Understanding CloudTrail events

An event in CloudTrail is the record of an activity in an AWS account. This activity can be an action taken by an IAM identity, or service that is monitorable by CloudTrail. CloudTrail events provide a history of both API and non-API account activity made through the AWS Management Console, AWS SDKs, command line tools, and other AWS services.

CloudTrail log files aren't an ordered stack trace of the public API calls, so events don't appear in any specific order.

There are four types of CloudTrail events:

By default, trails and event data stores log management events, but not data events, network activity events, or Insights events.

All event types use a CloudTrail JSON log format. The log contains information about requests for resources in your account, such as who made the request, the services used, the actions performed, and parameters for the action. The event data is enclosed in a Records array.

For information about CloudTrail event record fields, see CloudTrail record contents.

Management events

Management events provide information about management operations that are performed on resources in your AWS account. These are also known as control plane operations.

Example management events include:

Management events can also include non-API events that occur in your account. For example, when a user signs in to your account, CloudTrail logs the ConsoleLogin event. For more information, see Non-API events captured by CloudTrail.

By default, CloudTrail trails and CloudTrail Lake event data stores log management events. For more information about logging management events, see Logging management events.

The following example shows a single log record of a management event. In this event, an IAM user named Mary_Major ran the aws cloudtrail start-logging command to call the CloudTrail StartLogging action to start the logging process on a trail named myTrail.

{
    "eventVersion": "1.09",
    "userIdentity": {
        "type": "IAMUser",
        "principalId": "EXAMPLE6E4XEGITWATV6R",
        "arn": "arn:aws:iam::123456789012:user/Mary_Major",
        "accountId": "123456789012",
        "accessKeyId": "AKIAIOSFODNN7EXAMPLE",
        "userName": "Mary_Major",
        "sessionContext": {
            "attributes": {
                "creationDate": "2023-07-19T21:11:57Z",
                "mfaAuthenticated": "false"
            }
        }
    },
    "eventTime": "2023-07-19T21:33:41Z",
    "eventSource": "cloudtrail.amazonaws.com",
    "eventName": "StartLogging",
    "awsRegion": "us-east-1",
    "sourceIPAddress": "192.0.2.0",
    "userAgent": "aws-cli/2.13.5 Python/3.11.4 Linux/4.14.255-314-253.539.amzn2.x86_64 exec-env/CloudShell exe/x86_64.amzn.2 prompt/off command/cloudtrail.start-logging",
    "requestParameters": {
        "name": "myTrail"
    },
    "responseElements": null,
    "requestID": "9d478fc1-4f10-490f-a26b-EXAMPLE0e932",
    "eventID": "eae87c48-d421-4626-94f5-EXAMPLEac994",
    "readOnly": false,
    "eventType": "AwsApiCall",
    "managementEvent": true,
    "recipientAccountId": "123456789012",
    "eventCategory": "Management",
    "tlsDetails": {
        "tlsVersion": "TLSv1.2",
        "cipherSuite": "ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256",
        "clientProvidedHostHeader": "cloudtrail.us-east-1.amazonaws.com"
    },
    "sessionCredentialFromConsole": "true"
}

In this next example, an IAM user user named Paulo_Santos ran the aws cloudtrail start-event-data-store-ingestion command to call the StartEventDataStoreIngestion action to start ingestion on an event data store.

{
    "eventVersion": "1.09",
    "userIdentity": {
        "type": "IAMUser",
        "principalId": "EXAMPLEPHCNW5EQV7NA54",
        "arn": "arn:aws:iam::123456789012:user/Paulo_Santos",
        "accountId": "123456789012",
        "accessKeyId": "(AKIAIOSFODNN7EXAMPLE",
        "userName": "Paulo_Santos",
        "sessionContext": {
            "attributes": {
                "creationDate": "2023-07-21T21:55:30Z",
                "mfaAuthenticated": "false"
            }
        }
    },
    "eventTime": "2023-07-21T21:57:28Z",
    "eventSource": "cloudtrail.amazonaws.com",
    "eventName": "StartEventDataStoreIngestion",
    "awsRegion": "us-east-1",
    "sourceIPAddress": "192.0.2.0",
    "userAgent": "aws-cli/2.13.1 Python/3.11.4 Linux/4.14.255-314-253.539.amzn2.x86_64 exec-env/CloudShell exe/x86_64.amzn.2 prompt/off command/cloudtrail.start-event-data-store-ingestion",
    "requestParameters": {
        "eventDataStore": "arn:aws:cloudtrail:us-east-1:123456789012:eventdatastore/2a8f2138-0caa-46c8-a194-EXAMPLE87d41"
    },
    "responseElements": null,
    "requestID": "f62a3494-ba4e-49ee-8e27-EXAMPLE4253f",
    "eventID": "d97ca7e2-04fe-45b4-882d-EXAMPLEa9b2c",
    "readOnly": false,
    "eventType": "AwsApiCall",
    "managementEvent": true,
    "recipientAccountId": "123456789012",
    "eventCategory": "Management",
    "tlsDetails": {
        "tlsVersion": "TLSv1.2",
        "cipherSuite": "ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256",
        "clientProvidedHostHeader": "cloudtrail.us-east-1.amazonaws.com"
    },
    "sessionCredentialFromConsole": "true"
}

Data events

Data events provide information about the resource operations performed on or in a resource. These are also known as data plane operations. Data events are often high-volume activities.

Example data events include:

The following table shows the resource types available for trails and event data stores. The Resource type (console) column shows the appropriate selection in the console. The resources.type value column shows the resources.type value that you would specify to include data events of that type in your trail or event data store using the AWS CLI or CloudTrail APIs.

For trails, you can use basic or advanced event selectors to log data events for Amazon S3 objects in general purpose buckets, Lambda functions, and DynamoDB tables (shown in the first three rows of the table). You can use only advanced event selectors to log the resource types shown in the remaining rows.

For event data stores, you can use only advanced event selectors to include data events.

Data events are not logged by default when you create a trail or event data store. To record CloudTrail data events, you must explicitly add the supported resources or resource types for which you want to collect activity. For more information, see Creating a trail with the CloudTrail console and Create an event data store for CloudTrail events with the console.

Additional charges apply for logging data events. For CloudTrail pricing, see AWS CloudTrail Pricing.

The following example shows a single log record of a data event for the Amazon SNS Publish action.

{
   "eventVersion": "1.09",
   "userIdentity": {
        "type": "AssumedRole",
        "principalId": "EX_PRINCIPAL_ID",
        "arn": "arn:aws:iam::123456789012:user/Bob",
        "accountId": "123456789012",
        "accessKeyId": "AKIAIOSFODNN7EXAMPLE",
        "sessionContext": {
        "sessionIssuer": {
            "type": "Role",
            "principalId": "AKIAIOSFODNN7EXAMPLE",
            "arn": "arn:aws:iam::123456789012:role/Admin",
            "accountId": "123456789012",
            "userName": "ExampleUser"
            },
            "attributes": {
                "creationDate": "2023-08-21T16:44:05Z",
                "mfaAuthenticated": "false"
            }
        }
    },
    "eventTime": "2023-08-21T16:48:37Z",
    "eventSource": "sns.amazonaws.com",
    "eventName": "Publish",
    "awsRegion": "us-east-1",
    "sourceIPAddress": "192.0.2.0",
    "userAgent": "aws-cli/1.29.16 md/Botocore#1.31.16 ua/2.0 os/linux#5.4.250-173.369.amzn2int.x86_64 md/arch#x86_64 lang/python#3.8.17 md/pyimpl#CPython cfg/retry-mode#legacy botocore/1.31.16",
    "requestParameters": {
        "topicArn": "arn:aws:sns:us-east-1:123456789012:ExampleSNSTopic",
        "message": "HIDDEN_DUE_TO_SECURITY_REASONS",
        "subject": "HIDDEN_DUE_TO_SECURITY_REASONS",
        "messageStructure": "json",
        "messageAttributes": "HIDDEN_DUE_TO_SECURITY_REASONS"
    },
    "responseElements": {
        "messageId": "0787cd1e-d92b-521c-a8b4-90434e8ef840"
    },
    "requestID": "0a8ab208-11bf-5e01-bd2d-ef55861b545d",
    "eventID": "bb3496d4-5252-4660-9c28-3c6aebdb21c0",
    "readOnly": false,
    "resources": [{
        "accountId": "123456789012",
        "type": "AWS::SNS::Topic",
                "ARN": "arn:aws:sns:us-east-1:123456789012:ExampleSNSTopic"
    }],
    "eventType": "AwsApiCall",
    "managementEvent": false,
    "recipientAccountId": "123456789012",
    "eventCategory": "Data",
    "tlsDetails": {
        "tlsVersion": "TLSv1.2",
        "cipherSuite": "ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256",
        "clientProvidedHostHeader": "sns.us-east-1.amazonaws.com"
    }
}

The next example shows a single log record of a data event for the Amazon Cognito GetCredentialsForIdentity action.

{
    "eventVersion": "1.08",
    "userIdentity": {
        "type": "Unknown"
    },
    "eventTime": "2023-01-19T16:55:08Z",
    "eventSource": "cognito-identity.amazonaws.com",
    "eventName": "GetCredentialsForIdentity",
    "awsRegion": "us-east-1",
    "sourceIPAddress": "192.0.2.4",
    "userAgent": "aws-cli/2.7.25 Python/3.9.11 Darwin/21.6.0 exe/x86_64 prompt/off command/cognito-identity.get-credentials-for-identity",
    "requestParameters": {
        "logins": {
            "cognito-idp.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/us-east-1_aaaaaaaaa": "HIDDEN_DUE_TO_SECURITY_REASONS"
        },
        "identityId": "us-east-1:1cf667a2-49a6-454b-9e45-23199EXAMPLE"
    },
    "responseElements": {
        "credentials": {
            "accessKeyId": "ASIAIOSFODNN7EXAMPLE",
            "sessionToken": "aAaAaAaAaAaAab1111111111EXAMPLE",
            "expiration": "Jan 19, 2023 5:55:08 PM"
        },
        "identityId": "us-east-1:1cf667a2-49a6-454b-9e45-23199EXAMPLE"
    },
    "requestID": "659dfc23-7c4e-4e7c-858a-1abce884d645",
    "eventID": "6ad1c766-5a41-4b28-b5ca-e223ccb00f0d",
    "readOnly": false,
    "resources": [{
        "accountId": "111122223333",
        "type": "AWS::Cognito::IdentityPool",
        "ARN": "arn:aws:cognito-identity:us-east-1:111122223333:identitypool/us-east-1:2dg778b3-50b7-565c-0f56-34200EXAMPLE"
    }],
    "eventType": "AwsApiCall",
    "managementEvent": false,
    "recipientAccountId": "111122223333",
    "eventCategory": "Data"
}

Network activity events

CloudTrail network activity events enable VPC endpoint owners to record AWS API calls made using their VPC endpoints from a private VPC to the AWS service. Network activity events provide visibility into the resource operations performed within a VPC.

You can log network activity events for the following services:

Network activity events are not logged by default when you create a trail or event data store. To record CloudTrail network activity events, you must explicitly set the event source for which you want to collect activity. For more information, see Logging network activity events.

Additional charges apply for logging network activity events. For CloudTrail pricing, see AWS CloudTrail Pricing.

The following example shows a successful AWS KMS ListKeys event that traversed a VPC endpoint. The vpcEndpointId field shows the ID of the VPC endpoint. The vpcEndpointAccountId field shows the account ID of the VPC endpoint owner. In this example, the request was made by the VPC endpoint owner.

{
    "eventVersion": "1.09",
    "userIdentity": {
        "type": "AssumedRole",
        "principalId": "ASIAIOSFODNN7EXAMPLE:role-name",
        "arn": "arn:aws:sts::123456789012:assumed-role/Admin/role-name",
        "accountId": "123456789012",
        "accessKeyId": "ASIAIOSFODNN7EXAMPLE",
        "sessionContext": {
            "sessionIssuer": {
                "type": "Role",
                "principalId": "ASIAIOSFODNN7EXAMPLE",
                "arn": "arn:aws:iam::123456789012:role/Admin",
                "accountId": "123456789012",
                "userName": "Admin"
            },
            "attributes": {
                "creationDate": "2024-06-04T23:10:46Z",
                "mfaAuthenticated": "false"
            }
        }
    },
    "eventTime": "2024-06-04T23:12:50Z",
    "eventSource": "kms.amazonaws.com",
    "eventName": "ListKeys",
    "awsRegion": "us-east-1",
    "sourceIPAddress": "192.0.2.0",
    "requestID": "16bcc089-ac49-43f1-9177-EXAMPLE23731",
    "eventID": "228ca3c8-5f95-4a8a-9732-EXAMPLE60ed9",
    "eventType": "AwsVpceEvent",
    "recipientAccountId": "123456789012",
    "sharedEventID": "a1f3720c-ef19-47e9-a5d5-EXAMPLE8099f",
    "vpcEndpointId": "vpce-EXAMPLE08c1b6b9b7",
    "vpcEndpointAccountId": "123456789012",
    "eventCategory": "NetworkActivity"
}

The next example shows an unsuccessful AWS KMS ListKeys event with a VPC endpoint policy violation. Because a VPC policy violation occurred, both the errorCode and errorMessage fields are present. The account ID in the recipientAccountId and vpcEndpointAccountId fields is the same, which indicates the event was sent to the VPC endpoint owner. The accountId in the userIdentity element is not the vpcEndpointAccountId, which indicates that the user making the request is not the VPC endpoint owner.

{
    "eventVersion": "1.09",
    "userIdentity": {
        "type": "AWSAccount",
        "principalId": "AKIAIOSFODNN7EXAMPLE",
        "accountId": "777788889999"
    },
    "eventTime": "2024-07-15T23:57:12Z",
    "eventSource": "kms.amazonaws.com",
    "eventName": "ListKeys",
    "awsRegion": "us-east-1",
    "sourceIPAddress": "192.0.2.0",
    "errorCode": "VpceAccessDenied",
    "errorMessage": "The request was denied due to a VPC endpoint policy",
    "requestID": "899003b8-abc4-42bb-ad95-EXAMPLE0c374",
    "eventID": "7c6e3d04-0c3b-42f2-8589-EXAMPLE826c0",
    "eventType": "AwsVpceEvent",
    "recipientAccountId": "123456789012",
    "sharedEventID": "702f74c4-f692-4bfd-8491-EXAMPLEb1ac4",
    "vpcEndpointId": "vpce-EXAMPLE08c1b6b9b7",
    "vpcEndpointAccountId": "123456789012",
    "eventCategory": "NetworkActivity"
}

Insights events

CloudTrail Insights events capture unusual API call rate or error rate activity in your AWS account by analyzing CloudTrail management activity. Insights events provide relevant information, such as the associated API, error code, incident time, and statistics, that help you understand and act on unusual activity. Unlike other types of events captured in a CloudTrail trail or event data store, Insights events are logged only when CloudTrail detects changes in your account's API usage or error rate logging that differ significantly from the account's typical usage patterns.

Examples of activity that might generate Insights events include:

These examples are provided for illustration purposes only. Your results may vary depending on your use case.

To log CloudTrail Insights events, you must explicitly enable Insights events on a new or existing trail or event data store. For more information about creating a trail, see Creating a trail with the CloudTrail console. For more information about creating an event data store, see Create an event data store for Insights events with the console.

Additional charges apply for Insights events. You will be charged separately if you enable Insights for both trails and event data stores. For more information, see AWS CloudTrail Pricing.

There are two events logged to show unusual activity in CloudTrail Insights: a start event and an end event. The following example shows a single log record of a starting Insights event that occurred when the Application Auto Scaling API CompleteLifecycleAction was called an unusual number of times. For Insights events, the value of eventCategory is Insight. An insightDetails block identifies the event state, source, name, Insights type, and context, including statistics and attributions. For more information about the insightDetails block, see CloudTrail Insights insightDetails element.

{
        "eventVersion": "1.08",
        "eventTime": "2023-07-10T01:42:00Z",
        "awsRegion": "us-east-1",
        "eventID": "55ed45c5-0b0c-4228-9fe5-EXAMPLEc3f4d",
        "eventType": "AwsCloudTrailInsight",
        "recipientAccountId": "123456789012",
        "sharedEventID": "979c82fe-14d4-4e4c-aa01-EXAMPLE3acee",
        "insightDetails": {
            "state": "Start",
            "eventSource": "autoscaling.amazonaws.com",
            "eventName": "CompleteLifecycleAction",
            "insightType": "ApiCallRateInsight",
            "insightContext": {
                "statistics": {
                    "baseline": {
                        "average": 9.82222E-5
                    },
                    "insight": {
                        "average": 5.0
                    },
                    "insightDuration": 1,
                    "baselineDuration": 10181
                },
                "attributions": [{
                    "attribute": "userIdentityArn",
                    "insight": [{
                        "value": "arn:aws:sts::123456789012:assumed-role/CodeDeployRole1",
                        "average": 5.0
                    }, {
                        "value": "arn:aws:sts::123456789012:assumed-role/CodeDeployRole2",
                        "average": 5.0
                    }, {
                        "value": "arn:aws:sts::123456789012:assumed-role/CodeDeployRole3",
                        "average": 5.0
                    }],
                    "baseline": [{
                        "value": "arn:aws:sts::123456789012:assumed-role/CodeDeployRole1",
                        "average": 9.82222E-5
                    }]
                }, {
                    "attribute": "userAgent",
                    "insight": [{
                        "value": "codedeploy.amazonaws.com",
                        "average": 5.0
                    }],
                    "baseline": [{
                        "value": "codedeploy.amazonaws.com",
                        "average": 9.82222E-5
                    }]
                }, {
                    "attribute": "errorCode",
                    "insight": [{
                        "value": "null",
                        "average": 5.0
                    }],
                    "baseline": [{
                        "value": "null",
                        "average": 9.82222E-5
                    }]
                }]
            }
        },
        "eventCategory": "Insight"
    }