreSQL, to create a headless cluster in a secondary AWS Region, use the AWS CLI or RDS API to add the secondary AWS Region. Skip the step to create the reader DB instance for the secondary cluster. Currently, creating a headless cluster isn't supported in the RDS Console. For the CLI and API procedures to use, see [Adding an AWS Region to an Amazon Aurora global database](aurora-global-database-attaching.md). If your global database is using an Aurora PostgreSQL engine version lower than 13.4, 12.8, or 11.13, creating a reader DB instance in a secondary Region and subsequently deleting it could lead to an Aurora PostgreSQL vacuum issue on the primary Region's writer DB instance. If you encounter this issue, restart the primary Region's writer DB instance after you delete the secondary Region's reader DB instance. **To add a headless secondary Aurora DB cluster to your Aurora global database** 1. Sign in to the AWS Management Console and open the Amazon RDS console at [https://console.aws.amazon.com/rds/](https://console.aws.amazon.com/rds/). 1. In the navigation pane of the AWS Management Console, choose **Databases**. 1. Choose the Aurora global database that needs a secondary Aurora DB cluster. Ensure that the primary Aurora DB cluster is `Available`. 1. For **Actions**, choose **Add AWS Region**. 1. On the **Add a region** page, choose the secondary AWS Region. You can't choose an AWS Region that already has a secondary Aurora DB cluster for the same Aurora global database. Also, it can't be the same Region as the primary Aurora DB cluster. 1. Complete the remaining fields for the secondary Aurora cluster in the new AWS Region. These are the same configuration options as for any Aurora DB cluster instance. For an Aurora MySQL–based Aurora global database, disregard the **Enable read replica write forwarding** option. This option has no function after you delete the reader instance. 1. Choose **Add AWS Region**. After you finish adding the Region to your Aurora global database, you can see it in the list of **Databases** in the AWS Management Console as shown in the screenshot. ![\[Screenshot showing the secondary cluster with its reader instance is now part of the Aurora global database.\]](http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/AuroraUserGuide/images/aurora-global-headless-stage-1.png) 1. Check the status of the secondary Aurora DB cluster and its reader instance before continuing, by using the AWS Management Console or the AWS CLI. For example: ``` $ aws rds describe-db-clusters --db-cluster-identifier secondary-cluster-id --query '*[].[Status]' --output text ``` It can take several minutes for the status of a newly added secondary Aurora DB cluster to change from `creating` to `available`. When the Aurora DB cluster is available, you can delete the reader instance. 1. Select the reader instance in the secondary Aurora DB cluster, and then choose **Delete**. ![\[Screenshot showing the reader instance selected and ready to delete.\]](http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/AuroraUserGuide/images/aurora-global-headless-stage-2.png) After deleting the reader instance, the secondary cluster remains part of the Aurora global database. It has no instance associated with it, as shown following. ![\[Screenshot showing the headless secondary DB cluster.\]](http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/AuroraUserGuide/images/aurora-global-db-headless-secondary.png) You can use this headless secondary Aurora DB cluster to [manually recover your Amazon Aurora global database from an unplanned outage in the primary AWS Region](aurora-global-database-disaster-recovery.md#aurora-global-database-failover) if such an outage occurs. # Creating an Amazon Aurora global database from an Aurora or Amazon RDS snapshot You can restore a snapshot of an Aurora DB cluster or from an Amazon RDS DB instance to use as the starting point for your Aurora global database. You restore the snapshot and create a new Aurora provisioned DB cluster at the same time. You then add another AWS Region to the restored DB cluster, thus turning it into an Aurora global database. Any Aurora DB cluster that you create using a snapshot in this way becomes the primary cluster of your Aurora global database. The snapshot that you use can be from a `provisioned` or from a `serverless` Aurora DB cluster. During the restore process, choose the same DB engine type as the snapshot. For example, suppose that you want to restore a snapshot that was made from an Aurora Serverless DB cluster running Aurora PostgreSQL. In this case, you create an Aurora PostgreSQL DB cluster using that same Aurora DB engine and version. The restored DB cluster assumes the role of primary cluster for the Aurora global database when you add an AWS Region to it. All data contained in this primary cluster is replicated to any secondary clusters that you add to your Aurora global database. ![\[Screenshot showing the restore snapshot page for an Aurora global database.\]](http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/AuroraUserGuide/images/aurora-global-databases-restore-snapshot-01.png)