Considerations for rotating certificates Updating your CA certificate by modifying your DB instance or cluster Updating your CA certificate by applying maintenance Server certificate rotation Sample script for importing certificates

Rotating your SSL/TLS certificate

Amazon RDS Certificate Authority certificates rds-ca-2019 expired in August, 2024. If you use or plan to use Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) or Transport Layer Security (TLS) with certificate verification to connect to your RDS DB instances or Multi-AZ DB clusters, consider using one of the new CA certificates rds-ca-rsa2048-g1, rds-ca-rsa4096-g1 or rds-ca-ecc384-g1. If you currently do not use SSL/TLS with certificate verification, you might still have an expired CA certificate and must update them to a new CA certificate if you plan to use SSL/TLS with certificate verification to connect to your RDS databases.

Amazon RDS provides new CA certificates as an AWS security best practice. For information about the new certificates and the supported AWS Regions, see Using SSL/TLS to encrypt a connection to a DB instance or cluster.

To update the CA certificate for your database, use the following methods:

Updating your CA certificate by modifying your DB instance or cluster
Updating your CA certificate by applying maintenance

Before you update your DB instances or Multi-AZ DB clusters to use the new CA certificate, make sure that you update your clients or applications connecting to your RDS databases.

Considerations for rotating certificates

Consider the following situations before rotating your certificate:

Amazon RDS Proxy uses certificates from the AWS Certificate Manager (ACM). If you're using RDS Proxy, when you rotate your SSL/TLS certificate, you don't need to update applications that use RDS Proxy connections. For more information, see Using TLS/SSL with RDS Proxy.
If you're using a Go version 1.15 application with a DB instance or Multi-AZ DB cluster that was created or updated to the rds-ca-2019 certificate prior to July 28, 2020, you must update the certificate again. Update the certificate to rds-ca-rsa2048-g1, rds-ca-rsa4096-g1, or rds-ca-ecc384-g1 depending on your engine.

Use the modify-db-instance command for a DB instance, or the modify-db-cluster command for a Multi-AZ DB cluster, using the new CA certificate identifier. You can find the CAs that are available for a specific DB engine and DB engine version using the describe-db-engine-versions command.

If you created your database or updated its certificate after July 28, 2020, no action is required. For more information, see Go GitHub issue #39568.

Updating your CA certificate by modifying your DB instance or cluster

The following example updates your CA certificate from rds-ca-2019 to rds-ca-rsa2048-g1. You can choose a different certificate. For more information, see Certificate authorities.

Update your application trust store to reduce any down time associated with updating your CA certificate. For more information about restarts associated with CA certificate rotation, see Automatic server certificate rotation.

To update your CA certificate by modifying your DB instance or cluster

Download the new SSL/TLS certificate as described in Using SSL/TLS to encrypt a connection to a DB instance or cluster.
Update your applications to use the new SSL/TLS certificate.

The methods for updating applications for new SSL/TLS certificates depend on your specific applications. Work with your application developers to update the SSL/TLS certificates for your applications.

For information about checking for SSL/TLS connections and updating applications for each DB engine, see the following topics:
For a sample script that updates a trust store for a Linux operating system, see Sample script for importing certificates into your trust store.

Note
The certificate bundle contains certificates for both the old and new CA, so you can upgrade your application safely and maintain connectivity during the transition period. If you are using the AWS Database Migration Service to migrate a database to a DB instance or cluster, we recommend using the certificate bundle to ensure connectivity during the migration.
Modify the DB instance or Multi-AZ DB cluster to change the CA from rds-ca-2019 to rds-ca-rsa2048-g1. To check if your database requires a restart to update the CA certificates, use the describe-db-engine-versions command and check the SupportsCertificateRotationWithoutRestart flag.

Important
If you are experiencing connectivity issues after certificate expiry, use the apply immediately option by specifying Apply immediately in the console or by specifying the --apply-immediately option using the AWS CLI. By default, this operation is scheduled to run during your next maintenance window.
For RDS for Oracle DB instances, we recommend that you restart your Oracle DB to prevent any connection errors.
To set an override for your instance CA that's different from the default RDS CA, use the modify-certificates CLI command.

You can use the AWS Management Console or the AWS CLI to change the CA certificate from rds-ca-2019 to rds-ca-rsa2048-g1 for a DB instance or Multi-AZ DB cluster.

Console

Sign in to the AWS Management Console and open the Amazon RDS console at https://console.aws.amazon.com/rds/.
In the navigation pane, choose Databases, and then choose the DB instance or Multi-AZ DB cluster that you want to modify.
Choose Modify.
In the Connectivity section, choose rds-ca-rsa2048-g1.
Choose Continue and check the summary of modifications.
To apply the changes immediately, choose Apply immediately.
On the confirmation page, review your changes. If they are correct, choose Modify DB Instance or Modify cluster to save your changes.

Important
When you schedule this operation, make sure that you have updated your client-side trust store beforehand.

Or choose Back to edit your changes or Cancel to cancel your changes.

AWS CLI

To use the AWS CLI to change the CA from rds-ca-2019 to rds-ca-rsa2048-g1 for a DB instance or Multi-AZ DB cluster, call the modify-db-instance or modify-db-cluster command. Specify the DB instance or cluster identifier and the --ca-certificate-identifier option.

Use the --apply-immediately parameter to apply the update immediately. By default, this operation is scheduled to run during your next maintenance window.

Important

When you schedule this operation, make sure that you have updated your client-side trust store beforehand.

DB instance

The following example modifies mydbinstance by setting the CA certificate to rds-ca-rsa2048-g1.

For Linux, macOS, or Unix:


aws rds modify-db-instance \
    --db-instance-identifier mydbinstance \
    --ca-certificate-identifier rds-ca-rsa2048-g1

For Windows:


aws rds modify-db-instance ^
    --db-instance-identifier mydbinstance ^
    --ca-certificate-identifier rds-ca-rsa2048-g1

Note

If your instance requires reboot, you can use the modify-db-instance CLI command and specify the --no-certificate-rotation-restart option.

Multi-AZ DB cluster

The following example modifies mydbcluster by setting the CA certificate to rds-ca-rsa2048-g1.

For Linux, macOS, or Unix:


aws rds modify-db-cluster \
    --db-cluster-identifier mydbcluster \
    --ca-certificate-identifier rds-ca-rsa2048-g1

For Windows:


aws rds modify-db-cluster ^
    --db-cluster-identifier mydbcluster ^
    --ca-certificate-identifier rds-ca-rsa2048-g1

Updating your CA certificate by applying maintenance

Perform the following steps to update your CA certificate by applying maintenance.

Console

To update your CA certificate by applying maintenance

Sign in to the AWS Management Console and open the Amazon RDS console at https://console.aws.amazon.com/rds/.
In the navigation pane, choose Certificate update.

The Databases requiring certificate update page appears.

Note
This page only shows the DB instances and clusters for the current AWS Region. If you have databases in more than one AWS Region, check this page in each AWS Region to see all DB instances with old SSL/TLS certificates.
Choose the DB instance or Multi-AZ DB cluster that you want to update.

You can schedule the certificate rotation for your next maintenance window by choosing Schedule. Apply the rotation immediately by choosing Apply now.

Important
If you experience connectivity issues after certificate expiry, use the Apply now option.
1. If you choose Schedule, you are prompted to confirm the CA certificate rotation. This prompt also states the scheduled window for your update.
2. If you choose Apply now, you are prompted to confirm the CA certificate rotation.
Important
Before scheduling the CA certificate rotation on your database, update any client applications that use SSL/TLS and the server certificate to connect. These updates are specific to your DB engine. After you have updated these client applications, you can confirm the CA certificate rotation.

To continue, choose the check box, and then choose Confirm.
Repeat steps 3 and 4 for each DB instance and cluster that you want to update.

Automatic server certificate rotation

If your root CA supports automatic server certificate rotation, RDS automatically handles the rotation of the DB server certificate. RDS uses the same root CA for this automatic rotation, so you don't need to download a new CA bundle. See Certificate authorities.

The rotation and validity of your DB server certificate depend on your DB engine:

If your DB engine supports rotation without restart, RDS automatically rotates the DB server certificate without requiring any action from you. RDS attempts to rotate your DB server certificate in your preferred maintenance window at the DB server certificate half life. The new DB server certificate is valid for 12 months.
If your DB engine doesn't support rotation without restart, RDS notifies you about a maintenance event at least 6 months before the DB server certificate expires. The new DB server certificate is valid for 36 months.

Use the describe-db-engine-versions command and inspect the SupportsCertificateRotationWithoutRestart flag to identify whether the DB engine version supports rotating the certificate without restart. For more information, see Setting the CA for your database.

Sample script for importing certificates into your trust store

The following are sample shell scripts that import the certificate bundle into a trust store.

Each sample shell script uses keytool, which is part of the Java Development Kit (JDK). For information about installing the JDK, see JDK Installation Guide.

Linux

The following is a sample shell script that imports the certificate bundle into a trust store on a Linux operating system.



mydir=tmp/certs
if [ ! -e "${mydir}" ]
then
mkdir -p "${mydir}"
fi

truststore=${mydir}/rds-truststore.jks
storepassword=changeit

curl -sS "https://truststore.pki.rds.amazonaws.com/global/global-bundle.pem" > ${mydir}/global-bundle.pem
awk 'split_after == 1 {n++;split_after=0} /-----END CERTIFICATE-----/ {split_after=1}{print > "rds-ca-" n+1 ".pem"}' < ${mydir}/global-bundle.pem

for CERT in rds-ca-*; do
  alias=$(openssl x509 -noout -text -in $CERT | perl -ne 'next unless /Subject:/; s/.*(CN=|CN = )//; print')
  echo "Importing $alias"
  keytool -import -file ${CERT} -alias "${alias}" -storepass ${storepassword} -keystore ${truststore} -noprompt
  rm $CERT
done

rm ${mydir}/global-bundle.pem

echo "Trust store content is: "

keytool -list -v -keystore "$truststore" -storepass ${storepassword} | grep Alias | cut -d " " -f3- | while read alias 
do
   expiry=`keytool -list -v -keystore "$truststore" -storepass ${storepassword} -alias "${alias}" | grep Valid | perl -ne 'if(/until: (.*?)\n/) { print "$1\n"; }'`
   echo " Certificate ${alias} expires in '$expiry'" 
done

macOS

The following is a sample shell script that imports the certificate bundle into a trust store on macOS.



mydir=tmp/certs
if [ ! -e "${mydir}" ]
then
mkdir -p "${mydir}"
fi

truststore=${mydir}/rds-truststore.jks
storepassword=changeit

curl -sS "https://truststore.pki.rds.amazonaws.com/global/global-bundle.pem" > ${mydir}/global-bundle.pem
split -p "-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----" ${mydir}/global-bundle.pem rds-ca-

for CERT in rds-ca-*; do
  alias=$(openssl x509 -noout -text -in $CERT | perl -ne 'next unless /Subject:/; s/.*(CN=|CN = )//; print')
  echo "Importing $alias"
  keytool -import -file ${CERT} -alias "${alias}" -storepass ${storepassword} -keystore ${truststore} -noprompt
  rm $CERT
done

rm ${mydir}/global-bundle.pem

echo "Trust store content is: "

keytool -list -v -keystore "$truststore" -storepass ${storepassword} | grep Alias | cut -d " " -f3- | while read alias 
do
   expiry=`keytool -list -v -keystore "$truststore" -storepass ${storepassword} -alias "${alias}" | grep Valid | perl -ne 'if(/until: (.*?)\n/) { print "$1\n"; }'`
   echo " Certificate ${alias} expires in '$expiry'" 
done

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