# IAM examples using AWS CLI with Bash script
<a name="bash_iam_code_examples"></a>

The following code examples show you how to perform actions and implement common scenarios by using the AWS Command Line Interface with Bash script with IAM.

*Basics* are code examples that show you how to perform the essential operations within a service.

*Actions* are code excerpts from larger programs and must be run in context. While actions show you how to call individual service functions, you can see actions in context in their related scenarios.

*Scenarios* are code examples that show you how to accomplish specific tasks by calling multiple functions within a service or combined with other AWS services.

Each example includes a link to the complete source code, where you can find instructions on how to set up and run the code in context.

**Topics**
+ [Basics](#basics)
+ [Actions](#actions)
+ [Scenarios](#scenarios)

## Basics
<a name="basics"></a>

### Learn the basics
<a name="iam_Scenario_CreateUserAssumeRole_bash_topic"></a>

The following code example shows how to create a user and assume a role. 

**Warning**  
To avoid security risks, don't use IAM users for authentication when developing purpose-built software or working with real data. Instead, use federation with an identity provider such as [AWS IAM Identity Center](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/singlesignon/latest/userguide/what-is.html).
+ Create a user with no permissions.
+ Create a role that grants permission to list Amazon S3 buckets for the account.
+ Add a policy to let the user assume the role.
+ Assume the role and list S3 buckets using temporary credentials, then clean up resources.

**AWS CLI with Bash script**  
 There's more on GitHub. Find the complete example and learn how to set up and run in the [AWS Code Examples Repository](https://github.com/awsdocs/aws-doc-sdk-examples/tree/main/aws-cli/bash-linux/iam#code-examples). 

```
###############################################################################
# function iam_create_user_assume_role
#
# Scenario to create an IAM user, create an IAM role, and apply the role to the user.
#
#     "IAM access" permissions are needed to run this code.
#     "STS assume role" permissions are needed to run this code. (Note: It might be necessary to
#           create a custom policy).
#
# Returns:
#       0 - If successful.
#       1 - If an error occurred.
###############################################################################
function iam_create_user_assume_role() {
  {
    if [ "$IAM_OPERATIONS_SOURCED" != "True" ]; then

      source ./iam_operations.sh
    fi
  }

  echo_repeat "*" 88
  echo "Welcome to the IAM create user and assume role demo."
  echo
  echo "This demo will create an IAM user, create an IAM role, and apply the role to the user."
  echo_repeat "*" 88
  echo

  echo -n "Enter a name for a new IAM user: "
  get_input
  user_name=$get_input_result

  local user_arn
  user_arn=$(iam_create_user -u "$user_name")

  # shellcheck disable=SC2181
  if [[ ${?} == 0 ]]; then
    echo "Created demo IAM user named $user_name"
  else
    errecho "$user_arn"
    errecho "The user failed to create. This demo will exit."
    return 1
  fi

  local access_key_response
  access_key_response=$(iam_create_user_access_key -u "$user_name")
  # shellcheck disable=SC2181
  if [[ ${?} != 0 ]]; then
    errecho "The access key failed to create. This demo will exit."
    clean_up "$user_name"
    return 1
  fi

  IFS=$'\t ' read -r -a access_key_values <<<"$access_key_response"
  local key_name=${access_key_values[0]}
  local key_secret=${access_key_values[1]}

  echo "Created access key named $key_name"

  echo "Wait 10 seconds for the user to be ready."
  sleep 10
  echo_repeat "*" 88
  echo

  local iam_role_name
  iam_role_name=$(generate_random_name "test-role")
  echo "Creating a role named $iam_role_name with user $user_name as the principal."

  local assume_role_policy_document="{
    \"Version\": \"2012-10-17\",
    \"Statement\": [{
        \"Effect\": \"Allow\",
        \"Principal\": {\"AWS\": \"$user_arn\"},
        \"Action\": \"sts:AssumeRole\"
        }]
    }"

  local role_arn
  role_arn=$(iam_create_role -n "$iam_role_name" -p "$assume_role_policy_document")

  # shellcheck disable=SC2181
  if [ ${?} == 0 ]; then
    echo "Created IAM role named $iam_role_name"
  else
    errecho "The role failed to create. This demo will exit."
    clean_up "$user_name" "$key_name"
    return 1
  fi

  local policy_name
  policy_name=$(generate_random_name "test-policy")
  local policy_document="{
                \"Version\": \"2012-10-17\",
                \"Statement\": [{
                    \"Effect\": \"Allow\",
                    \"Action\": \"s3:ListAllMyBuckets\",
                    \"Resource\": \"arn:aws:s3:::*\"}]}"

  local policy_arn
  policy_arn=$(iam_create_policy -n "$policy_name" -p "$policy_document")
  # shellcheck disable=SC2181
  if [[ ${?} == 0 ]]; then
    echo "Created  IAM policy named $policy_name"
  else
    errecho "The policy failed to create."
    clean_up "$user_name" "$key_name" "$iam_role_name"
    return 1
  fi

  if (iam_attach_role_policy -n "$iam_role_name" -p "$policy_arn"); then
    echo "Attached policy $policy_arn to role $iam_role_name"
  else
    errecho "The policy failed to attach."
    clean_up "$user_name" "$key_name" "$iam_role_name" "$policy_arn"
    return 1
  fi

  local assume_role_policy_document="{
                \"Version\": \"2012-10-17\",
                \"Statement\": [{
                    \"Effect\": \"Allow\",
                    \"Action\": \"sts:AssumeRole\",
                    \"Resource\": \"$role_arn\"}]}"

  local assume_role_policy_name
  assume_role_policy_name=$(generate_random_name "test-assume-role-")

  # shellcheck disable=SC2181
  local assume_role_policy_arn
  assume_role_policy_arn=$(iam_create_policy -n "$assume_role_policy_name" -p "$assume_role_policy_document")
  # shellcheck disable=SC2181
  if [ ${?} == 0 ]; then
    echo "Created  IAM policy named $assume_role_policy_name for sts assume role"
  else
    errecho "The policy failed to create."
    clean_up "$user_name" "$key_name" "$iam_role_name" "$policy_arn" "$policy_arn"
    return 1
  fi

  echo "Wait 10 seconds to give AWS time to propagate these new resources and connections."
  sleep 10
  echo_repeat "*" 88
  echo

  echo "Try to list buckets without the new user assuming the role."
  echo_repeat "*" 88
  echo

  # Set the environment variables for the created user.
  # bashsupport disable=BP2001
  export AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID=$key_name
  # bashsupport disable=BP2001
  export AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY=$key_secret

  local buckets
  buckets=$(s3_list_buckets)

  # shellcheck disable=SC2181
  if [ ${?} == 0 ]; then
    local bucket_count
    bucket_count=$(echo "$buckets" | wc -w | xargs)
    echo "There are $bucket_count buckets in the account. This should not have happened."
  else
    errecho "Because the role with permissions has not been assumed, listing buckets failed."
  fi

  echo
  echo_repeat "*" 88
  echo "Now assume the role $iam_role_name and list the buckets."
  echo_repeat "*" 88
  echo

  local credentials

  credentials=$(sts_assume_role -r "$role_arn" -n "AssumeRoleDemoSession")
  # shellcheck disable=SC2181
  if [ ${?} == 0 ]; then
    echo "Assumed role $iam_role_name"
  else
    errecho "Failed to assume role."
    export AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID=""
    export AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY=""
    clean_up "$user_name" "$key_name" "$iam_role_name" "$policy_arn" "$policy_arn" "$assume_role_policy_arn"
    return 1
  fi

  IFS=$'\t ' read -r -a credentials <<<"$credentials"

  export AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID=${credentials[0]}
  export AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY=${credentials[1]}
  # bashsupport disable=BP2001
  export AWS_SESSION_TOKEN=${credentials[2]}

  buckets=$(s3_list_buckets)

  # shellcheck disable=SC2181
  if [ ${?} == 0 ]; then
    local bucket_count
    bucket_count=$(echo "$buckets" | wc -w | xargs)
    echo "There are $bucket_count buckets in the account. Listing buckets succeeded because of "
    echo "the assumed role."
  else
    errecho "Failed to list buckets. This should not happen."
    export AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID=""
    export AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY=""
    export AWS_SESSION_TOKEN=""
    clean_up "$user_name" "$key_name" "$iam_role_name" "$policy_arn" "$policy_arn" "$assume_role_policy_arn"
    return 1
  fi

  local result=0
  export AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID=""
  export AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY=""

  echo
  echo_repeat "*" 88
  echo "The created resources will now be deleted."
  echo_repeat "*" 88
  echo

  clean_up "$user_name" "$key_name" "$iam_role_name" "$policy_arn" "$policy_arn" "$assume_role_policy_arn"

  # shellcheck disable=SC2181
  if [[ ${?} -ne 0 ]]; then
    result=1
  fi

  return $result
}
```
The IAM functions used in this scenario.  

```
###############################################################################
# function iam_user_exists
#
# This function checks to see if the specified AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM) user already exists.
#
# Parameters:
#       $1 - The name of the IAM user to check.
#
# Returns:
#       0 - If the user already exists.
#       1 - If the user doesn't exist.
###############################################################################
function iam_user_exists() {
  local user_name
  user_name=$1

  # Check whether the IAM user already exists.
  # We suppress all output - we're interested only in the return code.

  local errors
  errors=$(aws iam get-user \
    --user-name "$user_name" 2>&1 >/dev/null)

  local error_code=${?}

  if [[ $error_code -eq 0 ]]; then
    return 0 # 0 in Bash script means true.
  else
    if [[ $errors != *"error"*"(NoSuchEntity)"* ]]; then
      aws_cli_error_log $error_code
      errecho "Error calling iam get-user $errors"
    fi

    return 1 # 1 in Bash script means false.
  fi
}

###############################################################################
# function iam_create_user
#
# This function creates the specified IAM user, unless
# it already exists.
#
# Parameters:
#       -u user_name  -- The name of the user to create.
#
# Returns:
#       The ARN of the user.
#     And:
#       0 - If successful.
#       1 - If it fails.
###############################################################################
function iam_create_user() {
  local user_name response
  local option OPTARG # Required to use getopts command in a function.

  # bashsupport disable=BP5008
  function usage() {
    echo "function iam_create_user"
    echo "Creates an AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM) user. You must supply a username:"
    echo "  -u user_name    The name of the user. It must be unique within the account."
    echo ""
  }

  # Retrieve the calling parameters.
  while getopts "u:h" option; do
    case "${option}" in
      u) user_name="${OPTARG}" ;;
      h)
        usage
        return 0
        ;;
      \?)
        echo "Invalid parameter"
        usage
        return 1
        ;;
    esac
  done
  export OPTIND=1

  if [[ -z "$user_name" ]]; then
    errecho "ERROR: You must provide a username with the -u parameter."
    usage
    return 1
  fi

  iecho "Parameters:\n"
  iecho "    User name:   $user_name"
  iecho ""

  # If the user already exists, we don't want to try to create it.
  if (iam_user_exists "$user_name"); then
    errecho "ERROR: A user with that name already exists in the account."
    return 1
  fi

  response=$(aws iam create-user --user-name "$user_name" \
    --output text \
    --query 'User.Arn')

  local error_code=${?}

  if [[ $error_code -ne 0 ]]; then
    aws_cli_error_log $error_code
    errecho "ERROR: AWS reports create-user operation failed.$response"
    return 1
  fi

  echo "$response"

  return 0
}

###############################################################################
# function iam_create_user_access_key
#
# This function creates an IAM access key for the specified user.
#
# Parameters:
#       -u user_name -- The name of the IAM user.
#       [-f file_name] -- The optional file name for the access key output.
#
# Returns:
#       [access_key_id access_key_secret]
#     And:
#       0 - If successful.
#       1 - If it fails.
###############################################################################
function iam_create_user_access_key() {
  local user_name file_name response
  local option OPTARG # Required to use getopts command in a function.

  # bashsupport disable=BP5008
  function usage() {
    echo "function iam_create_user_access_key"
    echo "Creates an AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM) key pair."
    echo "  -u user_name   The name of the IAM user."
    echo "  [-f file_name]   Optional file name for the access key output."
    echo ""
  }

  # Retrieve the calling parameters.
  while getopts "u:f:h" option; do
    case "${option}" in
      u) user_name="${OPTARG}" ;;
      f) file_name="${OPTARG}" ;;
      h)
        usage
        return 0
        ;;
      \?)
        echo "Invalid parameter"
        usage
        return 1
        ;;
    esac
  done
  export OPTIND=1

  if [[ -z "$user_name" ]]; then
    errecho "ERROR: You must provide a username with the -u parameter."
    usage
    return 1
  fi

  response=$(aws iam create-access-key \
    --user-name "$user_name" \
    --output text)

  local error_code=${?}

  if [[ $error_code -ne 0 ]]; then
    aws_cli_error_log $error_code
    errecho "ERROR: AWS reports create-access-key operation failed.$response"
    return 1
  fi

  if [[ -n "$file_name" ]]; then
    echo "$response" >"$file_name"
  fi

  local key_id key_secret
  # shellcheck disable=SC2086
  key_id=$(echo $response | cut -f 2 -d ' ')
  # shellcheck disable=SC2086
  key_secret=$(echo $response | cut -f 4 -d ' ')

  echo "$key_id $key_secret"

  return 0
}

###############################################################################
# function iam_create_role
#
# This function creates an IAM role.
#
# Parameters:
#       -n role_name -- The name of the IAM role.
#       -p policy_json -- The assume role policy document.
#
# Returns:
#       The ARN of the role.
#     And:
#       0 - If successful.
#       1 - If it fails.
###############################################################################
function iam_create_role() {
  local role_name policy_document response
  local option OPTARG # Required to use getopts command in a function.

  # bashsupport disable=BP5008
  function usage() {
    echo "function iam_create_user_access_key"
    echo "Creates an AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM) role."
    echo "  -n role_name   The name of the IAM role."
    echo "  -p policy_json -- The assume role policy document."
    echo ""
  }

  # Retrieve the calling parameters.
  while getopts "n:p:h" option; do
    case "${option}" in
      n) role_name="${OPTARG}" ;;
      p) policy_document="${OPTARG}" ;;
      h)
        usage
        return 0
        ;;
      \?)
        echo "Invalid parameter"
        usage
        return 1
        ;;
    esac
  done
  export OPTIND=1

  if [[ -z "$role_name" ]]; then
    errecho "ERROR: You must provide a role name with the -n parameter."
    usage
    return 1
  fi

  if [[ -z "$policy_document" ]]; then
    errecho "ERROR: You must provide a policy document with the -p parameter."
    usage
    return 1
  fi

  response=$(aws iam create-role \
    --role-name "$role_name" \
    --assume-role-policy-document "$policy_document" \
    --output text \
    --query Role.Arn)

  local error_code=${?}

  if [[ $error_code -ne 0 ]]; then
    aws_cli_error_log $error_code
    errecho "ERROR: AWS reports create-role operation failed.\n$response"
    return 1
  fi

  echo "$response"

  return 0
}

###############################################################################
# function iam_create_policy
#
# This function creates an IAM policy.
#
# Parameters:
#       -n policy_name -- The name of the IAM policy.
#       -p policy_json -- The policy document.
#
# Returns:
#       0 - If successful.
#       1 - If it fails.
###############################################################################
function iam_create_policy() {
  local policy_name policy_document response
  local option OPTARG # Required to use getopts command in a function.

  # bashsupport disable=BP5008
  function usage() {
    echo "function iam_create_policy"
    echo "Creates an AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM) policy."
    echo "  -n policy_name   The name of the IAM policy."
    echo "  -p policy_json -- The policy document."
    echo ""
  }

  # Retrieve the calling parameters.
  while getopts "n:p:h" option; do
    case "${option}" in
      n) policy_name="${OPTARG}" ;;
      p) policy_document="${OPTARG}" ;;
      h)
        usage
        return 0
        ;;
      \?)
        echo "Invalid parameter"
        usage
        return 1
        ;;
    esac
  done
  export OPTIND=1

  if [[ -z "$policy_name" ]]; then
    errecho "ERROR: You must provide a policy name with the -n parameter."
    usage
    return 1
  fi

  if [[ -z "$policy_document" ]]; then
    errecho "ERROR: You must provide a policy document with the -p parameter."
    usage
    return 1
  fi

  response=$(aws iam create-policy \
    --policy-name "$policy_name" \
    --policy-document "$policy_document" \
    --output text \
    --query Policy.Arn)

  local error_code=${?}

  if [[ $error_code -ne 0 ]]; then
    aws_cli_error_log $error_code
    errecho "ERROR: AWS reports create-policy operation failed.\n$response"
    return 1
  fi

  echo "$response"
}

###############################################################################
# function iam_attach_role_policy
#
# This function attaches an IAM policy to a tole.
#
# Parameters:
#       -n role_name -- The name of the IAM role.
#       -p policy_ARN -- The IAM policy document ARN..
#
# Returns:
#       0 - If successful.
#       1 - If it fails.
###############################################################################
function iam_attach_role_policy() {
  local role_name policy_arn response
  local option OPTARG # Required to use getopts command in a function.

  # bashsupport disable=BP5008
  function usage() {
    echo "function iam_attach_role_policy"
    echo "Attaches an AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM) policy to an IAM role."
    echo "  -n role_name   The name of the IAM role."
    echo "  -p policy_ARN -- The IAM policy document ARN."
    echo ""
  }

  # Retrieve the calling parameters.
  while getopts "n:p:h" option; do
    case "${option}" in
      n) role_name="${OPTARG}" ;;
      p) policy_arn="${OPTARG}" ;;
      h)
        usage
        return 0
        ;;
      \?)
        echo "Invalid parameter"
        usage
        return 1
        ;;
    esac
  done
  export OPTIND=1

  if [[ -z "$role_name" ]]; then
    errecho "ERROR: You must provide a role name with the -n parameter."
    usage
    return 1
  fi

  if [[ -z "$policy_arn" ]]; then
    errecho "ERROR: You must provide a policy ARN with the -p parameter."
    usage
    return 1
  fi

  response=$(aws iam attach-role-policy \
    --role-name "$role_name" \
    --policy-arn "$policy_arn")

  local error_code=${?}

  if [[ $error_code -ne 0 ]]; then
    aws_cli_error_log $error_code
    errecho "ERROR: AWS reports attach-role-policy operation failed.\n$response"
    return 1
  fi

  echo "$response"

  return 0
}

###############################################################################
# function iam_detach_role_policy
#
# This function detaches an IAM policy to a tole.
#
# Parameters:
#       -n role_name -- The name of the IAM role.
#       -p policy_ARN -- The IAM policy document ARN..
#
# Returns:
#       0 - If successful.
#       1 - If it fails.
###############################################################################
function iam_detach_role_policy() {
  local role_name policy_arn response
  local option OPTARG # Required to use getopts command in a function.

  # bashsupport disable=BP5008
  function usage() {
    echo "function iam_detach_role_policy"
    echo "Detaches an AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM) policy to an IAM role."
    echo "  -n role_name   The name of the IAM role."
    echo "  -p policy_ARN -- The IAM policy document ARN."
    echo ""
  }

  # Retrieve the calling parameters.
  while getopts "n:p:h" option; do
    case "${option}" in
      n) role_name="${OPTARG}" ;;
      p) policy_arn="${OPTARG}" ;;
      h)
        usage
        return 0
        ;;
      \?)
        echo "Invalid parameter"
        usage
        return 1
        ;;
    esac
  done
  export OPTIND=1

  if [[ -z "$role_name" ]]; then
    errecho "ERROR: You must provide a role name with the -n parameter."
    usage
    return 1
  fi

  if [[ -z "$policy_arn" ]]; then
    errecho "ERROR: You must provide a policy ARN with the -p parameter."
    usage
    return 1
  fi

  response=$(aws iam detach-role-policy \
    --role-name "$role_name" \
    --policy-arn "$policy_arn")

  local error_code=${?}

  if [[ $error_code -ne 0 ]]; then
    aws_cli_error_log $error_code
    errecho "ERROR: AWS reports detach-role-policy operation failed.\n$response"
    return 1
  fi

  echo "$response"

  return 0
}

###############################################################################
# function iam_delete_policy
#
# This function deletes an IAM policy.
#
# Parameters:
#       -n policy_arn -- The name of the IAM policy arn.
#
# Returns:
#       0 - If successful.
#       1 - If it fails.
###############################################################################
function iam_delete_policy() {
  local policy_arn response
  local option OPTARG # Required to use getopts command in a function.

  # bashsupport disable=BP5008
  function usage() {
    echo "function iam_delete_policy"
    echo "Deletes an AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM) policy"
    echo "  -n policy_arn -- The name of the IAM policy arn."
    echo ""
  }

  # Retrieve the calling parameters.
  while getopts "n:h" option; do
    case "${option}" in
      n) policy_arn="${OPTARG}" ;;
      h)
        usage
        return 0
        ;;
      \?)
        echo "Invalid parameter"
        usage
        return 1
        ;;
    esac
  done
  export OPTIND=1

  if [[ -z "$policy_arn" ]]; then
    errecho "ERROR: You must provide a policy arn with the -n parameter."
    usage
    return 1
  fi

  iecho "Parameters:\n"
  iecho "    Policy arn:  $policy_arn"
  iecho ""

  response=$(aws iam delete-policy \
    --policy-arn "$policy_arn")

  local error_code=${?}

  if [[ $error_code -ne 0 ]]; then
    aws_cli_error_log $error_code
    errecho "ERROR: AWS reports delete-policy operation failed.\n$response"
    return 1
  fi

  iecho "delete-policy response:$response"
  iecho

  return 0
}

###############################################################################
# function iam_delete_role
#
# This function deletes an IAM role.
#
# Parameters:
#       -n role_name -- The name of the IAM role.
#
# Returns:
#       0 - If successful.
#       1 - If it fails.
###############################################################################
function iam_delete_role() {
  local role_name response
  local option OPTARG # Required to use getopts command in a function.

  # bashsupport disable=BP5008
  function usage() {
    echo "function iam_delete_role"
    echo "Deletes an AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM) role"
    echo "  -n role_name -- The name of the IAM role."
    echo ""
  }

  # Retrieve the calling parameters.
  while getopts "n:h" option; do
    case "${option}" in
      n) role_name="${OPTARG}" ;;
      h)
        usage
        return 0
        ;;
      \?)
        echo "Invalid parameter"
        usage
        return 1
        ;;
    esac
  done
  export OPTIND=1

  echo "role_name:$role_name"
  if [[ -z "$role_name" ]]; then
    errecho "ERROR: You must provide a role name with the -n parameter."
    usage
    return 1
  fi

  iecho "Parameters:\n"
  iecho "    Role name:  $role_name"
  iecho ""

  response=$(aws iam delete-role \
    --role-name "$role_name")

  local error_code=${?}

  if [[ $error_code -ne 0 ]]; then
    aws_cli_error_log $error_code
    errecho "ERROR: AWS reports delete-role operation failed.\n$response"
    return 1
  fi

  iecho "delete-role response:$response"
  iecho

  return 0
}

###############################################################################
# function iam_delete_access_key
#
# This function deletes an IAM access key for the specified IAM user.
#
# Parameters:
#       -u user_name  -- The name of the user.
#       -k access_key -- The access key to delete.
#
# Returns:
#       0 - If successful.
#       1 - If it fails.
###############################################################################
function iam_delete_access_key() {
  local user_name access_key response
  local option OPTARG # Required to use getopts command in a function.

  # bashsupport disable=BP5008
  function usage() {
    echo "function iam_delete_access_key"
    echo "Deletes an AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM) access key for the specified IAM user"
    echo "  -u user_name    The name of the user."
    echo "  -k access_key   The access key to delete."
    echo ""
  }

  # Retrieve the calling parameters.
  while getopts "u:k:h" option; do
    case "${option}" in
      u) user_name="${OPTARG}" ;;
      k) access_key="${OPTARG}" ;;
      h)
        usage
        return 0
        ;;
      \?)
        echo "Invalid parameter"
        usage
        return 1
        ;;
    esac
  done
  export OPTIND=1

  if [[ -z "$user_name" ]]; then
    errecho "ERROR: You must provide a username with the -u parameter."
    usage
    return 1
  fi

  if [[ -z "$access_key" ]]; then
    errecho "ERROR: You must provide an access key with the -k parameter."
    usage
    return 1
  fi

  iecho "Parameters:\n"
  iecho "    Username:   $user_name"
  iecho "    Access key:   $access_key"
  iecho ""

  response=$(aws iam delete-access-key \
    --user-name "$user_name" \
    --access-key-id "$access_key")

  local error_code=${?}

  if [[ $error_code -ne 0 ]]; then
    aws_cli_error_log $error_code
    errecho "ERROR: AWS reports delete-access-key operation failed.\n$response"
    return 1
  fi

  iecho "delete-access-key response:$response"
  iecho

  return 0
}

###############################################################################
# function iam_delete_user
#
# This function deletes the specified IAM user.
#
# Parameters:
#       -u user_name  -- The name of the user to create.
#
# Returns:
#       0 - If successful.
#       1 - If it fails.
###############################################################################
function iam_delete_user() {
  local user_name response
  local option OPTARG # Required to use getopts command in a function.

  # bashsupport disable=BP5008
  function usage() {
    echo "function iam_delete_user"
    echo "Deletes an AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM) user. You must supply a username:"
    echo "  -u user_name    The name of the user."
    echo ""
  }

  # Retrieve the calling parameters.
  while getopts "u:h" option; do
    case "${option}" in
      u) user_name="${OPTARG}" ;;
      h)
        usage
        return 0
        ;;
      \?)
        echo "Invalid parameter"
        usage
        return 1
        ;;
    esac
  done
  export OPTIND=1

  if [[ -z "$user_name" ]]; then
    errecho "ERROR: You must provide a username with the -u parameter."
    usage
    return 1
  fi

  iecho "Parameters:\n"
  iecho "    User name:   $user_name"
  iecho ""

  # If the user does not exist, we don't want to try to delete it.
  if (! iam_user_exists "$user_name"); then
    errecho "ERROR: A user with that name does not exist in the account."
    return 1
  fi

  response=$(aws iam delete-user \
    --user-name "$user_name")

  local error_code=${?}

  if [[ $error_code -ne 0 ]]; then
    aws_cli_error_log $error_code
    errecho "ERROR: AWS reports delete-user operation failed.$response"
    return 1
  fi

  iecho "delete-user response:$response"
  iecho

  return 0
}
```
+ For API details, see the following topics in *AWS CLI Command Reference*.
  + [AttachRolePolicy](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/AttachRolePolicy)
  + [CreateAccessKey](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/CreateAccessKey)
  + [CreatePolicy](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/CreatePolicy)
  + [CreateRole](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/CreateRole)
  + [CreateUser](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/CreateUser)
  + [DeleteAccessKey](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/DeleteAccessKey)
  + [DeletePolicy](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/DeletePolicy)
  + [DeleteRole](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/DeleteRole)
  + [DeleteUser](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/DeleteUser)
  + [DeleteUserPolicy](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/DeleteUserPolicy)
  + [DetachRolePolicy](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/DetachRolePolicy)
  + [PutUserPolicy](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/PutUserPolicy)

## Actions
<a name="actions"></a>

### `AttachRolePolicy`
<a name="iam_AttachRolePolicy_bash_topic"></a>

The following code example shows how to use `AttachRolePolicy`.

**AWS CLI with Bash script**  
 There's more on GitHub. Find the complete example and learn how to set up and run in the [AWS Code Examples Repository](https://github.com/awsdocs/aws-doc-sdk-examples/tree/main/aws-cli/bash-linux/iam#code-examples). 

```
###############################################################################
# function errecho
#
# This function outputs everything sent to it to STDERR (standard error output).
###############################################################################
function errecho() {
  printf "%s\n" "$*" 1>&2
}

###############################################################################
# function iam_attach_role_policy
#
# This function attaches an IAM policy to a tole.
#
# Parameters:
#       -n role_name -- The name of the IAM role.
#       -p policy_ARN -- The IAM policy document ARN..
#
# Returns:
#       0 - If successful.
#       1 - If it fails.
###############################################################################
function iam_attach_role_policy() {
  local role_name policy_arn response
  local option OPTARG # Required to use getopts command in a function.

  # bashsupport disable=BP5008
  function usage() {
    echo "function iam_attach_role_policy"
    echo "Attaches an AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM) policy to an IAM role."
    echo "  -n role_name   The name of the IAM role."
    echo "  -p policy_ARN -- The IAM policy document ARN."
    echo ""
  }

  # Retrieve the calling parameters.
  while getopts "n:p:h" option; do
    case "${option}" in
      n) role_name="${OPTARG}" ;;
      p) policy_arn="${OPTARG}" ;;
      h)
        usage
        return 0
        ;;
      \?)
        echo "Invalid parameter"
        usage
        return 1
        ;;
    esac
  done
  export OPTIND=1

  if [[ -z "$role_name" ]]; then
    errecho "ERROR: You must provide a role name with the -n parameter."
    usage
    return 1
  fi

  if [[ -z "$policy_arn" ]]; then
    errecho "ERROR: You must provide a policy ARN with the -p parameter."
    usage
    return 1
  fi

  response=$(aws iam attach-role-policy \
    --role-name "$role_name" \
    --policy-arn "$policy_arn")

  local error_code=${?}

  if [[ $error_code -ne 0 ]]; then
    aws_cli_error_log $error_code
    errecho "ERROR: AWS reports attach-role-policy operation failed.\n$response"
    return 1
  fi

  echo "$response"

  return 0
}
```
+  For API details, see [AttachRolePolicy](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/AttachRolePolicy) in *AWS CLI Command Reference*. 

### `CreateAccessKey`
<a name="iam_CreateAccessKey_bash_topic"></a>

The following code example shows how to use `CreateAccessKey`.

**AWS CLI with Bash script**  
 There's more on GitHub. Find the complete example and learn how to set up and run in the [AWS Code Examples Repository](https://github.com/awsdocs/aws-doc-sdk-examples/tree/main/aws-cli/bash-linux/iam#code-examples). 

```
###############################################################################
# function errecho
#
# This function outputs everything sent to it to STDERR (standard error output).
###############################################################################
function errecho() {
  printf "%s\n" "$*" 1>&2
}

###############################################################################
# function iam_create_user_access_key
#
# This function creates an IAM access key for the specified user.
#
# Parameters:
#       -u user_name -- The name of the IAM user.
#       [-f file_name] -- The optional file name for the access key output.
#
# Returns:
#       [access_key_id access_key_secret]
#     And:
#       0 - If successful.
#       1 - If it fails.
###############################################################################
function iam_create_user_access_key() {
  local user_name file_name response
  local option OPTARG # Required to use getopts command in a function.

  # bashsupport disable=BP5008
  function usage() {
    echo "function iam_create_user_access_key"
    echo "Creates an AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM) key pair."
    echo "  -u user_name   The name of the IAM user."
    echo "  [-f file_name]   Optional file name for the access key output."
    echo ""
  }

  # Retrieve the calling parameters.
  while getopts "u:f:h" option; do
    case "${option}" in
      u) user_name="${OPTARG}" ;;
      f) file_name="${OPTARG}" ;;
      h)
        usage
        return 0
        ;;
      \?)
        echo "Invalid parameter"
        usage
        return 1
        ;;
    esac
  done
  export OPTIND=1

  if [[ -z "$user_name" ]]; then
    errecho "ERROR: You must provide a username with the -u parameter."
    usage
    return 1
  fi

  response=$(aws iam create-access-key \
    --user-name "$user_name" \
    --output text)

  local error_code=${?}

  if [[ $error_code -ne 0 ]]; then
    aws_cli_error_log $error_code
    errecho "ERROR: AWS reports create-access-key operation failed.$response"
    return 1
  fi

  if [[ -n "$file_name" ]]; then
    echo "$response" >"$file_name"
  fi

  local key_id key_secret
  # shellcheck disable=SC2086
  key_id=$(echo $response | cut -f 2 -d ' ')
  # shellcheck disable=SC2086
  key_secret=$(echo $response | cut -f 4 -d ' ')

  echo "$key_id $key_secret"

  return 0
}
```
+  For API details, see [CreateAccessKey](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/CreateAccessKey) in *AWS CLI Command Reference*. 

### `CreatePolicy`
<a name="iam_CreatePolicy_bash_topic"></a>

The following code example shows how to use `CreatePolicy`.

**AWS CLI with Bash script**  
 There's more on GitHub. Find the complete example and learn how to set up and run in the [AWS Code Examples Repository](https://github.com/awsdocs/aws-doc-sdk-examples/tree/main/aws-cli/bash-linux/iam#code-examples). 

```
###############################################################################
# function errecho
#
# This function outputs everything sent to it to STDERR (standard error output).
###############################################################################
function errecho() {
  printf "%s\n" "$*" 1>&2
}

###############################################################################
# function iam_create_policy
#
# This function creates an IAM policy.
#
# Parameters:
#       -n policy_name -- The name of the IAM policy.
#       -p policy_json -- The policy document.
#
# Returns:
#       0 - If successful.
#       1 - If it fails.
###############################################################################
function iam_create_policy() {
  local policy_name policy_document response
  local option OPTARG # Required to use getopts command in a function.

  # bashsupport disable=BP5008
  function usage() {
    echo "function iam_create_policy"
    echo "Creates an AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM) policy."
    echo "  -n policy_name   The name of the IAM policy."
    echo "  -p policy_json -- The policy document."
    echo ""
  }

  # Retrieve the calling parameters.
  while getopts "n:p:h" option; do
    case "${option}" in
      n) policy_name="${OPTARG}" ;;
      p) policy_document="${OPTARG}" ;;
      h)
        usage
        return 0
        ;;
      \?)
        echo "Invalid parameter"
        usage
        return 1
        ;;
    esac
  done
  export OPTIND=1

  if [[ -z "$policy_name" ]]; then
    errecho "ERROR: You must provide a policy name with the -n parameter."
    usage
    return 1
  fi

  if [[ -z "$policy_document" ]]; then
    errecho "ERROR: You must provide a policy document with the -p parameter."
    usage
    return 1
  fi

  response=$(aws iam create-policy \
    --policy-name "$policy_name" \
    --policy-document "$policy_document" \
    --output text \
    --query Policy.Arn)

  local error_code=${?}

  if [[ $error_code -ne 0 ]]; then
    aws_cli_error_log $error_code
    errecho "ERROR: AWS reports create-policy operation failed.\n$response"
    return 1
  fi

  echo "$response"
}
```
+  For API details, see [CreatePolicy](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/CreatePolicy) in *AWS CLI Command Reference*. 

### `CreateRole`
<a name="iam_CreateRole_bash_topic"></a>

The following code example shows how to use `CreateRole`.

**AWS CLI with Bash script**  
 There's more on GitHub. Find the complete example and learn how to set up and run in the [AWS Code Examples Repository](https://github.com/awsdocs/aws-doc-sdk-examples/tree/main/aws-cli/bash-linux/iam#code-examples). 

```
###############################################################################
# function errecho
#
# This function outputs everything sent to it to STDERR (standard error output).
###############################################################################
function errecho() {
  printf "%s\n" "$*" 1>&2
}

###############################################################################
# function iam_create_role
#
# This function creates an IAM role.
#
# Parameters:
#       -n role_name -- The name of the IAM role.
#       -p policy_json -- The assume role policy document.
#
# Returns:
#       The ARN of the role.
#     And:
#       0 - If successful.
#       1 - If it fails.
###############################################################################
function iam_create_role() {
  local role_name policy_document response
  local option OPTARG # Required to use getopts command in a function.

  # bashsupport disable=BP5008
  function usage() {
    echo "function iam_create_user_access_key"
    echo "Creates an AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM) role."
    echo "  -n role_name   The name of the IAM role."
    echo "  -p policy_json -- The assume role policy document."
    echo ""
  }

  # Retrieve the calling parameters.
  while getopts "n:p:h" option; do
    case "${option}" in
      n) role_name="${OPTARG}" ;;
      p) policy_document="${OPTARG}" ;;
      h)
        usage
        return 0
        ;;
      \?)
        echo "Invalid parameter"
        usage
        return 1
        ;;
    esac
  done
  export OPTIND=1

  if [[ -z "$role_name" ]]; then
    errecho "ERROR: You must provide a role name with the -n parameter."
    usage
    return 1
  fi

  if [[ -z "$policy_document" ]]; then
    errecho "ERROR: You must provide a policy document with the -p parameter."
    usage
    return 1
  fi

  response=$(aws iam create-role \
    --role-name "$role_name" \
    --assume-role-policy-document "$policy_document" \
    --output text \
    --query Role.Arn)

  local error_code=${?}

  if [[ $error_code -ne 0 ]]; then
    aws_cli_error_log $error_code
    errecho "ERROR: AWS reports create-role operation failed.\n$response"
    return 1
  fi

  echo "$response"

  return 0
}
```
+  For API details, see [CreateRole](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/CreateRole) in *AWS CLI Command Reference*. 

### `CreateUser`
<a name="iam_CreateUser_bash_topic"></a>

The following code example shows how to use `CreateUser`.

**AWS CLI with Bash script**  
 There's more on GitHub. Find the complete example and learn how to set up and run in the [AWS Code Examples Repository](https://github.com/awsdocs/aws-doc-sdk-examples/tree/main/aws-cli/bash-linux/iam#code-examples). 

```
###############################################################################
# function iecho
#
# This function enables the script to display the specified text only if
# the global variable $VERBOSE is set to true.
###############################################################################
function iecho() {
  if [[ $VERBOSE == true ]]; then
    echo "$@"
  fi
}

###############################################################################
# function errecho
#
# This function outputs everything sent to it to STDERR (standard error output).
###############################################################################
function errecho() {
  printf "%s\n" "$*" 1>&2
}

###############################################################################
# function iam_create_user
#
# This function creates the specified IAM user, unless
# it already exists.
#
# Parameters:
#       -u user_name  -- The name of the user to create.
#
# Returns:
#       The ARN of the user.
#     And:
#       0 - If successful.
#       1 - If it fails.
###############################################################################
function iam_create_user() {
  local user_name response
  local option OPTARG # Required to use getopts command in a function.

  # bashsupport disable=BP5008
  function usage() {
    echo "function iam_create_user"
    echo "Creates an AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM) user. You must supply a username:"
    echo "  -u user_name    The name of the user. It must be unique within the account."
    echo ""
  }

  # Retrieve the calling parameters.
  while getopts "u:h" option; do
    case "${option}" in
      u) user_name="${OPTARG}" ;;
      h)
        usage
        return 0
        ;;
      \?)
        echo "Invalid parameter"
        usage
        return 1
        ;;
    esac
  done
  export OPTIND=1

  if [[ -z "$user_name" ]]; then
    errecho "ERROR: You must provide a username with the -u parameter."
    usage
    return 1
  fi

  iecho "Parameters:\n"
  iecho "    User name:   $user_name"
  iecho ""

  # If the user already exists, we don't want to try to create it.
  if (iam_user_exists "$user_name"); then
    errecho "ERROR: A user with that name already exists in the account."
    return 1
  fi

  response=$(aws iam create-user --user-name "$user_name" \
    --output text \
    --query 'User.Arn')

  local error_code=${?}

  if [[ $error_code -ne 0 ]]; then
    aws_cli_error_log $error_code
    errecho "ERROR: AWS reports create-user operation failed.$response"
    return 1
  fi

  echo "$response"

  return 0
}
```
+  For API details, see [CreateUser](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/CreateUser) in *AWS CLI Command Reference*. 

### `DeleteAccessKey`
<a name="iam_DeleteAccessKey_bash_topic"></a>

The following code example shows how to use `DeleteAccessKey`.

**AWS CLI with Bash script**  
 There's more on GitHub. Find the complete example and learn how to set up and run in the [AWS Code Examples Repository](https://github.com/awsdocs/aws-doc-sdk-examples/tree/main/aws-cli/bash-linux/iam#code-examples). 

```
###############################################################################
# function errecho
#
# This function outputs everything sent to it to STDERR (standard error output).
###############################################################################
function errecho() {
  printf "%s\n" "$*" 1>&2
}

###############################################################################
# function iam_delete_access_key
#
# This function deletes an IAM access key for the specified IAM user.
#
# Parameters:
#       -u user_name  -- The name of the user.
#       -k access_key -- The access key to delete.
#
# Returns:
#       0 - If successful.
#       1 - If it fails.
###############################################################################
function iam_delete_access_key() {
  local user_name access_key response
  local option OPTARG # Required to use getopts command in a function.

  # bashsupport disable=BP5008
  function usage() {
    echo "function iam_delete_access_key"
    echo "Deletes an AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM) access key for the specified IAM user"
    echo "  -u user_name    The name of the user."
    echo "  -k access_key   The access key to delete."
    echo ""
  }

  # Retrieve the calling parameters.
  while getopts "u:k:h" option; do
    case "${option}" in
      u) user_name="${OPTARG}" ;;
      k) access_key="${OPTARG}" ;;
      h)
        usage
        return 0
        ;;
      \?)
        echo "Invalid parameter"
        usage
        return 1
        ;;
    esac
  done
  export OPTIND=1

  if [[ -z "$user_name" ]]; then
    errecho "ERROR: You must provide a username with the -u parameter."
    usage
    return 1
  fi

  if [[ -z "$access_key" ]]; then
    errecho "ERROR: You must provide an access key with the -k parameter."
    usage
    return 1
  fi

  iecho "Parameters:\n"
  iecho "    Username:   $user_name"
  iecho "    Access key:   $access_key"
  iecho ""

  response=$(aws iam delete-access-key \
    --user-name "$user_name" \
    --access-key-id "$access_key")

  local error_code=${?}

  if [[ $error_code -ne 0 ]]; then
    aws_cli_error_log $error_code
    errecho "ERROR: AWS reports delete-access-key operation failed.\n$response"
    return 1
  fi

  iecho "delete-access-key response:$response"
  iecho

  return 0
}
```
+  For API details, see [DeleteAccessKey](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/DeleteAccessKey) in *AWS CLI Command Reference*. 

### `DeletePolicy`
<a name="iam_DeletePolicy_bash_topic"></a>

The following code example shows how to use `DeletePolicy`.

**AWS CLI with Bash script**  
 There's more on GitHub. Find the complete example and learn how to set up and run in the [AWS Code Examples Repository](https://github.com/awsdocs/aws-doc-sdk-examples/tree/main/aws-cli/bash-linux/iam#code-examples). 

```
###############################################################################
# function iecho
#
# This function enables the script to display the specified text only if
# the global variable $VERBOSE is set to true.
###############################################################################
function iecho() {
  if [[ $VERBOSE == true ]]; then
    echo "$@"
  fi
}

###############################################################################
# function errecho
#
# This function outputs everything sent to it to STDERR (standard error output).
###############################################################################
function errecho() {
  printf "%s\n" "$*" 1>&2
}

###############################################################################
# function iam_delete_policy
#
# This function deletes an IAM policy.
#
# Parameters:
#       -n policy_arn -- The name of the IAM policy arn.
#
# Returns:
#       0 - If successful.
#       1 - If it fails.
###############################################################################
function iam_delete_policy() {
  local policy_arn response
  local option OPTARG # Required to use getopts command in a function.

  # bashsupport disable=BP5008
  function usage() {
    echo "function iam_delete_policy"
    echo "Deletes an AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM) policy"
    echo "  -n policy_arn -- The name of the IAM policy arn."
    echo ""
  }

  # Retrieve the calling parameters.
  while getopts "n:h" option; do
    case "${option}" in
      n) policy_arn="${OPTARG}" ;;
      h)
        usage
        return 0
        ;;
      \?)
        echo "Invalid parameter"
        usage
        return 1
        ;;
    esac
  done
  export OPTIND=1

  if [[ -z "$policy_arn" ]]; then
    errecho "ERROR: You must provide a policy arn with the -n parameter."
    usage
    return 1
  fi

  iecho "Parameters:\n"
  iecho "    Policy arn:  $policy_arn"
  iecho ""

  response=$(aws iam delete-policy \
    --policy-arn "$policy_arn")

  local error_code=${?}

  if [[ $error_code -ne 0 ]]; then
    aws_cli_error_log $error_code
    errecho "ERROR: AWS reports delete-policy operation failed.\n$response"
    return 1
  fi

  iecho "delete-policy response:$response"
  iecho

  return 0
}
```
+  For API details, see [DeletePolicy](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/DeletePolicy) in *AWS CLI Command Reference*. 

### `DeleteRole`
<a name="iam_DeleteRole_bash_topic"></a>

The following code example shows how to use `DeleteRole`.

**AWS CLI with Bash script**  
 There's more on GitHub. Find the complete example and learn how to set up and run in the [AWS Code Examples Repository](https://github.com/awsdocs/aws-doc-sdk-examples/tree/main/aws-cli/bash-linux/iam#code-examples). 

```
###############################################################################
# function iecho
#
# This function enables the script to display the specified text only if
# the global variable $VERBOSE is set to true.
###############################################################################
function iecho() {
  if [[ $VERBOSE == true ]]; then
    echo "$@"
  fi
}

###############################################################################
# function errecho
#
# This function outputs everything sent to it to STDERR (standard error output).
###############################################################################
function errecho() {
  printf "%s\n" "$*" 1>&2
}

###############################################################################
# function iam_delete_role
#
# This function deletes an IAM role.
#
# Parameters:
#       -n role_name -- The name of the IAM role.
#
# Returns:
#       0 - If successful.
#       1 - If it fails.
###############################################################################
function iam_delete_role() {
  local role_name response
  local option OPTARG # Required to use getopts command in a function.

  # bashsupport disable=BP5008
  function usage() {
    echo "function iam_delete_role"
    echo "Deletes an AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM) role"
    echo "  -n role_name -- The name of the IAM role."
    echo ""
  }

  # Retrieve the calling parameters.
  while getopts "n:h" option; do
    case "${option}" in
      n) role_name="${OPTARG}" ;;
      h)
        usage
        return 0
        ;;
      \?)
        echo "Invalid parameter"
        usage
        return 1
        ;;
    esac
  done
  export OPTIND=1

  echo "role_name:$role_name"
  if [[ -z "$role_name" ]]; then
    errecho "ERROR: You must provide a role name with the -n parameter."
    usage
    return 1
  fi

  iecho "Parameters:\n"
  iecho "    Role name:  $role_name"
  iecho ""

  response=$(aws iam delete-role \
    --role-name "$role_name")

  local error_code=${?}

  if [[ $error_code -ne 0 ]]; then
    aws_cli_error_log $error_code
    errecho "ERROR: AWS reports delete-role operation failed.\n$response"
    return 1
  fi

  iecho "delete-role response:$response"
  iecho

  return 0
}
```
+  For API details, see [DeleteRole](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/DeleteRole) in *AWS CLI Command Reference*. 

### `DeleteUser`
<a name="iam_DeleteUser_bash_topic"></a>

The following code example shows how to use `DeleteUser`.

**AWS CLI with Bash script**  
 There's more on GitHub. Find the complete example and learn how to set up and run in the [AWS Code Examples Repository](https://github.com/awsdocs/aws-doc-sdk-examples/tree/main/aws-cli/bash-linux/iam#code-examples). 

```
###############################################################################
# function iecho
#
# This function enables the script to display the specified text only if
# the global variable $VERBOSE is set to true.
###############################################################################
function iecho() {
  if [[ $VERBOSE == true ]]; then
    echo "$@"
  fi
}

###############################################################################
# function errecho
#
# This function outputs everything sent to it to STDERR (standard error output).
###############################################################################
function errecho() {
  printf "%s\n" "$*" 1>&2
}

###############################################################################
# function iam_delete_user
#
# This function deletes the specified IAM user.
#
# Parameters:
#       -u user_name  -- The name of the user to create.
#
# Returns:
#       0 - If successful.
#       1 - If it fails.
###############################################################################
function iam_delete_user() {
  local user_name response
  local option OPTARG # Required to use getopts command in a function.

  # bashsupport disable=BP5008
  function usage() {
    echo "function iam_delete_user"
    echo "Deletes an AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM) user. You must supply a username:"
    echo "  -u user_name    The name of the user."
    echo ""
  }

  # Retrieve the calling parameters.
  while getopts "u:h" option; do
    case "${option}" in
      u) user_name="${OPTARG}" ;;
      h)
        usage
        return 0
        ;;
      \?)
        echo "Invalid parameter"
        usage
        return 1
        ;;
    esac
  done
  export OPTIND=1

  if [[ -z "$user_name" ]]; then
    errecho "ERROR: You must provide a username with the -u parameter."
    usage
    return 1
  fi

  iecho "Parameters:\n"
  iecho "    User name:   $user_name"
  iecho ""

  # If the user does not exist, we don't want to try to delete it.
  if (! iam_user_exists "$user_name"); then
    errecho "ERROR: A user with that name does not exist in the account."
    return 1
  fi

  response=$(aws iam delete-user \
    --user-name "$user_name")

  local error_code=${?}

  if [[ $error_code -ne 0 ]]; then
    aws_cli_error_log $error_code
    errecho "ERROR: AWS reports delete-user operation failed.$response"
    return 1
  fi

  iecho "delete-user response:$response"
  iecho

  return 0
}
```
+  For API details, see [DeleteUser](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/DeleteUser) in *AWS CLI Command Reference*. 

### `DetachRolePolicy`
<a name="iam_DetachRolePolicy_bash_topic"></a>

The following code example shows how to use `DetachRolePolicy`.

**AWS CLI with Bash script**  
 There's more on GitHub. Find the complete example and learn how to set up and run in the [AWS Code Examples Repository](https://github.com/awsdocs/aws-doc-sdk-examples/tree/main/aws-cli/bash-linux/iam#code-examples). 

```
###############################################################################
# function errecho
#
# This function outputs everything sent to it to STDERR (standard error output).
###############################################################################
function errecho() {
  printf "%s\n" "$*" 1>&2
}

###############################################################################
# function iam_detach_role_policy
#
# This function detaches an IAM policy to a tole.
#
# Parameters:
#       -n role_name -- The name of the IAM role.
#       -p policy_ARN -- The IAM policy document ARN..
#
# Returns:
#       0 - If successful.
#       1 - If it fails.
###############################################################################
function iam_detach_role_policy() {
  local role_name policy_arn response
  local option OPTARG # Required to use getopts command in a function.

  # bashsupport disable=BP5008
  function usage() {
    echo "function iam_detach_role_policy"
    echo "Detaches an AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM) policy to an IAM role."
    echo "  -n role_name   The name of the IAM role."
    echo "  -p policy_ARN -- The IAM policy document ARN."
    echo ""
  }

  # Retrieve the calling parameters.
  while getopts "n:p:h" option; do
    case "${option}" in
      n) role_name="${OPTARG}" ;;
      p) policy_arn="${OPTARG}" ;;
      h)
        usage
        return 0
        ;;
      \?)
        echo "Invalid parameter"
        usage
        return 1
        ;;
    esac
  done
  export OPTIND=1

  if [[ -z "$role_name" ]]; then
    errecho "ERROR: You must provide a role name with the -n parameter."
    usage
    return 1
  fi

  if [[ -z "$policy_arn" ]]; then
    errecho "ERROR: You must provide a policy ARN with the -p parameter."
    usage
    return 1
  fi

  response=$(aws iam detach-role-policy \
    --role-name "$role_name" \
    --policy-arn "$policy_arn")

  local error_code=${?}

  if [[ $error_code -ne 0 ]]; then
    aws_cli_error_log $error_code
    errecho "ERROR: AWS reports detach-role-policy operation failed.\n$response"
    return 1
  fi

  echo "$response"

  return 0
}
```
+  For API details, see [DetachRolePolicy](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/DetachRolePolicy) in *AWS CLI Command Reference*. 

### `GetUser`
<a name="iam_GetUser_bash_topic"></a>

The following code example shows how to use `GetUser`.

**AWS CLI with Bash script**  
 There's more on GitHub. Find the complete example and learn how to set up and run in the [AWS Code Examples Repository](https://github.com/awsdocs/aws-doc-sdk-examples/tree/main/aws-cli/bash-linux/iam#code-examples). 

```
###############################################################################
# function errecho
#
# This function outputs everything sent to it to STDERR (standard error output).
###############################################################################
function errecho() {
  printf "%s\n" "$*" 1>&2
}

###############################################################################
# function iam_user_exists
#
# This function checks to see if the specified AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM) user already exists.
#
# Parameters:
#       $1 - The name of the IAM user to check.
#
# Returns:
#       0 - If the user already exists.
#       1 - If the user doesn't exist.
###############################################################################
function iam_user_exists() {
  local user_name
  user_name=$1

  # Check whether the IAM user already exists.
  # We suppress all output - we're interested only in the return code.

  local errors
  errors=$(aws iam get-user \
    --user-name "$user_name" 2>&1 >/dev/null)

  local error_code=${?}

  if [[ $error_code -eq 0 ]]; then
    return 0 # 0 in Bash script means true.
  else
    if [[ $errors != *"error"*"(NoSuchEntity)"* ]]; then
      aws_cli_error_log $error_code
      errecho "Error calling iam get-user $errors"
    fi

    return 1 # 1 in Bash script means false.
  fi
}
```
+  For API details, see [GetUser](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/GetUser) in *AWS CLI Command Reference*. 

### `ListAccessKeys`
<a name="iam_ListAccessKeys_bash_topic"></a>

The following code example shows how to use `ListAccessKeys`.

**AWS CLI with Bash script**  
 There's more on GitHub. Find the complete example and learn how to set up and run in the [AWS Code Examples Repository](https://github.com/awsdocs/aws-doc-sdk-examples/tree/main/aws-cli/bash-linux/iam#code-examples). 

```
###############################################################################
# function errecho
#
# This function outputs everything sent to it to STDERR (standard error output).
###############################################################################
function errecho() {
  printf "%s\n" "$*" 1>&2
}

###############################################################################
# function iam_list_access_keys
#
# This function lists the access keys for the specified user.
#
# Parameters:
#       -u user_name -- The name of the IAM user.
#
# Returns:
#       access_key_ids
#     And:
#       0 - If successful.
#       1 - If it fails.
###############################################################################
function iam_list_access_keys() {

  # bashsupport disable=BP5008
  function usage() {
    echo "function iam_list_access_keys"
    echo "Lists the AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM) access key IDs for the specified user."
    echo "  -u user_name   The name of the IAM user."
    echo ""
  }

  local user_name response
  local option OPTARG # Required to use getopts command in a function.
  # Retrieve the calling parameters.
  while getopts "u:h" option; do
    case "${option}" in
      u) user_name="${OPTARG}" ;;
      h)
        usage
        return 0
        ;;
      \?)
        echo "Invalid parameter"
        usage
        return 1
        ;;
    esac
  done
  export OPTIND=1

  if [[ -z "$user_name" ]]; then
    errecho "ERROR: You must provide a username with the -u parameter."
    usage
    return 1
  fi

  response=$(aws iam list-access-keys \
    --user-name "$user_name" \
    --output text \
    --query 'AccessKeyMetadata[].AccessKeyId')

  local error_code=${?}

  if [[ $error_code -ne 0 ]]; then
    aws_cli_error_log $error_code
    errecho "ERROR: AWS reports list-access-keys operation failed.$response"
    return 1
  fi

  echo "$response"

  return 0
}
```
+  For API details, see [ListAccessKeys](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/ListAccessKeys) in *AWS CLI Command Reference*. 

### `ListUsers`
<a name="iam_ListUsers_bash_topic"></a>

The following code example shows how to use `ListUsers`.

**AWS CLI with Bash script**  
 There's more on GitHub. Find the complete example and learn how to set up and run in the [AWS Code Examples Repository](https://github.com/awsdocs/aws-doc-sdk-examples/tree/main/aws-cli/bash-linux/iam#code-examples). 

```
###############################################################################
# function errecho
#
# This function outputs everything sent to it to STDERR (standard error output).
###############################################################################
function errecho() {
  printf "%s\n" "$*" 1>&2
}

###############################################################################
# function iam_list_users
#
# List the IAM users in the account.
#
# Returns:
#       The list of users names
#    And:
#       0 - If the user already exists.
#       1 - If the user doesn't exist.
###############################################################################
function iam_list_users() {
  local option OPTARG # Required to use getopts command in a function.
  local error_code
  # bashsupport disable=BP5008
  function usage() {
    echo "function iam_list_users"
    echo "Lists the AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM) user in the account."
    echo ""
  }

  # Retrieve the calling parameters.
  while getopts "h" option; do
    case "${option}" in
      h)
        usage
        return 0
        ;;
      \?)
        echo "Invalid parameter"
        usage
        return 1
        ;;
    esac
  done
  export OPTIND=1

  local response

  response=$(aws iam list-users \
    --output text \
    --query "Users[].UserName")
  error_code=${?}

  if [[ $error_code -ne 0 ]]; then
    aws_cli_error_log $error_code
    errecho "ERROR: AWS reports list-users operation failed.$response"
    return 1
  fi

  echo "$response"

  return 0
}
```
+  For API details, see [ListUsers](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/ListUsers) in *AWS CLI Command Reference*. 

### `UpdateAccessKey`
<a name="iam_UpdateAccessKey_bash_topic"></a>

The following code example shows how to use `UpdateAccessKey`.

**AWS CLI with Bash script**  
 There's more on GitHub. Find the complete example and learn how to set up and run in the [AWS Code Examples Repository](https://github.com/awsdocs/aws-doc-sdk-examples/tree/main/aws-cli/bash-linux/iam#code-examples). 

```
###############################################################################
# function iam_update_access_key
#
# This function can activate or deactivate an IAM access key for the specified IAM user.
#
# Parameters:
#       -u user_name  -- The name of the user.
#       -k access_key -- The access key to update.
#       -a            -- Activate the selected access key.
#       -d            -- Deactivate the selected access key.
#
# Example:
#       # To deactivate the selected access key for IAM user Bob
#       iam_update_access_key -u Bob -k AKIAIOSFODNN7EXAMPLE -d 
#
# Returns:
#       0 - If successful.
#       1 - If it fails.
###############################################################################
function iam_update_access_key() {
  local user_name access_key status response
  local option OPTARG # Required to use getopts command in a function.
  local activate_flag=false deactivate_flag=false

  # bashsupport disable=BP5008
  function usage() {
    echo "function iam_update_access_key"
    echo "Updates the status of an AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM) access key for the specified IAM user"
    echo "  -u user_name    The name of the user."
    echo "  -k access_key   The access key to update."
    echo "  -a              Activate the access key."
    echo "  -d              Deactivate the access key."
    echo ""
  }

  # Retrieve the calling parameters.
    while getopts "u:k:adh" option; do
      case "${option}" in
        u) user_name="${OPTARG}" ;;
        k) access_key="${OPTARG}" ;;
        a) activate_flag=true ;;
        d) deactivate_flag=true ;;
        h)
          usage
          return 0
          ;;
        \?)
          echo "Invalid parameter"
          usage
          return 1
          ;;
      esac
    done
    export OPTIND=1
  
   # Validate input parameters
    if [[ -z "$user_name" ]]; then
      errecho "ERROR: You must provide a username with the -u parameter."
      usage
      return 1
    fi
  
    if [[ -z "$access_key" ]]; then
      errecho "ERROR: You must provide an access key with the -k parameter."
      usage
      return 1
    fi

    # Ensure that only -a or -d is specified
    if [[ "$activate_flag" == true && "$deactivate_flag" == true ]]; then
      errecho "ERROR: You cannot specify both -a (activate) and -d (deactivate) at the same time."
      usage
      return 1
    fi
  
    # If neither -a nor -d is provided, return an error
    if [[ "$activate_flag" == false && "$deactivate_flag" == false ]]; then
      errecho "ERROR: You must specify either -a (activate) or -d (deactivate)."
      usage
      return 1
    fi

    # Determine the status based on the flag
    if [[ "$activate_flag" == true ]]; then
      status="Active"
    elif [[ "$deactivate_flag" == true ]]; then
      status="Inactive"
    fi
  
    iecho "Parameters:\n"
    iecho "    Username:   $user_name"
    iecho "    Access key: $access_key"
    iecho "    New status: $status"
    iecho ""
  
    # Update the access key status
    response=$(aws iam update-access-key \
      --user-name "$user_name" \
      --access-key-id "$access_key" \
      --status "$status" 2>&1)
  
    local error_code=${?}
  
    if [[ $error_code -ne 0 ]]; then
      aws_cli_error_log $error_code
      errecho "ERROR: AWS reports update-access-key operation failed.\n$response"
      return 1
    fi
  
    iecho "update-access-key response: $response"
    iecho
  
    return 0
}
```
+  For API details, see [UpdateAccessKey](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/UpdateAccessKey) in *AWS CLI Command Reference*. 

## Scenarios
<a name="scenarios"></a>

### Configure Amazon ECS Service Connect
<a name="ecs_ServiceConnect_085_bash_topic"></a>

The following code example shows how to:
+ Create the VPC infrastructure
+ Set up logging
+ Create the ECS cluster
+ Configure IAM roles
+ Create the service with Service Connect
+ Verify the deployment
+ Clean up resources

**AWS CLI with Bash script**  
 There's more on GitHub. Find the complete example and learn how to set up and run in the [Sample developer tutorials](https://github.com/aws-samples/sample-developer-tutorials/tree/main/tuts/085-amazon-ecs-service-connect) repository. 

```
#!/bin/bash

# ECS Service Connect Tutorial Script v4 - Modified to use Default VPC
# This script creates an ECS cluster with Service Connect and deploys an nginx service
# Uses the default VPC to avoid VPC limits

set -e  # Exit on any error

# Configuration
SCRIPT_NAME="ECS Service Connect Tutorial"
LOG_FILE="ecs-service-connect-tutorial-v4-default-vpc.log"
REGION=${AWS_DEFAULT_REGION:-${AWS_REGION:-$(aws configure get region 2>/dev/null)}}
if [ -z "$REGION" ]; then
    echo "ERROR: No AWS region configured."
    echo "Set one with: aws configure set region us-east-1"
    exit 1
fi
ENV_PREFIX="tutorial"
CLUSTER_NAME="${ENV_PREFIX}-cluster"
NAMESPACE_NAME="service-connect"

# Generate random suffix for unique resource names
RANDOM_SUFFIX=$(openssl rand -hex 6)

# Arrays to track created resources for cleanup
declare -a CREATED_RESOURCES=()

# Logging function
log() {
    echo "[$(date '+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S')] $1" | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"
}

# Error handling function
handle_error() {
    log "ERROR: Script failed at line $1"
    log "Attempting to clean up resources..."
    cleanup_resources
    exit 1
}

# Set up error handling
trap 'handle_error $LINENO' ERR

# Function to add resource to tracking array
track_resource() {
    CREATED_RESOURCES+=("$1")
    log "Tracking resource: $1"
}

# Function to check if command output contains actual errors
check_for_errors() {
    local output="$1"
    local command_name="$2"
    
    # Check for specific AWS CLI error patterns, not just any occurrence of "error"
    if echo "$output" | grep -qi "An error occurred\|InvalidParameterException\|AccessDenied\|ValidationException\|ResourceNotFoundException"; then
        log "ERROR in $command_name: $output"
        return 1
    fi
    return 0
}

# Function to get AWS account ID
get_account_id() {
    ACCOUNT_ID=$(aws sts get-caller-identity --query Account --output text)
    log "Using AWS Account ID: $ACCOUNT_ID"
}

# Function to wait for resources to be ready
wait_for_resource() {
    local resource_type="$1"
    local resource_id="$2"
    
    case "$resource_type" in
        "cluster")
            log "Waiting for cluster $resource_id to be active..."
            local attempt=1
            local max_attempts=30
            while [ $attempt -le $max_attempts ]; do
                local status=$(aws ecs describe-clusters --clusters "$resource_id" --query 'clusters[0].status' --output text)
                if [ "$status" = "ACTIVE" ]; then
                    log "Cluster is now active"
                    return 0
                fi
                log "Cluster status: $status (attempt $attempt/$max_attempts)"
                sleep 10
                ((attempt++))
            done
            log "ERROR: Cluster did not become active within expected time"
            return 1
            ;;
        "service")
            log "Waiting for service $resource_id to be stable..."
            aws ecs wait services-stable --cluster "$CLUSTER_NAME" --services "$resource_id"
            ;;
        "nat-gateway")
            log "Waiting for NAT Gateway $resource_id to be available..."
            aws ec2 wait nat-gateway-available --nat-gateway-ids "$resource_id"
            ;;
    esac
}

# Function to use default VPC infrastructure
setup_default_vpc_infrastructure() {
    log "Using default VPC infrastructure..."
    
    # Get default VPC
    VPC_ID=$(aws ec2 describe-vpcs --filters "Name=isDefault,Values=true" --query 'Vpcs[0].VpcId' --output text)
    if [[ "$VPC_ID" == "None" || -z "$VPC_ID" ]]; then
        log "ERROR: No default VPC found. Please create a default VPC first."
        exit 1
    fi
    log "Using default VPC: $VPC_ID"
    
    # Get default subnets
    SUBNETS=$(aws ec2 describe-subnets --filters "Name=vpc-id,Values=$VPC_ID" "Name=default-for-az,Values=true" --query 'Subnets[].SubnetId' --output text)
    SUBNET_ARRAY=($SUBNETS)
    
    if [ ${#SUBNET_ARRAY[@]} -lt 2 ]; then
        log "ERROR: Need at least 2 subnets for ECS Service Connect. Found: ${#SUBNET_ARRAY[@]}"
        exit 1
    fi
    
    PUBLIC_SUBNET1=${SUBNET_ARRAY[0]}
    PUBLIC_SUBNET2=${SUBNET_ARRAY[1]}
    
    log "Using subnets: $PUBLIC_SUBNET1, $PUBLIC_SUBNET2"
    
    # Create security group for ECS tasks
    SG_OUTPUT=$(aws ec2 create-security-group \
        --group-name "${ENV_PREFIX}-ecs-sg-${RANDOM_SUFFIX}" \
        --description "Security group for ECS Service Connect tutorial" \
        --vpc-id "$VPC_ID" 2>&1)
    check_for_errors "$SG_OUTPUT" "create-security-group"
    SECURITY_GROUP_ID=$(echo "$SG_OUTPUT" | grep -o '"GroupId": "[^"]*"' | cut -d'"' -f4)
    track_resource "SG:$SECURITY_GROUP_ID"
    log "Created security group: $SECURITY_GROUP_ID"
    
    # Add inbound rules to security group
    aws ec2 authorize-security-group-ingress \
        --group-id "$SECURITY_GROUP_ID" \
        --protocol tcp \
        --port 80 \
        --cidr 0.0.0.0/0 >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
    
    aws ec2 authorize-security-group-ingress \
        --group-id "$SECURITY_GROUP_ID" \
        --protocol tcp \
        --port 443 \
        --cidr 0.0.0.0/0 >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
    
    log "Default VPC infrastructure setup completed"
}

# Function to create CloudWatch log groups
create_log_groups() {
    log "Creating CloudWatch log groups..."
    
    # Create log group for nginx container
    aws logs create-log-group --log-group-name "/ecs/service-connect-nginx" 2>&1 | grep -v "ResourceAlreadyExistsException" || {
        if [ ${PIPESTATUS[0]} -eq 0 ]; then
            log "Log group /ecs/service-connect-nginx created"
            track_resource "LOG_GROUP:/ecs/service-connect-nginx"
        else
            log "Log group /ecs/service-connect-nginx already exists"
        fi
    }
    
    # Create log group for service connect proxy
    aws logs create-log-group --log-group-name "/ecs/service-connect-proxy" 2>&1 | grep -v "ResourceAlreadyExistsException" || {
        if [ ${PIPESTATUS[0]} -eq 0 ]; then
            log "Log group /ecs/service-connect-proxy created"
            track_resource "LOG_GROUP:/ecs/service-connect-proxy"
        else
            log "Log group /ecs/service-connect-proxy already exists"
        fi
    }
}

# Function to create ECS cluster with Service Connect
create_ecs_cluster() {
    log "Creating ECS cluster with Service Connect..."
    
    CLUSTER_OUTPUT=$(aws ecs create-cluster \
        --cluster-name "$CLUSTER_NAME" \
        --service-connect-defaults namespace="$NAMESPACE_NAME" \
        --tags key=Environment,value=tutorial 2>&1)
    check_for_errors "$CLUSTER_OUTPUT" "create-cluster"
    
    track_resource "CLUSTER:$CLUSTER_NAME"
    log "Created ECS cluster: $CLUSTER_NAME"
    
    wait_for_resource "cluster" "$CLUSTER_NAME"
    
    # Track the Service Connect namespace that gets created
    # Wait a moment for the namespace to be created
    sleep 5
    NAMESPACE_ID=$(aws servicediscovery list-namespaces \
        --filters Name=TYPE,Values=HTTP \
        --query "Namespaces[?Name=='$NAMESPACE_NAME'].Id" --output text 2>/dev/null || echo "")
    
    if [[ -n "$NAMESPACE_ID" && "$NAMESPACE_ID" != "None" ]]; then
        track_resource "NAMESPACE:$NAMESPACE_ID"
        log "Service Connect namespace created: $NAMESPACE_ID"
    fi
}

# Function to create IAM roles
create_iam_roles() {
    log "Creating IAM roles..."
    
    # Check if ecsTaskExecutionRole exists
    if aws iam get-role --role-name ecsTaskExecutionRole >/dev/null 2>&1; then
        log "IAM role ecsTaskExecutionRole exists"
    else
        log "Creating ecsTaskExecutionRole..."
        aws iam create-role \
            --role-name ecsTaskExecutionRole \
            --assume-role-policy-document '{
                "Version":"2012-10-17",		 	 	 
                "Statement": [{
                    "Effect": "Allow",
                    "Principal": {"Service": "ecs-tasks.amazonaws.com"},
                    "Action": "sts:AssumeRole"
                }]
            }' >/dev/null 2>&1
        aws iam attach-role-policy \
            --role-name ecsTaskExecutionRole \
            --policy-arn arn:aws:iam::aws:policy/service-role/AmazonECSTaskExecutionRolePolicy >/dev/null 2>&1
        track_resource "ROLE:ecsTaskExecutionRole"
        log "Created ecsTaskExecutionRole"
        sleep 10
    fi
    
    # Check if ecsTaskRole exists, create if not
    if aws iam get-role --role-name ecsTaskRole >/dev/null 2>&1; then
        log "IAM role ecsTaskRole exists"
    else
        log "IAM role ecsTaskRole does not exist, will create it"
        
        # Create trust policy for ECS tasks
        cat > /tmp/ecs-task-trust-policy.json << EOF
{
    "Version":"2012-10-17",		 	 	 
    "Statement": [
        {
            "Effect": "Allow",
            "Principal": {
                "Service": "ecs-tasks.amazonaws.com"
            },
            "Action": "sts:AssumeRole"
        }
    ]
}
EOF
        
        aws iam create-role \
            --role-name ecsTaskRole \
            --assume-role-policy-document file:///tmp/ecs-task-trust-policy.json >/dev/null
        
        track_resource "IAM_ROLE:ecsTaskRole"
        log "Created ecsTaskRole"
        
        # Wait for role to be available
        sleep 10
    fi
}

# Function to create task definition
create_task_definition() {
    log "Creating task definition..."
    
    # Create task definition JSON
    cat > /tmp/task-definition.json << EOF
{
    "family": "service-connect-nginx",
    "networkMode": "awsvpc",
    "requiresCompatibilities": ["FARGATE"],
    "cpu": "256",
    "memory": "512",
    "executionRoleArn": "arn:aws:iam::${ACCOUNT_ID}:role/ecsTaskExecutionRole",
    "taskRoleArn": "arn:aws:iam::${ACCOUNT_ID}:role/ecsTaskRole",
    "containerDefinitions": [
        {
            "name": "nginx",
            "image": "public.ecr.aws/docker/library/nginx:latest",
            "portMappings": [
                {
                    "containerPort": 80,
                    "protocol": "tcp",
                    "name": "nginx-port"
                }
            ],
            "essential": true,
            "logConfiguration": {
                "logDriver": "awslogs",
                "options": {
                    "awslogs-group": "/ecs/service-connect-nginx",
                    "awslogs-region": "${REGION}",
                    "awslogs-stream-prefix": "ecs"
                }
            }
        }
    ]
}
EOF
    
    TASK_DEF_OUTPUT=$(aws ecs register-task-definition --cli-input-json file:///tmp/task-definition.json 2>&1)
    check_for_errors "$TASK_DEF_OUTPUT" "register-task-definition"
    
    TASK_DEF_ARN=$(echo "$TASK_DEF_OUTPUT" | grep -o '"taskDefinitionArn": "[^"]*"' | cut -d'"' -f4)
    track_resource "TASK_DEF:service-connect-nginx"
    log "Created task definition: $TASK_DEF_ARN"
    
    # Clean up temporary file
    rm -f /tmp/task-definition.json
}

# Function to create ECS service with Service Connect
create_ecs_service() {
    log "Creating ECS service with Service Connect..."
    
    # Create service definition JSON
    cat > /tmp/service-definition.json << EOF
{
    "serviceName": "service-connect-nginx-service",
    "cluster": "${CLUSTER_NAME}",
    "taskDefinition": "service-connect-nginx",
    "desiredCount": 1,
    "launchType": "FARGATE",
    "networkConfiguration": {
        "awsvpcConfiguration": {
            "subnets": ["${PUBLIC_SUBNET1}", "${PUBLIC_SUBNET2}"],
            "securityGroups": ["${SECURITY_GROUP_ID}"],
            "assignPublicIp": "ENABLED"
        }
    },
    "serviceConnectConfiguration": {
        "enabled": true,
        "namespace": "${NAMESPACE_NAME}",
        "services": [
            {
                "portName": "nginx-port",
                "discoveryName": "nginx",
                "clientAliases": [
                    {
                        "port": 80,
                        "dnsName": "nginx"
                    }
                ]
            }
        ],
        "logConfiguration": {
            "logDriver": "awslogs",
            "options": {
                "awslogs-group": "/ecs/service-connect-proxy",
                "awslogs-region": "${REGION}",
                "awslogs-stream-prefix": "ecs-service-connect"
            }
        }
    },
    "tags": [
        {
            "key": "Environment",
            "value": "tutorial"
        }
    ]
}
EOF
    
    SERVICE_OUTPUT=$(aws ecs create-service --cli-input-json file:///tmp/service-definition.json 2>&1)
    check_for_errors "$SERVICE_OUTPUT" "create-service"
    
    track_resource "SERVICE:service-connect-nginx-service"
    log "Created ECS service: service-connect-nginx-service"
    
    wait_for_resource "service" "service-connect-nginx-service"
    
    # Clean up temporary file
    rm -f /tmp/service-definition.json
}

# Function to verify deployment
verify_deployment() {
    log "Verifying deployment..."
    
    # Check service status
    SERVICE_STATUS=$(aws ecs describe-services \
        --cluster "$CLUSTER_NAME" \
        --services "service-connect-nginx-service" \
        --query 'services[0].status' --output text)
    log "Service status: $SERVICE_STATUS"
    
    # Check running tasks
    RUNNING_COUNT=$(aws ecs describe-services \
        --cluster "$CLUSTER_NAME" \
        --services "service-connect-nginx-service" \
        --query 'services[0].runningCount' --output text)
    log "Running tasks: $RUNNING_COUNT"
    
    # Get task ARN
    TASK_ARN=$(aws ecs list-tasks \
        --cluster "$CLUSTER_NAME" \
        --service-name "service-connect-nginx-service" \
        --query 'taskArns[0]' --output text)
    
    if [[ "$TASK_ARN" != "None" && -n "$TASK_ARN" ]]; then
        log "Task ARN: $TASK_ARN"
        
        # Try to get task IP address
        TASK_IP=$(aws ecs describe-tasks \
            --cluster "$CLUSTER_NAME" \
            --tasks "$TASK_ARN" \
            --query 'tasks[0].attachments[0].details[?name==`privateIPv4Address`].value' \
            --output text 2>/dev/null || echo "")
        
        if [[ -n "$TASK_IP" && "$TASK_IP" != "None" ]]; then
            log "Task IP address: $TASK_IP"
        else
            log "Could not retrieve task IP address"
        fi
    fi
    
    # Check Service Connect namespace
    NAMESPACE_STATUS=$(aws servicediscovery list-namespaces \
        --filters Name=TYPE,Values=HTTP \
        --query "Namespaces[?Name=='$NAMESPACE_NAME'].Id" --output text 2>/dev/null || echo "")
    
    if [[ -n "$NAMESPACE_STATUS" && "$NAMESPACE_STATUS" != "None" ]]; then
        log "Service Connect namespace '$NAMESPACE_NAME' is active"
    else
        log "Service Connect namespace '$NAMESPACE_NAME' not found or not active"
    fi
    
    # Display Service Connect configuration
    log "Service Connect configuration:"
    aws ecs describe-services \
        --cluster "$CLUSTER_NAME" \
        --services "service-connect-nginx-service" \
        --query 'services[0].serviceConnectConfiguration' 2>/dev/null || true
}

# Function to display created resources
display_resources() {
    echo ""
    echo "==========================================="
    echo "CREATED RESOURCES"
    echo "==========================================="
    for resource in "${CREATED_RESOURCES[@]}"; do
        echo "- $resource"
    done
    echo "==========================================="
    echo ""
}

# Function to cleanup resources
cleanup_resources() {
    log "Starting cleanup process..."
    
    # Delete resources in reverse order of creation
    for ((i=${#CREATED_RESOURCES[@]}-1; i>=0; i--)); do
        resource="${CREATED_RESOURCES[i]}"
        resource_type=$(echo "$resource" | cut -d':' -f1)
        resource_id=$(echo "$resource" | cut -d':' -f2)
        
        log "Cleaning up $resource_type: $resource_id"
        
        case "$resource_type" in
            "SERVICE")
                aws ecs update-service --cluster "$CLUSTER_NAME" --service "$resource_id" --desired-count 0 2>&1 | grep -qi "error" && log "Warning: Failed to scale down service $resource_id"
                aws ecs wait services-stable --cluster "$CLUSTER_NAME" --services "$resource_id" 2>/dev/null || true
                aws ecs delete-service --cluster "$CLUSTER_NAME" --service "$resource_id" --force 2>&1 | grep -qi "error" && log "Warning: Failed to delete service $resource_id"
                ;;
            "TASK_DEF")
                TASK_DEF_ARNS=$(aws ecs list-task-definitions --family-prefix "$resource_id" --query 'taskDefinitionArns' --output text 2>/dev/null)
                for arn in $TASK_DEF_ARNS; do
                    aws ecs deregister-task-definition --task-definition "$arn" >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
                done
                ;;
            "ROLE")
                aws iam detach-role-policy --role-name "$resource_id" --policy-arn "arn:aws:iam::aws:policy/service-role/AmazonECSTaskExecutionRolePolicy" 2>/dev/null || true
                aws iam delete-role --role-name "$resource_id" 2>&1 | grep -qi "error" && log "Warning: Failed to delete role $resource_id"
                ;;
            "IAM_ROLE")
                aws iam detach-role-policy --role-name "$resource_id" --policy-arn "arn:aws:iam::aws:policy/service-role/AmazonECSTaskExecutionRolePolicy" 2>/dev/null || true
                aws iam delete-role --role-name "$resource_id" 2>&1 | grep -qi "error" && log "Warning: Failed to delete role $resource_id"
                ;;
            "CLUSTER")
                aws ecs delete-cluster --cluster "$resource_id" 2>&1 | grep -qi "error" && log "Warning: Failed to delete cluster $resource_id"
                ;;
            "SG")
                for attempt in 1 2 3 4 5; do
                    if aws ec2 delete-security-group --group-id "$resource_id" 2>/dev/null; then
                        break
                    fi
                    log "Security group $resource_id still has dependencies, retrying in 30s ($attempt/5)..."
                    sleep 30
                done
                ;;
            "LOG_GROUP")
                aws logs delete-log-group --log-group-name "$resource_id" 2>&1 | grep -qi "error" && log "Warning: Failed to delete log group $resource_id"
                ;;
            "NAMESPACE")
                # First, delete any services in the namespace
                NAMESPACE_SERVICES=$(aws servicediscovery list-services \
                    --filters Name=NAMESPACE_ID,Values="$resource_id" \
                    --query 'Services[].Id' --output text 2>/dev/null || echo "")
                
                if [[ -n "$NAMESPACE_SERVICES" && "$NAMESPACE_SERVICES" != "None" ]]; then
                    for service_id in $NAMESPACE_SERVICES; do
                        aws servicediscovery delete-service --id "$service_id" >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
                        sleep 2
                    done
                fi
                
                # Then delete the namespace
                aws servicediscovery delete-namespace --id "$resource_id" >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
                ;;
        esac
        
        sleep 2  # Brief pause between deletions
    done
    
    # Clean up temporary files
    rm -f /tmp/ecs-task-trust-policy.json
    rm -f /tmp/task-definition.json
    rm -f /tmp/service-definition.json
    
    log "Cleanup completed"
}

# Main execution
main() {
    log "Starting $SCRIPT_NAME v4 (Default VPC)"
    log "Region: $REGION"
    log "Log file: $LOG_FILE"
    
    # Get AWS account ID
    get_account_id
    
    # Setup infrastructure using default VPC
    setup_default_vpc_infrastructure
    
    # Create CloudWatch log groups
    create_log_groups
    
    # Create ECS cluster
    create_ecs_cluster
    
    # Create IAM roles
    create_iam_roles
    
    # Create task definition
    create_task_definition
    
    # Create ECS service
    create_ecs_service
    
    # Verify deployment
    verify_deployment
    
    log "Tutorial completed successfully!"
    
    # Display created resources
    display_resources
    
    # Ask user if they want to clean up
    echo ""
    echo "==========================================="
    echo "CLEANUP CONFIRMATION"
    echo "==========================================="
    echo "Do you want to clean up all created resources? (y/n): "
    read -r CLEANUP_CHOICE
    
    if [[ "$CLEANUP_CHOICE" =~ ^[Yy]$ ]]; then
        cleanup_resources
        log "All resources have been cleaned up"
    else
        log "Resources left intact. You can clean them up later by running the cleanup function."
        echo ""
        echo "To clean up resources later, you can use the AWS CLI commands or the AWS Management Console."
        echo "Remember to delete resources in the correct order to avoid dependency issues."
    fi
}

# Make script executable and run
chmod +x "$0"
main "$@"
```
+ For API details, see the following topics in *AWS CLI Command Reference*.
  + [AttachRolePolicy](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/AttachRolePolicy)
  + [AuthorizeSecurityGroupIngress](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/ec2-2016-11-15/AuthorizeSecurityGroupIngress)
  + [CreateCluster](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/ecs-2014-11-13/CreateCluster)
  + [CreateLogGroup](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/logs-2014-03-28/CreateLogGroup)
  + [CreateRole](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/CreateRole)
  + [CreateSecurityGroup](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/ec2-2016-11-15/CreateSecurityGroup)
  + [CreateService](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/ecs-2014-11-13/CreateService)
  + [DeleteCluster](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/ecs-2014-11-13/DeleteCluster)
  + [DeleteLogGroup](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/logs-2014-03-28/DeleteLogGroup)
  + [DeleteNamespace](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/servicediscovery-2017-03-14/DeleteNamespace)
  + [DeleteRole](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/DeleteRole)
  + [DeleteSecurityGroup](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/ec2-2016-11-15/DeleteSecurityGroup)
  + [DeleteService](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/servicediscovery-2017-03-14/DeleteService)
  + [DeregisterTaskDefinition](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/ecs-2014-11-13/DeregisterTaskDefinition)
  + [DescribeClusters](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/ecs-2014-11-13/DescribeClusters)
  + [DescribeServices](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/ecs-2014-11-13/DescribeServices)
  + [DescribeSubnets](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/ec2-2016-11-15/DescribeSubnets)
  + [DescribeTasks](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/ecs-2014-11-13/DescribeTasks)
  + [DescribeVpcs](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/ec2-2016-11-15/DescribeVpcs)
  + [DetachRolePolicy](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/DetachRolePolicy)
  + [GetCallerIdentity](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/sts-2011-06-15/GetCallerIdentity)
  + [GetRole](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/GetRole)
  + [ListNamespaces](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/servicediscovery-2017-03-14/ListNamespaces)
  + [ListServices](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/servicediscovery-2017-03-14/ListServices)
  + [ListTaskDefinitions](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/ecs-2014-11-13/ListTaskDefinitions)
  + [ListTasks](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/ecs-2014-11-13/ListTasks)
  + [RegisterTaskDefinition](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/ecs-2014-11-13/RegisterTaskDefinition)
  + [UpdateService](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/ecs-2014-11-13/UpdateService)
  + [Wait](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/ecs-2014-11-13/Wait)

### Create a REST API with Lambda proxy integration
<a name="api_gateway_GettingStarted_087_bash_topic"></a>

The following code example shows how to:
+ Create an IAM role for Lambda execution
+ Create and deploy a Lambda function
+ Create a REST API
+ Configure Lambda proxy integration
+ Deploy and test the API
+ Clean up resources

**AWS CLI with Bash script**  
 There's more on GitHub. Find the complete example and learn how to set up and run in the [Sample developer tutorials](https://github.com/aws-samples/sample-developer-tutorials/tree/main/tuts/087-apigateway-lambda-integration) repository. 

```
#!/bin/bash

# Simple API Gateway Lambda Integration Script
# This script creates a REST API with Lambda proxy integration

# Generate random identifiers
FUNCTION_NAME="GetStartedLambdaProxyIntegration-$(openssl rand -hex 4)"
ROLE_NAME="GetStartedLambdaBasicExecutionRole-$(openssl rand -hex 4)"
API_NAME="LambdaProxyAPI-$(openssl rand -hex 4)"

# Get AWS account info
ACCOUNT_ID=$(aws sts get-caller-identity --query Account --output text)
REGION=$(aws configure get region || echo "us-east-1")

echo "Creating Lambda function code..."

# Create Lambda function code
cat > lambda_function.py << 'EOF'
import json

def lambda_handler(event, context):
    print(event)
    
    greeter = 'World'
    
    try:
        if (event['queryStringParameters']) and (event['queryStringParameters']['greeter']) and (
                event['queryStringParameters']['greeter'] is not None):
            greeter = event['queryStringParameters']['greeter']
    except KeyError:
        print('No greeter')
    
    try:
        if (event['multiValueHeaders']) and (event['multiValueHeaders']['greeter']) and (
                event['multiValueHeaders']['greeter'] is not None):
            greeter = " and ".join(event['multiValueHeaders']['greeter'])
    except KeyError:
        print('No greeter')
    
    try:
        if (event['headers']) and (event['headers']['greeter']) and (
                event['headers']['greeter'] is not None):
            greeter = event['headers']['greeter']
    except KeyError:
        print('No greeter')
    
    if (event['body']) and (event['body'] is not None):
        body = json.loads(event['body'])
        try:
            if (body['greeter']) and (body['greeter'] is not None):
                greeter = body['greeter']
        except KeyError:
            print('No greeter')
    
    res = {
        "statusCode": 200,
        "headers": {
            "Content-Type": "*/*"
        },
        "body": "Hello, " + greeter + "!"
    }
    
    return res
EOF

# Create deployment package
zip function.zip lambda_function.py

echo "Creating IAM role..."

# Create IAM trust policy
cat > trust-policy.json << 'EOF'
{
  "Version":"2012-10-17",		 	 	 
  "Statement": [
    {
      "Effect": "Allow",
      "Principal": {
        "Service": "lambda.amazonaws.com"
      },
      "Action": "sts:AssumeRole"
    }
  ]
}
EOF

# Create IAM role
aws iam create-role \
    --role-name "$ROLE_NAME" \
    --assume-role-policy-document file://trust-policy.json

# Attach execution policy
aws iam attach-role-policy \
    --role-name "$ROLE_NAME" \
    --policy-arn "arn:aws:iam::aws:policy/service-role/AWSLambdaBasicExecutionRole"

# Wait for role propagation
sleep 15

echo "Creating Lambda function..."

# Create Lambda function
aws lambda create-function \
    --function-name "$FUNCTION_NAME" \
    --runtime python3.9 \
    --role "arn:aws:iam::$ACCOUNT_ID:role/$ROLE_NAME" \
    --handler lambda_function.lambda_handler \
    --zip-file fileb://function.zip

echo "Creating API Gateway..."

# Create REST API
aws apigateway create-rest-api \
    --name "$API_NAME" \
    --endpoint-configuration types=REGIONAL

# Get API ID
API_ID=$(aws apigateway get-rest-apis --query "items[?name=='$API_NAME'].id" --output text)

# Get root resource ID
ROOT_RESOURCE_ID=$(aws apigateway get-resources --rest-api-id "$API_ID" --query 'items[?path==`/`].id' --output text)

# Create helloworld resource
aws apigateway create-resource \
    --rest-api-id "$API_ID" \
    --parent-id "$ROOT_RESOURCE_ID" \
    --path-part helloworld

# Get resource ID
RESOURCE_ID=$(aws apigateway get-resources --rest-api-id "$API_ID" --query "items[?pathPart=='helloworld'].id" --output text)

# Create ANY method
aws apigateway put-method \
    --rest-api-id "$API_ID" \
    --resource-id "$RESOURCE_ID" \
    --http-method ANY \
    --authorization-type NONE

# Set up Lambda proxy integration
LAMBDA_URI="arn:aws:apigateway:$REGION:lambda:path/2015-03-31/functions/arn:aws:lambda:$REGION:$ACCOUNT_ID:function:$FUNCTION_NAME/invocations"

aws apigateway put-integration \
    --rest-api-id "$API_ID" \
    --resource-id "$RESOURCE_ID" \
    --http-method ANY \
    --type AWS_PROXY \
    --integration-http-method POST \
    --uri "$LAMBDA_URI"

# Grant API Gateway permission to invoke Lambda
SOURCE_ARN="arn:aws:execute-api:$REGION:$ACCOUNT_ID:$API_ID/*/*"

aws lambda add-permission \
    --function-name "$FUNCTION_NAME" \
    --statement-id "apigateway-invoke-$(openssl rand -hex 4)" \
    --action lambda:InvokeFunction \
    --principal apigateway.amazonaws.com \
    --source-arn "$SOURCE_ARN"

# Deploy API
aws apigateway create-deployment \
    --rest-api-id "$API_ID" \
    --stage-name test

echo "Testing API..."

# Test the API
INVOKE_URL="https://$API_ID.execute-api.$REGION.amazonaws.com/test/helloworld"

echo "API URL: $INVOKE_URL"

# Test with query parameter
echo "Testing with query parameter:"
curl -X GET "$INVOKE_URL?greeter=John"
echo ""

# Test with header
echo "Testing with header:"
curl -X GET "$INVOKE_URL" \
    -H 'content-type: application/json' \
    -H 'greeter: John'
echo ""

# Test with body
echo "Testing with POST body:"
curl -X POST "$INVOKE_URL" \
    -H 'content-type: application/json' \
    -d '{ "greeter": "John" }'
echo ""

echo "Tutorial completed! API is available at: $INVOKE_URL"

# Cleanup
echo "Cleaning up resources..."

# Delete API
aws apigateway delete-rest-api --rest-api-id "$API_ID"

# Delete Lambda function
aws lambda delete-function --function-name "$FUNCTION_NAME"

# Detach policy and delete role
aws iam detach-role-policy \
    --role-name "$ROLE_NAME" \
    --policy-arn "arn:aws:iam::aws:policy/service-role/AWSLambdaBasicExecutionRole"

aws iam delete-role --role-name "$ROLE_NAME"

# Clean up local files
rm -f lambda_function.py function.zip trust-policy.json

echo "Cleanup completed!"
```
+ For API details, see the following topics in *AWS CLI Command Reference*.
  + [AddPermission](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/lambda-2015-03-31/AddPermission)
  + [AttachRolePolicy](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/AttachRolePolicy)
  + [CreateDeployment](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/apigateway-2015-07-09/CreateDeployment)
  + [CreateFunction](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/lambda-2015-03-31/CreateFunction)
  + [CreateResource](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/apigateway-2015-07-09/CreateResource)
  + [CreateRestApi](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/apigateway-2015-07-09/CreateRestApi)
  + [CreateRole](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/CreateRole)
  + [DeleteFunction](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/lambda-2015-03-31/DeleteFunction)
  + [DeleteRestApi](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/apigateway-2015-07-09/DeleteRestApi)
  + [DeleteRole](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/DeleteRole)
  + [DetachRolePolicy](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/DetachRolePolicy)
  + [GetCallerIdentity](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/sts-2011-06-15/GetCallerIdentity)
  + [GetResources](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/apigateway-2015-07-09/GetResources)
  + [GetRestApis](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/apigateway-2015-07-09/GetRestApis)
  + [PutIntegration](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/apigateway-2015-07-09/PutIntegration)
  + [PutMethod](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/apigateway-2015-07-09/PutMethod)

### Create an Amazon ECS Linux task for the Fargate launch type
<a name="ecs_GettingStarted_086_bash_topic"></a>

The following code example shows how to:
+ Create the cluster
+ Create a task definition
+ Create the service
+ Clean up

**AWS CLI with Bash script**  
 There's more on GitHub. Find the complete example and learn how to set up and run in the [Sample developer tutorials](https://github.com/aws-samples/sample-developer-tutorials/tree/main/tuts/086-amazon-ecs-fargate-linux) repository. 

```
#!/bin/bash

# Amazon ECS Fargate Tutorial Script - Version 5
# This script creates an ECS cluster, task definition, and service using Fargate launch type
# Fixed version with proper resource dependency handling during cleanup

set -e  # Exit on any error

# Initialize logging
LOG_FILE="ecs-fargate-tutorial-v5.log"
exec > >(tee -a "$LOG_FILE") 2>&1

echo "Starting Amazon ECS Fargate tutorial at $(date)"
echo "Log file: $LOG_FILE"

# Generate random identifier for unique resource names
RANDOM_ID=$(openssl rand -hex 6)
CLUSTER_NAME="fargate-cluster-${RANDOM_ID}"
SERVICE_NAME="fargate-service-${RANDOM_ID}"
TASK_FAMILY="sample-fargate-${RANDOM_ID}"
SECURITY_GROUP_NAME="ecs-fargate-sg-${RANDOM_ID}"

# Array to track created resources for cleanup
CREATED_RESOURCES=()

# Function to log and execute commands
execute_command() {
    local cmd="$1"
    local description="$2"
    echo ""
    echo "=========================================="
    echo "EXECUTING: $description"
    echo "COMMAND: $cmd"
    echo "=========================================="
    
    local output
    local exit_code
    set +e  # Temporarily disable exit on error
    output=$(eval "$cmd" 2>&1)
    exit_code=$?
    set -e  # Re-enable exit on error
    
    if [[ $exit_code -eq 0 ]]; then
        echo "SUCCESS: $description"
        echo "OUTPUT: $output"
        return 0
    else
        echo "FAILED: $description"
        echo "EXIT CODE: $exit_code"
        echo "OUTPUT: $output"
        return 1
    fi
}

# Function to check for actual AWS API errors in command output
check_for_aws_errors() {
    local output="$1"
    local description="$2"
    
    # Look for specific AWS error patterns, not just the word "error"
    if echo "$output" | grep -qi "An error occurred\|InvalidParameter\|AccessDenied\|ResourceNotFound\|ValidationException"; then
        echo "AWS API ERROR detected in output for: $description"
        echo "Output: $output"
        return 1
    fi
    return 0
}

# Function to wait for network interfaces to be cleaned up
wait_for_network_interfaces_cleanup() {
    local security_group_id="$1"
    local max_attempts=30
    local attempt=1
    
    echo "Waiting for network interfaces to be cleaned up..."
    
    while [[ $attempt -le $max_attempts ]]; do
        echo "Attempt $attempt/$max_attempts: Checking for dependent network interfaces..."
        
        # Check if there are any network interfaces still using this security group
        local eni_count
        eni_count=$(aws ec2 describe-network-interfaces \
            --filters "Name=group-id,Values=$security_group_id" \
            --query "length(NetworkInterfaces)" \
            --output text 2>/dev/null || echo "0")
        
        if [[ "$eni_count" == "0" ]]; then
            echo "No network interfaces found using security group $security_group_id"
            return 0
        else
            echo "Found $eni_count network interface(s) still using security group $security_group_id"
            echo "Waiting 10 seconds before next check..."
            sleep 10
            ((attempt++))
        fi
    done
    
    echo "WARNING: Network interfaces may still be attached after $max_attempts attempts"
    echo "This is normal and the security group deletion will be retried"
    return 1
}

# Function to retry security group deletion with exponential backoff
retry_security_group_deletion() {
    local security_group_id="$1"
    local max_attempts=10
    local attempt=1
    local wait_time=5
    
    while [[ $attempt -le $max_attempts ]]; do
        echo "Attempt $attempt/$max_attempts: Trying to delete security group $security_group_id"
        
        if execute_command "aws ec2 delete-security-group --group-id $security_group_id" "Delete security group (attempt $attempt)"; then
            echo "Successfully deleted security group $security_group_id"
            return 0
        else
            if [[ $attempt -eq $max_attempts ]]; then
                echo "FAILED: Could not delete security group $security_group_id after $max_attempts attempts"
                echo "This may be due to network interfaces that are still being cleaned up by AWS"
                echo "You can manually delete it later using: aws ec2 delete-security-group --group-id $security_group_id"
                return 1
            else
                echo "Waiting $wait_time seconds before retry..."
                sleep $wait_time
                wait_time=$((wait_time * 2))  # Exponential backoff
                ((attempt++))
            fi
        fi
    done
}

# Function to cleanup resources with proper dependency handling
cleanup_resources() {
    echo ""
    echo "==========================================="
    echo "CLEANUP PROCESS"
    echo "==========================================="
    echo "The following resources were created:"
    for resource in "${CREATED_RESOURCES[@]}"; do
        echo "  - $resource"
    done
    echo ""
    echo "Do you want to clean up all created resources? (y/n): "
    read -r CLEANUP_CHOICE
    
    if [[ "$CLEANUP_CHOICE" =~ ^[Yy]$ ]]; then
        echo "Starting cleanup process..."
        
        # Step 1: Scale service to 0 tasks first, then delete service
        if [[ " ${CREATED_RESOURCES[*]} " =~ " ECS Service: $SERVICE_NAME " ]]; then
            echo ""
            echo "Step 1: Scaling service to 0 tasks..."
            if execute_command "aws ecs update-service --cluster $CLUSTER_NAME --service $SERVICE_NAME --desired-count 0" "Scale service to 0 tasks"; then
                echo "Waiting for service to stabilize after scaling to 0..."
                execute_command "aws ecs wait services-stable --cluster $CLUSTER_NAME --services $SERVICE_NAME" "Wait for service to stabilize"
                
                echo "Deleting service..."
                execute_command "aws ecs delete-service --cluster $CLUSTER_NAME --service $SERVICE_NAME" "Delete ECS service"
            else
                echo "WARNING: Failed to scale service. Attempting to delete anyway..."
                execute_command "aws ecs delete-service --cluster $CLUSTER_NAME --service $SERVICE_NAME --force" "Force delete ECS service"
            fi
        fi
        
        # Step 2: Wait a bit for tasks to fully terminate
        echo ""
        echo "Step 2: Waiting for tasks to fully terminate..."
        sleep 15
        
        # Step 3: Delete cluster
        if [[ " ${CREATED_RESOURCES[*]} " =~ " ECS Cluster: $CLUSTER_NAME " ]]; then
            echo ""
            echo "Step 3: Deleting cluster..."
            execute_command "aws ecs delete-cluster --cluster $CLUSTER_NAME" "Delete ECS cluster"
        fi
        
        # Step 4: Wait for network interfaces to be cleaned up, then delete security group
        if [[ -n "$SECURITY_GROUP_ID" ]]; then
            echo ""
            echo "Step 4: Cleaning up security group..."
            
            # First, wait for network interfaces to be cleaned up
            wait_for_network_interfaces_cleanup "$SECURITY_GROUP_ID"
            
            # Then retry security group deletion with backoff
            retry_security_group_deletion "$SECURITY_GROUP_ID"
        fi
        
        # Step 5: Clean up task definition (deregister all revisions)
        if [[ " ${CREATED_RESOURCES[*]} " =~ " Task Definition: $TASK_FAMILY " ]]; then
            echo ""
            echo "Step 5: Deregistering task definition revisions..."
            
            # Get all revisions of the task definition
            local revisions
            revisions=$(aws ecs list-task-definitions --family-prefix "$TASK_FAMILY" --query "taskDefinitionArns" --output text 2>/dev/null || echo "")
            
            if [[ -n "$revisions" && "$revisions" != "None" ]]; then
                for revision_arn in $revisions; do
                    echo "Deregistering task definition: $revision_arn"
                    execute_command "aws ecs deregister-task-definition --task-definition $revision_arn" "Deregister task definition $revision_arn" || true
                done
            else
                echo "No task definition revisions found to deregister"
            fi
        fi
        
        echo ""
        echo "==========================================="
        echo "CLEANUP COMPLETED"
        echo "==========================================="
        echo "All resources have been cleaned up successfully!"
        
    else
        echo "Cleanup skipped. Resources remain active."
        echo ""
        echo "To clean up manually later, use the following commands in order:"
        echo "1. Scale service to 0: aws ecs update-service --cluster $CLUSTER_NAME --service $SERVICE_NAME --desired-count 0"
        echo "2. Wait for stability: aws ecs wait services-stable --cluster $CLUSTER_NAME --services $SERVICE_NAME"
        echo "3. Delete service: aws ecs delete-service --cluster $CLUSTER_NAME --service $SERVICE_NAME"
        echo "4. Delete cluster: aws ecs delete-cluster --cluster $CLUSTER_NAME"
        echo "5. Wait 2-3 minutes, then delete security group: aws ec2 delete-security-group --group-id $SECURITY_GROUP_ID"
        if [[ " ${CREATED_RESOURCES[*]} " =~ " Task Definition: $TASK_FAMILY " ]]; then
            echo "6. Deregister task definitions: aws ecs list-task-definitions --family-prefix $TASK_FAMILY"
            echo "   Then for each ARN: aws ecs deregister-task-definition --task-definition <ARN>"
        fi
    fi
}

# Trap to handle script interruption
trap cleanup_resources EXIT

echo "Using random identifier: $RANDOM_ID"
echo "Cluster name: $CLUSTER_NAME"
echo "Service name: $SERVICE_NAME"
echo "Task family: $TASK_FAMILY"

# Step 1: Ensure ECS task execution role exists
echo ""
echo "==========================================="
echo "STEP 1: VERIFY ECS TASK EXECUTION ROLE"
echo "==========================================="

ACCOUNT_ID=$(aws sts get-caller-identity --query Account --output text)
EXECUTION_ROLE_ARN="arn:aws:iam::${ACCOUNT_ID}:role/ecsTaskExecutionRole"

# Check if role exists
if aws iam get-role --role-name ecsTaskExecutionRole >/dev/null 2>&1; then
    echo "ECS task execution role already exists"
else
    echo "Creating ECS task execution role..."
    
    # Create trust policy
    cat > trust-policy.json << 'EOF'
{
    "Version":"2012-10-17",		 	 	 
    "Statement": [
        {
            "Effect": "Allow",
            "Principal": {
                "Service": "ecs-tasks.amazonaws.com"
            },
            "Action": "sts:AssumeRole"
        }
    ]
}
EOF
    
    execute_command "aws iam create-role --role-name ecsTaskExecutionRole --assume-role-policy-document file://trust-policy.json" "Create ECS task execution role"
    
    execute_command "aws iam attach-role-policy --role-name ecsTaskExecutionRole --policy-arn arn:aws:iam::aws:policy/service-role/AmazonECSTaskExecutionRolePolicy" "Attach ECS task execution policy"
    
    # Clean up temporary file
    rm -f trust-policy.json
    
    CREATED_RESOURCES+=("IAM Role: ecsTaskExecutionRole")
fi

# Step 2: Create ECS cluster
echo ""
echo "==========================================="
echo "STEP 2: CREATE ECS CLUSTER"
echo "==========================================="

CLUSTER_OUTPUT=$(execute_command "aws ecs create-cluster --cluster-name $CLUSTER_NAME" "Create ECS cluster")
check_for_aws_errors "$CLUSTER_OUTPUT" "Create ECS cluster"

CREATED_RESOURCES+=("ECS Cluster: $CLUSTER_NAME")

# Step 3: Create task definition
echo ""
echo "==========================================="
echo "STEP 3: CREATE TASK DEFINITION"
echo "==========================================="

# Create task definition JSON
cat > task-definition.json << EOF
{
    "family": "$TASK_FAMILY",
    "networkMode": "awsvpc",
    "requiresCompatibilities": ["FARGATE"],
    "cpu": "256",
    "memory": "512",
    "executionRoleArn": "$EXECUTION_ROLE_ARN",
    "containerDefinitions": [
        {
            "name": "fargate-app",
            "image": "public.ecr.aws/docker/library/httpd:latest",
            "portMappings": [
                {
                    "containerPort": 80,
                    "hostPort": 80,
                    "protocol": "tcp"
                }
            ],
            "essential": true,
            "entryPoint": ["sh", "-c"],
            "command": [
                "/bin/sh -c \"echo '<html> <head> <title>Amazon ECS Sample App</title> <style>body {margin-top: 40px; background-color: #333;} </style> </head><body> <div style=color:white;text-align:center> <h1>Amazon ECS Sample App</h1> <h2>Congratulations!</h2> <p>Your application is now running on a container in Amazon ECS.</p> </div></body></html>' >  /usr/local/apache2/htdocs/index.html && httpd-foreground\""
            ]
        }
    ]
}
EOF

TASK_DEF_OUTPUT=$(execute_command "aws ecs register-task-definition --cli-input-json file://task-definition.json" "Register task definition")
check_for_aws_errors "$TASK_DEF_OUTPUT" "Register task definition"

# Clean up temporary file
rm -f task-definition.json

CREATED_RESOURCES+=("Task Definition: $TASK_FAMILY")

# Step 4: Set up networking
echo ""
echo "==========================================="
echo "STEP 4: SET UP NETWORKING"
echo "==========================================="

# Get default VPC ID
VPC_ID=$(aws ec2 describe-vpcs --filters "Name=is-default,Values=true" --query "Vpcs[0].VpcId" --output text)
if [[ "$VPC_ID" == "None" || -z "$VPC_ID" ]]; then
    echo "ERROR: No default VPC found. Please create a default VPC or specify a custom VPC."
    exit 1
fi
echo "Using default VPC: $VPC_ID"

# Create security group with restricted access
# Note: This allows HTTP access from anywhere for demo purposes
# In production, restrict source to specific IP ranges or security groups
SECURITY_GROUP_OUTPUT=$(execute_command "aws ec2 create-security-group --group-name $SECURITY_GROUP_NAME --description 'Security group for ECS Fargate tutorial - HTTP access' --vpc-id $VPC_ID" "Create security group")
check_for_aws_errors "$SECURITY_GROUP_OUTPUT" "Create security group"

SECURITY_GROUP_ID=$(echo "$SECURITY_GROUP_OUTPUT" | grep -o '"GroupId": "[^"]*"' | cut -d'"' -f4)
if [[ -z "$SECURITY_GROUP_ID" ]]; then
    SECURITY_GROUP_ID=$(aws ec2 describe-security-groups --group-names "$SECURITY_GROUP_NAME" --query "SecurityGroups[0].GroupId" --output text)
fi

echo "Created security group: $SECURITY_GROUP_ID"
CREATED_RESOURCES+=("Security Group: $SECURITY_GROUP_ID")

# Add HTTP inbound rule
# WARNING: This allows HTTP access from anywhere (0.0.0.0/0)
# In production environments, restrict this to specific IP ranges
execute_command "aws ec2 authorize-security-group-ingress --group-id $SECURITY_GROUP_ID --protocol tcp --port 80 --cidr 0.0.0.0/0" "Add HTTP inbound rule to security group"

# Get subnet IDs from default VPC
echo "Getting subnet IDs from default VPC..."
SUBNET_IDS_RAW=$(aws ec2 describe-subnets --filters "Name=vpc-id,Values=$VPC_ID" --query "Subnets[*].SubnetId" --output text)
if [[ -z "$SUBNET_IDS_RAW" ]]; then
    echo "ERROR: No subnets found in default VPC"
    exit 1
fi

# Convert to proper comma-separated format, handling both spaces and tabs
SUBNET_IDS_COMMA=$(echo "$SUBNET_IDS_RAW" | tr -s '[:space:]' ',' | sed 's/,$//')
echo "Raw subnet IDs: $SUBNET_IDS_RAW"
echo "Formatted subnet IDs: $SUBNET_IDS_COMMA"

# Validate subnet IDs format
if [[ ! "$SUBNET_IDS_COMMA" =~ ^subnet-[a-z0-9]+(,subnet-[a-z0-9]+)*$ ]]; then
    echo "ERROR: Invalid subnet ID format: $SUBNET_IDS_COMMA"
    exit 1
fi

# Step 5: Create ECS service
echo ""
echo "==========================================="
echo "STEP 5: CREATE ECS SERVICE"
echo "==========================================="

# Create the service with proper JSON formatting for network configuration
SERVICE_CMD="aws ecs create-service --cluster $CLUSTER_NAME --service-name $SERVICE_NAME --task-definition $TASK_FAMILY --desired-count 1 --launch-type FARGATE --network-configuration '{\"awsvpcConfiguration\":{\"subnets\":[\"$(echo $SUBNET_IDS_COMMA | sed 's/,/","/g')\"],\"securityGroups\":[\"$SECURITY_GROUP_ID\"],\"assignPublicIp\":\"ENABLED\"}}'"

echo "Service creation command: $SERVICE_CMD"

SERVICE_OUTPUT=$(execute_command "$SERVICE_CMD" "Create ECS service")
check_for_aws_errors "$SERVICE_OUTPUT" "Create ECS service"

CREATED_RESOURCES+=("ECS Service: $SERVICE_NAME")

# Step 6: Wait for service to stabilize and get public IP
echo ""
echo "==========================================="
echo "STEP 6: WAIT FOR SERVICE AND GET PUBLIC IP"
echo "==========================================="

echo "Waiting for service to stabilize (this may take a few minutes)..."
execute_command "aws ecs wait services-stable --cluster $CLUSTER_NAME --services $SERVICE_NAME" "Wait for service to stabilize"

# Get task ARN
TASK_ARN=$(aws ecs list-tasks --cluster $CLUSTER_NAME --service-name $SERVICE_NAME --query "taskArns[0]" --output text)
if [[ "$TASK_ARN" == "None" || -z "$TASK_ARN" ]]; then
    echo "ERROR: No running tasks found for service"
    exit 1
fi

echo "Task ARN: $TASK_ARN"

# Get network interface ID
ENI_ID=$(aws ecs describe-tasks --cluster $CLUSTER_NAME --tasks $TASK_ARN --query "tasks[0].attachments[0].details[?name=='networkInterfaceId'].value" --output text)
if [[ "$ENI_ID" == "None" || -z "$ENI_ID" ]]; then
    echo "ERROR: Could not retrieve network interface ID"
    exit 1
fi

echo "Network Interface ID: $ENI_ID"

# Get public IP
PUBLIC_IP=$(aws ec2 describe-network-interfaces --network-interface-ids $ENI_ID --query "NetworkInterfaces[0].Association.PublicIp" --output text)
if [[ "$PUBLIC_IP" == "None" || -z "$PUBLIC_IP" ]]; then
    echo "WARNING: No public IP assigned to the task"
    echo "The task may be in a private subnet or public IP assignment failed"
else
    echo ""
    echo "==========================================="
    echo "SUCCESS! APPLICATION IS RUNNING"
    echo "==========================================="
    echo "Your application is available at: http://$PUBLIC_IP"
    echo "You can test it by opening this URL in your browser"
    echo ""
fi

# Display service information
echo ""
echo "==========================================="
echo "SERVICE INFORMATION"
echo "==========================================="
execute_command "aws ecs describe-services --cluster $CLUSTER_NAME --services $SERVICE_NAME" "Get service details"

echo ""
echo "==========================================="
echo "TUTORIAL COMPLETED SUCCESSFULLY"
echo "==========================================="
echo "Resources created:"
for resource in "${CREATED_RESOURCES[@]}"; do
    echo "  - $resource"
done

if [[ -n "$PUBLIC_IP" && "$PUBLIC_IP" != "None" ]]; then
    echo ""
    echo "Application URL: http://$PUBLIC_IP"
fi

echo ""
echo "Script completed at $(date)"
```
+ For API details, see the following topics in *AWS CLI Command Reference*.
  + [AttachRolePolicy](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/AttachRolePolicy)
  + [AuthorizeSecurityGroupIngress](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/ec2-2016-11-15/AuthorizeSecurityGroupIngress)
  + [CreateCluster](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/ecs-2014-11-13/CreateCluster)
  + [CreateRole](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/CreateRole)
  + [CreateSecurityGroup](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/ec2-2016-11-15/CreateSecurityGroup)
  + [CreateService](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/ecs-2014-11-13/CreateService)
  + [DeleteCluster](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/ecs-2014-11-13/DeleteCluster)
  + [DeleteSecurityGroup](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/ec2-2016-11-15/DeleteSecurityGroup)
  + [DeleteService](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/ecs-2014-11-13/DeleteService)
  + [DeregisterTaskDefinition](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/ecs-2014-11-13/DeregisterTaskDefinition)
  + [DescribeNetworkInterfaces](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/ec2-2016-11-15/DescribeNetworkInterfaces)
  + [DescribeSecurityGroups](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/ec2-2016-11-15/DescribeSecurityGroups)
  + [DescribeServices](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/ecs-2014-11-13/DescribeServices)
  + [DescribeSubnets](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/ec2-2016-11-15/DescribeSubnets)
  + [DescribeTasks](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/ecs-2014-11-13/DescribeTasks)
  + [DescribeVpcs](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/ec2-2016-11-15/DescribeVpcs)
  + [GetCallerIdentity](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/sts-2011-06-15/GetCallerIdentity)
  + [GetRole](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/GetRole)
  + [ListTaskDefinitions](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/ecs-2014-11-13/ListTaskDefinitions)
  + [ListTasks](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/ecs-2014-11-13/ListTasks)
  + [RegisterTaskDefinition](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/ecs-2014-11-13/RegisterTaskDefinition)
  + [UpdateService](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/ecs-2014-11-13/UpdateService)
  + [Wait](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/ecs-2014-11-13/Wait)

### Creating a CloudWatch dashboard with function name as a variable
<a name="cloudwatch_GettingStarted_031_bash_topic"></a>

The following code example shows how to:
+ Create a CloudWatch dashboard
+ Add Lambda metrics widgets with a function name variable
+ Verify the dashboard
+ Clean up resources

**AWS CLI with Bash script**  
 There's more on GitHub. Find the complete example and learn how to set up and run in the [Sample developer tutorials](https://github.com/aws-samples/sample-developer-tutorials/tree/main/tuts/031-cloudwatch-dynamicdash) repository. 

```
#!/bin/bash

# Script to create a CloudWatch dashboard with Lambda function name as a variable
# This script creates a CloudWatch dashboard that allows you to switch between different Lambda functions

# Set up logging
LOG_FILE="cloudwatch-dashboard-script.log"
exec > >(tee -a "$LOG_FILE") 2>&1

echo "$(date): Starting CloudWatch dashboard creation script"

# Function to handle errors
handle_error() {
    echo "ERROR: $1"
    echo "Resources created:"
    echo "- CloudWatch Dashboard: LambdaMetricsDashboard"
    echo ""
    echo "==========================================="
    echo "CLEANUP CONFIRMATION"
    echo "==========================================="
    echo "An error occurred. Do you want to clean up the created resources? (y/n): "
    read -r CLEANUP_CHOICE
    
    if [[ "${CLEANUP_CHOICE,,}" == "y" ]]; then
        echo "Cleaning up resources..."
        aws cloudwatch delete-dashboards --dashboard-names LambdaMetricsDashboard
        echo "Cleanup complete."
    else
        echo "Resources were not cleaned up. You can manually delete them later."
    fi
    exit 1
}

# Check if AWS CLI is installed and configured
echo "Checking AWS CLI configuration..."
aws sts get-caller-identity > /dev/null 2>&1
if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
    handle_error "AWS CLI is not properly configured. Please configure it with 'aws configure' and try again."
fi

# Get the current region
REGION=$(aws configure get region)
if [ -z "$REGION" ]; then
    REGION="us-east-1"
    echo "No region found in AWS config, defaulting to $REGION"
fi
echo "Using region: $REGION"

# Check if there are any Lambda functions in the account
echo "Checking for Lambda functions..."
LAMBDA_FUNCTIONS=$(aws lambda list-functions --query "Functions[*].FunctionName" --output text)
if [ -z "$LAMBDA_FUNCTIONS" ]; then
    echo "No Lambda functions found in your account. Creating a simple test function..."
    
    # Create a temporary directory for Lambda function code
    TEMP_DIR=$(mktemp -d)
    
    # Create a simple Lambda function
    cat > "$TEMP_DIR/index.js" << EOF
exports.handler = async (event) => {
    console.log('Event:', JSON.stringify(event, null, 2));
    return {
        statusCode: 200,
        body: JSON.stringify('Hello from Lambda!'),
    };
};
EOF
    
    # Zip the function code
    cd "$TEMP_DIR" || handle_error "Failed to change to temporary directory"
    zip -q function.zip index.js
    
    # Create a role for the Lambda function
    ROLE_NAME="LambdaDashboardTestRole"
    ROLE_ARN=$(aws iam create-role \
        --role-name "$ROLE_NAME" \
        --assume-role-policy-document '{"Version":"2012-10-17",		 	 	 "Statement":[{"Effect":"Allow","Principal":{"Service":"lambda.amazonaws.com"},"Action":"sts:AssumeRole"}]}' \
        --query "Role.Arn" \
        --output text)
    
    if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
        handle_error "Failed to create IAM role for Lambda function"
    fi
    
    echo "Waiting for role to be available..."
    sleep 10
    
    # Attach basic Lambda execution policy
    aws iam attach-role-policy \
        --role-name "$ROLE_NAME" \
        --policy-arn "arn:aws:iam::aws:policy/service-role/AWSLambdaBasicExecutionRole"
    
    if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
        aws iam delete-role --role-name "$ROLE_NAME"
        handle_error "Failed to attach policy to IAM role"
    fi
    
    # Create the Lambda function
    FUNCTION_NAME="DashboardTestFunction"
    aws lambda create-function \
        --function-name "$FUNCTION_NAME" \
        --runtime nodejs18.x \
        --role "$ROLE_ARN" \
        --handler index.handler \
        --zip-file fileb://function.zip
    
    if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
        aws iam detach-role-policy \
            --role-name "$ROLE_NAME" \
            --policy-arn "arn:aws:iam::aws:policy/service-role/AWSLambdaBasicExecutionRole"
        aws iam delete-role --role-name "$ROLE_NAME"
        handle_error "Failed to create Lambda function"
    fi
    
    # Invoke the function to generate some metrics
    echo "Invoking Lambda function to generate metrics..."
    for i in {1..5}; do
        aws lambda invoke --function-name "$FUNCTION_NAME" --payload '{}' /dev/null > /dev/null
        sleep 1
    done
    
    # Clean up temporary directory
    cd - > /dev/null
    rm -rf "$TEMP_DIR"
    
    # Set the function name for the dashboard
    DEFAULT_FUNCTION="$FUNCTION_NAME"
else
    # Use the first Lambda function as default
    DEFAULT_FUNCTION=$(echo "$LAMBDA_FUNCTIONS" | awk '{print $1}')
    echo "Found Lambda functions. Using $DEFAULT_FUNCTION as default."
fi

# Create a dashboard with Lambda metrics and a function name variable
echo "Creating CloudWatch dashboard with Lambda function name variable..."

# Create a JSON file for the dashboard body
cat > dashboard-body.json << EOF
{
  "widgets": [
    {
      "type": "metric",
      "x": 0,
      "y": 0,
      "width": 12,
      "height": 6,
      "properties": {
        "metrics": [
          [ "AWS/Lambda", "Invocations", "FunctionName", "\${FunctionName}" ],
          [ ".", "Errors", ".", "." ],
          [ ".", "Throttles", ".", "." ]
        ],
        "view": "timeSeries",
        "stacked": false,
        "region": "$REGION",
        "title": "Lambda Function Metrics for \${FunctionName}",
        "period": 300
      }
    },
    {
      "type": "metric",
      "x": 0,
      "y": 6,
      "width": 12,
      "height": 6,
      "properties": {
        "metrics": [
          [ "AWS/Lambda", "Duration", "FunctionName", "\${FunctionName}", { "stat": "Average" } ]
        ],
        "view": "timeSeries",
        "stacked": false,
        "region": "$REGION",
        "title": "Duration for \${FunctionName}",
        "period": 300
      }
    },
    {
      "type": "metric",
      "x": 12,
      "y": 0,
      "width": 12,
      "height": 6,
      "properties": {
        "metrics": [
          [ "AWS/Lambda", "ConcurrentExecutions", "FunctionName", "\${FunctionName}" ]
        ],
        "view": "timeSeries",
        "stacked": false,
        "region": "$REGION",
        "title": "Concurrent Executions for \${FunctionName}",
        "period": 300
      }
    }
  ],
  "periodOverride": "auto",
  "variables": [
    {
      "type": "property",
      "id": "FunctionName",
      "property": "FunctionName",
      "label": "Lambda Function",
      "inputType": "select",
      "values": [
        {
          "value": "$DEFAULT_FUNCTION",
          "label": "$DEFAULT_FUNCTION"
        }
      ]
    }
  ]
}
EOF

# Create the dashboard using the JSON file
DASHBOARD_RESULT=$(aws cloudwatch put-dashboard --dashboard-name LambdaMetricsDashboard --dashboard-body file://dashboard-body.json)
DASHBOARD_EXIT_CODE=$?

# Check if there was a fatal error
if [ $DASHBOARD_EXIT_CODE -ne 0 ]; then
    # If we created resources, clean them up
    if [ -n "${FUNCTION_NAME:-}" ]; then
        aws lambda delete-function --function-name "$FUNCTION_NAME"
        aws iam detach-role-policy \
            --role-name "$ROLE_NAME" \
            --policy-arn "arn:aws:iam::aws:policy/service-role/AWSLambdaBasicExecutionRole"
        aws iam delete-role --role-name "$ROLE_NAME"
    fi
    handle_error "Failed to create CloudWatch dashboard."
fi

# Display any validation messages but continue
if [[ "$DASHBOARD_RESULT" == *"DashboardValidationMessages"* ]]; then
    echo "Dashboard created with validation messages:"
    echo "$DASHBOARD_RESULT"
    echo "These validation messages are warnings and the dashboard should still function."
else
    echo "Dashboard created successfully!"
fi

# Verify the dashboard was created
echo "Verifying dashboard creation..."
DASHBOARD_INFO=$(aws cloudwatch get-dashboard --dashboard-name LambdaMetricsDashboard)
DASHBOARD_INFO_EXIT_CODE=$?

if [ $DASHBOARD_INFO_EXIT_CODE -ne 0 ]; then
    # If we created resources, clean them up
    if [ -n "${FUNCTION_NAME:-}" ]; then
        aws lambda delete-function --function-name "$FUNCTION_NAME"
        aws iam detach-role-policy \
            --role-name "$ROLE_NAME" \
            --policy-arn "arn:aws:iam::aws:policy/service-role/AWSLambdaBasicExecutionRole"
        aws iam delete-role --role-name "$ROLE_NAME"
    fi
    handle_error "Failed to verify dashboard creation."
fi

echo "Dashboard verification successful!"
echo "Dashboard details:"
echo "$DASHBOARD_INFO"

# List all dashboards to confirm
echo "Listing all dashboards:"
DASHBOARDS=$(aws cloudwatch list-dashboards)
DASHBOARDS_EXIT_CODE=$?

if [ $DASHBOARDS_EXIT_CODE -ne 0 ]; then
    # If we created resources, clean them up
    if [ -n "${FUNCTION_NAME:-}" ]; then
        aws lambda delete-function --function-name "$FUNCTION_NAME"
        aws iam detach-role-policy \
            --role-name "$ROLE_NAME" \
            --policy-arn "arn:aws:iam::aws:policy/service-role/AWSLambdaBasicExecutionRole"
        aws iam delete-role --role-name "$ROLE_NAME"
    fi
    handle_error "Failed to list dashboards."
fi
echo "$DASHBOARDS"

# Show instructions for accessing the dashboard
echo ""
echo "Dashboard created successfully! To access it:"
echo "1. Open the CloudWatch console at https://console.aws.amazon.com/cloudwatch/"
echo "2. In the navigation pane, choose Dashboards"
echo "3. Select LambdaMetricsDashboard"
echo "4. You should see a dropdown menu labeled 'Lambda Function' at the top of the dashboard"
echo "5. Use this dropdown to select different Lambda functions and see their metrics"
echo ""

# Create a list of resources for cleanup
RESOURCES=("- CloudWatch Dashboard: LambdaMetricsDashboard")
if [ -n "${FUNCTION_NAME:-}" ]; then
    RESOURCES+=("- Lambda Function: $FUNCTION_NAME")
    RESOURCES+=("- IAM Role: $ROLE_NAME")
fi

# Prompt for cleanup
echo "==========================================="
echo "CLEANUP CONFIRMATION"
echo "==========================================="
echo "Resources created:"
for resource in "${RESOURCES[@]}"; do
    echo "$resource"
done
echo ""
echo "Do you want to clean up all created resources? (y/n): "
read -r CLEANUP_CHOICE

if [[ "${CLEANUP_CHOICE,,}" == "y" ]]; then
    echo "Cleaning up resources..."
    
    # Delete the dashboard
    aws cloudwatch delete-dashboards --dashboard-names LambdaMetricsDashboard
    if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
        echo "WARNING: Failed to delete dashboard. You may need to delete it manually."
    else
        echo "Dashboard deleted successfully."
    fi
    
    # If we created a Lambda function, delete it and its role
    if [ -n "${FUNCTION_NAME:-}" ]; then
        echo "Deleting Lambda function..."
        aws lambda delete-function --function-name "$FUNCTION_NAME"
        if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
            echo "WARNING: Failed to delete Lambda function. You may need to delete it manually."
        else
            echo "Lambda function deleted successfully."
        fi
        
        echo "Detaching role policy..."
        aws iam detach-role-policy \
            --role-name "$ROLE_NAME" \
            --policy-arn "arn:aws:iam::aws:policy/service-role/AWSLambdaBasicExecutionRole"
        if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
            echo "WARNING: Failed to detach role policy. You may need to detach it manually."
        else
            echo "Role policy detached successfully."
        fi
        
        echo "Deleting IAM role..."
        aws iam delete-role --role-name "$ROLE_NAME"
        if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
            echo "WARNING: Failed to delete IAM role. You may need to delete it manually."
        else
            echo "IAM role deleted successfully."
        fi
    fi
    
    # Clean up the JSON file
    rm -f dashboard-body.json
    
    echo "Cleanup complete."
else
    echo "Resources were not cleaned up. You can manually delete them later with:"
    echo "aws cloudwatch delete-dashboards --dashboard-names LambdaMetricsDashboard"
    if [ -n "${FUNCTION_NAME:-}" ]; then
        echo "aws lambda delete-function --function-name $FUNCTION_NAME"
        echo "aws iam detach-role-policy --role-name $ROLE_NAME --policy-arn arn:aws:iam::aws:policy/service-role/AWSLambdaBasicExecutionRole"
        echo "aws iam delete-role --role-name $ROLE_NAME"
    fi
fi

echo "Script completed successfully!"
```
+ For API details, see the following topics in *AWS CLI Command Reference*.
  + [AttachRolePolicy](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/AttachRolePolicy)
  + [CreateFunction](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/lambda-2015-03-31/CreateFunction)
  + [CreateRole](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/CreateRole)
  + [DeleteDashboards](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/monitoring-2010-08-01/DeleteDashboards)
  + [DeleteFunction](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/lambda-2015-03-31/DeleteFunction)
  + [DeleteRole](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/DeleteRole)
  + [DetachRolePolicy](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/DetachRolePolicy)
  + [GetCallerIdentity](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/sts-2011-06-15/GetCallerIdentity)
  + [GetDashboard](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/monitoring-2010-08-01/GetDashboard)
  + [Invoke](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/lambda-2015-03-31/Invoke)
  + [ListDashboards](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/monitoring-2010-08-01/ListDashboards)
  + [ListFunctions](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/lambda-2015-03-31/ListFunctions)
  + [PutDashboard](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/monitoring-2010-08-01/PutDashboard)

### Creating an Amazon ECS service for the EC2 launch type
<a name="ecs_GettingStarted_018_bash_topic"></a>

The following code example shows how to:
+ Create an ECS cluster
+ Create and monitor a service
+ Clean up resources

**AWS CLI with Bash script**  
 There's more on GitHub. Find the complete example and learn how to set up and run in the [Sample developer tutorials](https://github.com/aws-samples/sample-developer-tutorials/tree/main/tuts/018-ecs-ec2) repository. 

```
#!/bin/bash

# ECS EC2 Launch Type Tutorial Script - UPDATED VERSION
# This script demonstrates creating an ECS cluster, launching a container instance,
# registering a task definition, and creating a service using the EC2 launch type.
# Updated to match the tutorial draft with nginx web server and service creation.
#
# - UPDATED: Changed from sleep task to nginx web server with service

set -e  # Exit on any error

# Configuration
SCRIPT_NAME="ecs-ec2-tutorial"
LOG_FILE="${SCRIPT_NAME}-$(date +%Y%m%d-%H%M%S).log"
CLUSTER_NAME="tutorial-cluster-$(openssl rand -hex 4)"
TASK_FAMILY="nginx-task-$(openssl rand -hex 4)"
SERVICE_NAME="nginx-service-$(openssl rand -hex 4)"
KEY_PAIR_NAME="ecs-tutorial-key-$(openssl rand -hex 4)"
SECURITY_GROUP_NAME="ecs-tutorial-sg-$(openssl rand -hex 4)"

# Get current AWS region dynamically
AWS_REGION=$(aws configure get region || echo "us-east-1")

# Resource tracking arrays
CREATED_RESOURCES=()
CLEANUP_ORDER=()

# Logging function
log() {
    echo "[$(date '+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S')] $1" | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"
}

# Error handling function
handle_error() {
    local exit_code=$?
    log "ERROR: Script failed with exit code $exit_code"
    log "ERROR: Last command: $BASH_COMMAND"
    
    echo ""
    echo "==========================================="
    echo "ERROR OCCURRED - ATTEMPTING CLEANUP"
    echo "==========================================="
    echo "Resources created before error:"
    for resource in "${CREATED_RESOURCES[@]}"; do
        echo "  - $resource"
    done
    
    cleanup_resources
    exit $exit_code
}

# Set error trap
trap handle_error ERR

# FIXED: Enhanced cleanup function with proper error handling and logging
cleanup_resources() {
    log "Starting cleanup process..."
    local cleanup_errors=0
    
    # Delete service first (this will stop tasks automatically)
    if [[ -n "${SERVICE_ARN:-}" ]]; then
        log "Updating service to desired count 0: $SERVICE_NAME"
        if ! aws ecs update-service --cluster "$CLUSTER_NAME" --service "$SERVICE_NAME" --desired-count 0 2>>"$LOG_FILE"; then
            log "WARNING: Failed to update service desired count to 0"
            ((cleanup_errors++))
        else
            log "Waiting for service tasks to stop..."
            sleep 30  # Give time for tasks to stop
        fi
        
        log "Deleting service: $SERVICE_NAME"
        if ! aws ecs delete-service --cluster "$CLUSTER_NAME" --service "$SERVICE_NAME" 2>>"$LOG_FILE"; then
            log "WARNING: Failed to delete service $SERVICE_NAME"
            ((cleanup_errors++))
        fi
    fi
    
    # Stop and delete any remaining tasks
    if [[ -n "${TASK_ARN:-}" ]]; then
        log "Stopping task: $TASK_ARN"
        if ! aws ecs stop-task --cluster "$CLUSTER_NAME" --task "$TASK_ARN" --reason "Tutorial cleanup" 2>>"$LOG_FILE"; then
            log "WARNING: Failed to stop task $TASK_ARN"
            ((cleanup_errors++))
        else
            log "Waiting for task to stop..."
            if ! aws ecs wait tasks-stopped --cluster "$CLUSTER_NAME" --tasks "$TASK_ARN" 2>>"$LOG_FILE"; then
                log "WARNING: Task stop wait failed for $TASK_ARN"
                ((cleanup_errors++))
            fi
        fi
    fi
    
    # Deregister task definition
    if [[ -n "${TASK_DEFINITION_ARN:-}" ]]; then
        log "Deregistering task definition: $TASK_DEFINITION_ARN"
        if ! aws ecs deregister-task-definition --task-definition "$TASK_DEFINITION_ARN" 2>>"$LOG_FILE"; then
            log "WARNING: Failed to deregister task definition $TASK_DEFINITION_ARN"
            ((cleanup_errors++))
        fi
    fi
    
    # Terminate EC2 instance
    if [[ -n "${INSTANCE_ID:-}" ]]; then
        log "Terminating EC2 instance: $INSTANCE_ID"
        if ! aws ec2 terminate-instances --instance-ids "$INSTANCE_ID" 2>>"$LOG_FILE"; then
            log "WARNING: Failed to terminate instance $INSTANCE_ID"
            ((cleanup_errors++))
        else
            log "Waiting for instance to terminate..."
            if ! aws ec2 wait instance-terminated --instance-ids "$INSTANCE_ID" 2>>"$LOG_FILE"; then
                log "WARNING: Instance termination wait failed for $INSTANCE_ID"
                ((cleanup_errors++))
            fi
        fi
    fi
    
    # Delete security group with retry logic
    if [[ -n "${SECURITY_GROUP_ID:-}" ]]; then
        log "Deleting security group: $SECURITY_GROUP_ID"
        local retry_count=0
        local max_retries=3
        
        while [[ $retry_count -lt $max_retries ]]; do
            if aws ec2 delete-security-group --group-id "$SECURITY_GROUP_ID" 2>>"$LOG_FILE"; then
                log "Successfully deleted security group"
                break
            else
                ((retry_count++))
                if [[ $retry_count -lt $max_retries ]]; then
                    log "Retry $retry_count/$max_retries: Waiting 10 seconds before retrying security group deletion..."
                    sleep 10
                else
                    log "ERROR: Failed to delete security group after $max_retries attempts"
                    ((cleanup_errors++))
                fi
            fi
        done
    fi
    
    # Delete key pair
    if [[ -n "${KEY_PAIR_NAME:-}" ]]; then
        log "Deleting key pair: $KEY_PAIR_NAME"
        if ! aws ec2 delete-key-pair --key-name "$KEY_PAIR_NAME" 2>>"$LOG_FILE"; then
            log "WARNING: Failed to delete key pair $KEY_PAIR_NAME"
            ((cleanup_errors++))
        fi
        rm -f "${KEY_PAIR_NAME}.pem" 2>>"$LOG_FILE" || log "WARNING: Failed to remove local key file"
    fi
    
    # Delete ECS cluster
    if [[ -n "${CLUSTER_NAME:-}" ]]; then
        log "Deleting ECS cluster: $CLUSTER_NAME"
        if ! aws ecs delete-cluster --cluster "$CLUSTER_NAME" 2>>"$LOG_FILE"; then
            log "WARNING: Failed to delete cluster $CLUSTER_NAME"
            ((cleanup_errors++))
        fi
    fi
    
    if [[ $cleanup_errors -eq 0 ]]; then
        log "Cleanup completed successfully"
    else
        log "Cleanup completed with $cleanup_errors warnings/errors. Check log file for details."
    fi
}

# Function to check prerequisites
check_prerequisites() {
    log "Checking prerequisites..."
    
    # Check AWS CLI
    if ! command -v aws &> /dev/null; then
        log "ERROR: AWS CLI is not installed"
        exit 1
    fi
    
    # Check AWS credentials
    if ! aws sts get-caller-identity &> /dev/null; then
        log "ERROR: AWS credentials not configured"
        exit 1
    fi
    
    # Get caller identity
    CALLER_IDENTITY=$(aws sts get-caller-identity --output text --query 'Account')
    log "AWS Account: $CALLER_IDENTITY"
    log "AWS Region: $AWS_REGION"
    
    # Check for default VPC
    DEFAULT_VPC=$(aws ec2 describe-vpcs --filters "Name=is-default,Values=true" --query 'Vpcs[0].VpcId' --output text)
    if [[ "$DEFAULT_VPC" == "None" ]]; then
        log "ERROR: No default VPC found. Please create a VPC first."
        exit 1
    fi
    log "Using default VPC: $DEFAULT_VPC"
    
    # Get default subnet
    DEFAULT_SUBNET=$(aws ec2 describe-subnets --filters "Name=vpc-id,Values=$DEFAULT_VPC" "Name=default-for-az,Values=true" --query 'Subnets[0].SubnetId' --output text)
    if [[ "$DEFAULT_SUBNET" == "None" ]]; then
        log "ERROR: No default subnet found"
        exit 1
    fi
    log "Using default subnet: $DEFAULT_SUBNET"
    
    log "Prerequisites check completed successfully"
}

# Function to create ECS cluster
create_cluster() {
    log "Creating ECS cluster: $CLUSTER_NAME"
    
    CLUSTER_ARN=$(aws ecs create-cluster --cluster-name "$CLUSTER_NAME" --query 'cluster.clusterArn' --output text)
    
    if [[ -z "$CLUSTER_ARN" ]]; then
        log "ERROR: Failed to create cluster"
        exit 1
    fi
    
    log "Created cluster: $CLUSTER_ARN"
    CREATED_RESOURCES+=("ECS Cluster: $CLUSTER_NAME")
}

# Function to create key pair
create_key_pair() {
    log "Creating EC2 key pair: $KEY_PAIR_NAME"
    
    # FIXED: Set secure umask before key creation
    umask 077
    aws ec2 create-key-pair --key-name "$KEY_PAIR_NAME" --query 'KeyMaterial' --output text > "${KEY_PAIR_NAME}.pem"
    chmod 400 "${KEY_PAIR_NAME}.pem"
    umask 022  # Reset umask
    
    log "Created key pair: $KEY_PAIR_NAME"
    CREATED_RESOURCES+=("EC2 Key Pair: $KEY_PAIR_NAME")
}

# Function to create security group
create_security_group() {
    log "Creating security group: $SECURITY_GROUP_NAME"
    
    SECURITY_GROUP_ID=$(aws ec2 create-security-group \
        --group-name "$SECURITY_GROUP_NAME" \
        --description "ECS tutorial security group" \
        --vpc-id "$DEFAULT_VPC" \
        --query 'GroupId' --output text)
    
    if [[ -z "$SECURITY_GROUP_ID" ]]; then
        log "ERROR: Failed to create security group"
        exit 1
    fi
    
    # Add HTTP access rule for nginx web server
    aws ec2 authorize-security-group-ingress \
        --group-id "$SECURITY_GROUP_ID" \
        --protocol tcp \
        --port 80 \
        --cidr "0.0.0.0/0"
    
    log "Created security group: $SECURITY_GROUP_ID"
    log "Added HTTP access on port 80"
    CREATED_RESOURCES+=("Security Group: $SECURITY_GROUP_ID")
}

# Function to get ECS optimized AMI
get_ecs_ami() {
    log "Getting ECS-optimized AMI ID..."
    
    ECS_AMI_ID=$(aws ssm get-parameters \
        --names /aws/service/ecs/optimized-ami/amazon-linux-2/recommended \
        --query 'Parameters[0].Value' --output text | jq -r '.image_id')
    
    if [[ -z "$ECS_AMI_ID" ]]; then
        log "ERROR: Failed to get ECS-optimized AMI ID"
        exit 1
    fi
    
    log "ECS-optimized AMI ID: $ECS_AMI_ID"
}

# Function to create IAM role for ECS instance (if it doesn't exist)
ensure_ecs_instance_role() {
    log "Checking for ecsInstanceRole..."
    
    if ! aws iam get-role --role-name ecsInstanceRole &> /dev/null; then
        log "Creating ecsInstanceRole..."
        
        # Create trust policy
        cat > ecs-instance-trust-policy.json << 'EOF'
{
  "Version":"2012-10-17",		 	 	 
  "Statement": [
    {
      "Effect": "Allow",
      "Principal": {
        "Service": "ec2.amazonaws.com"
      },
      "Action": "sts:AssumeRole"
    }
  ]
}
EOF
        
        # Create role
        aws iam create-role \
            --role-name ecsInstanceRole \
            --assume-role-policy-document file://ecs-instance-trust-policy.json
        
        # Attach managed policy
        aws iam attach-role-policy \
            --role-name ecsInstanceRole \
            --policy-arn arn:aws:iam::aws:policy/service-role/AmazonEC2ContainerServiceforEC2Role
        
        # Create instance profile
        aws iam create-instance-profile --instance-profile-name ecsInstanceRole
        
        # Add role to instance profile
        aws iam add-role-to-instance-profile \
            --instance-profile-name ecsInstanceRole \
            --role-name ecsInstanceRole
        
        # FIXED: Enhanced wait for role to be ready
        log "Waiting for IAM role to be ready..."
        aws iam wait role-exists --role-name ecsInstanceRole
        sleep 30  # Additional buffer for eventual consistency
        
        rm -f ecs-instance-trust-policy.json
        log "Created ecsInstanceRole"
        CREATED_RESOURCES+=("IAM Role: ecsInstanceRole")
    else
        log "ecsInstanceRole already exists"
    fi
}

# Function to launch container instance
launch_container_instance() {
    log "Launching ECS container instance..."
    
    # Create user data script
    cat > ecs-user-data.sh << EOF
#!/bin/bash
echo ECS_CLUSTER=$CLUSTER_NAME >> /etc/ecs/ecs.config
EOF
    
    INSTANCE_ID=$(aws ec2 run-instances \
        --image-id "$ECS_AMI_ID" \
        --instance-type t3.micro \
        --key-name "$KEY_PAIR_NAME" \
        --security-group-ids "$SECURITY_GROUP_ID" \
        --subnet-id "$DEFAULT_SUBNET" \
        --iam-instance-profile Name=ecsInstanceRole \
        --user-data file://ecs-user-data.sh \
        --tag-specifications "ResourceType=instance,Tags=[{Key=Name,Value=ecs-tutorial-instance}]" \
        --query 'Instances[0].InstanceId' --output text)
    
    if [[ -z "$INSTANCE_ID" ]]; then
        log "ERROR: Failed to launch EC2 instance"
        exit 1
    fi
    
    log "Launched EC2 instance: $INSTANCE_ID"
    CREATED_RESOURCES+=("EC2 Instance: $INSTANCE_ID")
    
    # Wait for instance to be running
    log "Waiting for instance to be running..."
    aws ec2 wait instance-running --instance-ids "$INSTANCE_ID"
    
    # Wait for ECS agent to register
    log "Waiting for ECS agent to register with cluster..."
    local max_attempts=30
    local attempt=0
    
    while [[ $attempt -lt $max_attempts ]]; do
        CONTAINER_INSTANCES=$(aws ecs list-container-instances --cluster "$CLUSTER_NAME" --query 'containerInstanceArns' --output text)
        if [[ -n "$CONTAINER_INSTANCES" && "$CONTAINER_INSTANCES" != "None" ]]; then
            log "Container instance registered successfully"
            break
        fi
        
        attempt=$((attempt + 1))
        log "Waiting for container instance registration... (attempt $attempt/$max_attempts)"
        sleep 10
    done
    
    if [[ $attempt -eq $max_attempts ]]; then
        log "ERROR: Container instance failed to register within expected time"
        exit 1
    fi
    
    rm -f ecs-user-data.sh
}

# Function to register task definition
register_task_definition() {
    log "Creating task definition..."
    
    # Create nginx task definition JSON matching the tutorial
    cat > task-definition.json << EOF
{
    "family": "$TASK_FAMILY",
    "containerDefinitions": [
        {
            "name": "nginx",
            "image": "public.ecr.aws/docker/library/nginx:latest",
            "cpu": 256,
            "memory": 512,
            "essential": true,
            "portMappings": [
                {
                    "containerPort": 80,
                    "hostPort": 80,
                    "protocol": "tcp"
                }
            ]
        }
    ],
    "requiresCompatibilities": ["EC2"],
    "networkMode": "bridge"
}
EOF
    
    # FIXED: Validate JSON before registration
    if ! jq empty task-definition.json 2>/dev/null; then
        log "ERROR: Invalid JSON in task definition"
        exit 1
    fi
    
    TASK_DEFINITION_ARN=$(aws ecs register-task-definition \
        --cli-input-json file://task-definition.json \
        --query 'taskDefinition.taskDefinitionArn' --output text)
    
    if [[ -z "$TASK_DEFINITION_ARN" ]]; then
        log "ERROR: Failed to register task definition"
        exit 1
    fi
    
    log "Registered task definition: $TASK_DEFINITION_ARN"
    CREATED_RESOURCES+=("Task Definition: $TASK_DEFINITION_ARN")
    
    rm -f task-definition.json
}

# Function to create service
create_service() {
    log "Creating ECS service..."
    
    SERVICE_ARN=$(aws ecs create-service \
        --cluster "$CLUSTER_NAME" \
        --service-name "$SERVICE_NAME" \
        --task-definition "$TASK_FAMILY" \
        --desired-count 1 \
        --query 'service.serviceArn' --output text)
    
    if [[ -z "$SERVICE_ARN" ]]; then
        log "ERROR: Failed to create service"
        exit 1
    fi
    
    log "Created service: $SERVICE_ARN"
    CREATED_RESOURCES+=("ECS Service: $SERVICE_NAME")
    
    # Wait for service to be stable
    log "Waiting for service to be stable..."
    aws ecs wait services-stable --cluster "$CLUSTER_NAME" --services "$SERVICE_NAME"
    
    log "Service is now stable and running"
    
    # Get the task ARN for monitoring
    TASK_ARN=$(aws ecs list-tasks --cluster "$CLUSTER_NAME" --service-name "$SERVICE_NAME" --query 'taskArns[0]' --output text)
    if [[ -n "$TASK_ARN" && "$TASK_ARN" != "None" ]]; then
        log "Service task: $TASK_ARN"
        CREATED_RESOURCES+=("ECS Task: $TASK_ARN")
    fi
}

# Function to demonstrate monitoring and testing
demonstrate_monitoring() {
    log "Demonstrating monitoring capabilities..."
    
    # List services
    log "Listing services in cluster:"
    aws ecs list-services --cluster "$CLUSTER_NAME" --output table
    
    # Describe service
    log "Service details:"
    aws ecs describe-services --cluster "$CLUSTER_NAME" --services "$SERVICE_NAME" --output table --query 'services[0].{ServiceName:serviceName,Status:status,RunningCount:runningCount,DesiredCount:desiredCount,TaskDefinition:taskDefinition}'
    
    # List tasks
    log "Listing tasks in service:"
    aws ecs list-tasks --cluster "$CLUSTER_NAME" --service-name "$SERVICE_NAME" --output table
    
    # Describe task
    if [[ -n "$TASK_ARN" && "$TASK_ARN" != "None" ]]; then
        log "Task details:"
        aws ecs describe-tasks --cluster "$CLUSTER_NAME" --tasks "$TASK_ARN" --output table --query 'tasks[0].{TaskArn:taskArn,LastStatus:lastStatus,DesiredStatus:desiredStatus,CreatedAt:createdAt}'
    fi
    
    # List container instances
    log "Container instances in cluster:"
    aws ecs list-container-instances --cluster "$CLUSTER_NAME" --output table
    
    # Describe container instance
    CONTAINER_INSTANCE_ARN=$(aws ecs list-container-instances --cluster "$CLUSTER_NAME" --query 'containerInstanceArns[0]' --output text)
    if [[ -n "$CONTAINER_INSTANCE_ARN" && "$CONTAINER_INSTANCE_ARN" != "None" ]]; then
        log "Container instance details:"
        aws ecs describe-container-instances --cluster "$CLUSTER_NAME" --container-instances "$CONTAINER_INSTANCE_ARN" --output table --query 'containerInstances[0].{Arn:containerInstanceArn,Status:status,RunningTasks:runningTasksCount,PendingTasks:pendingTasksCount}'
    fi
    
    # Test the nginx web server
    log "Testing nginx web server..."
    PUBLIC_IP=$(aws ec2 describe-instances --instance-ids "$INSTANCE_ID" --query 'Reservations[0].Instances[0].PublicIpAddress' --output text)
    
    if [[ -n "$PUBLIC_IP" && "$PUBLIC_IP" != "None" ]]; then
        log "Container instance public IP: $PUBLIC_IP"
        log "Testing HTTP connection to nginx..."
        
        # Wait a moment for nginx to be fully ready
        sleep 10
        
        if curl -s --connect-timeout 10 "http://$PUBLIC_IP" | grep -q "Welcome to nginx"; then
            log "SUCCESS: Nginx web server is responding correctly"
            echo ""
            echo "==========================================="
            echo "WEB SERVER TEST SUCCESSFUL"
            echo "==========================================="
            echo "You can access your nginx web server at: http://$PUBLIC_IP"
            echo "The nginx welcome page should be visible in your browser."
        else
            log "WARNING: Nginx web server may not be fully ready yet. Try accessing http://$PUBLIC_IP in a few minutes."
        fi
    else
        log "WARNING: Could not retrieve public IP address"
    fi
}

# Main execution
main() {
    log "Starting ECS EC2 Launch Type Tutorial (UPDATED VERSION)"
    log "Log file: $LOG_FILE"
    
    check_prerequisites
    create_cluster
    create_key_pair
    create_security_group
    get_ecs_ami
    ensure_ecs_instance_role
    launch_container_instance
    register_task_definition
    create_service
    demonstrate_monitoring
    
    log "Tutorial completed successfully!"
    
    echo ""
    echo "==========================================="
    echo "TUTORIAL COMPLETED SUCCESSFULLY"
    echo "==========================================="
    echo "Resources created:"
    for resource in "${CREATED_RESOURCES[@]}"; do
        echo "  - $resource"
    done
    echo ""
    echo "The nginx service will continue running and maintain the desired task count."
    echo "You can monitor the service status using:"
    echo "  aws ecs describe-services --cluster $CLUSTER_NAME --services $SERVICE_NAME"
    echo ""
    if [[ -n "${PUBLIC_IP:-}" ]]; then
        echo "Access your web server at: http://$PUBLIC_IP"
        echo ""
    fi
    echo "==========================================="
    echo "CLEANUP CONFIRMATION"
    echo "==========================================="
    echo "Do you want to clean up all created resources? (y/n): "
    read -r CLEANUP_CHOICE
    
    if [[ "$CLEANUP_CHOICE" =~ ^[Yy]$ ]]; then
        cleanup_resources
        log "All resources have been cleaned up"
    else
        log "Resources left running. Remember to clean them up manually to avoid charges."
        echo ""
        echo "To clean up manually later, run these commands:"
        echo "  aws ecs update-service --cluster $CLUSTER_NAME --service $SERVICE_NAME --desired-count 0"
        echo "  aws ecs delete-service --cluster $CLUSTER_NAME --service $SERVICE_NAME"
        echo "  aws ecs delete-cluster --cluster $CLUSTER_NAME"
        echo "  aws ec2 terminate-instances --instance-ids $INSTANCE_ID"
        echo "  aws ec2 delete-security-group --group-id $SECURITY_GROUP_ID"
        echo "  aws ec2 delete-key-pair --key-name $KEY_PAIR_NAME"
    fi
    
    log "Script execution completed"
}

# Run main function
main "$@"
```
+ For API details, see the following topics in *AWS CLI Command Reference*.
  + [AddRoleToInstanceProfile](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/AddRoleToInstanceProfile)
  + [AttachRolePolicy](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/AttachRolePolicy)
  + [AuthorizeSecurityGroupIngress](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/ec2-2016-11-15/AuthorizeSecurityGroupIngress)
  + [CreateCluster](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/ecs-2014-11-13/CreateCluster)
  + [CreateInstanceProfile](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/CreateInstanceProfile)
  + [CreateKeyPair](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/ec2-2016-11-15/CreateKeyPair)
  + [CreateRole](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/CreateRole)
  + [CreateSecurityGroup](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/ec2-2016-11-15/CreateSecurityGroup)
  + [CreateService](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/ecs-2014-11-13/CreateService)
  + [DeleteCluster](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/ecs-2014-11-13/DeleteCluster)
  + [DeleteKeyPair](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/ec2-2016-11-15/DeleteKeyPair)
  + [DeleteSecurityGroup](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/ec2-2016-11-15/DeleteSecurityGroup)
  + [DeleteService](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/ecs-2014-11-13/DeleteService)
  + [DeregisterTaskDefinition](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/ecs-2014-11-13/DeregisterTaskDefinition)
  + [DescribeContainerInstances](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/ecs-2014-11-13/DescribeContainerInstances)
  + [DescribeInstances](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/ec2-2016-11-15/DescribeInstances)
  + [DescribeServices](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/ecs-2014-11-13/DescribeServices)
  + [DescribeSubnets](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/ec2-2016-11-15/DescribeSubnets)
  + [DescribeTasks](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/ecs-2014-11-13/DescribeTasks)
  + [DescribeVpcs](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/ec2-2016-11-15/DescribeVpcs)
  + [GetCallerIdentity](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/sts-2011-06-15/GetCallerIdentity)
  + [GetParameters](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/ssm-2014-11-06/GetParameters)
  + [GetRole](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/GetRole)
  + [ListContainerInstances](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/ecs-2014-11-13/ListContainerInstances)
  + [ListServices](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/ecs-2014-11-13/ListServices)
  + [ListTasks](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/ecs-2014-11-13/ListTasks)
  + [RegisterTaskDefinition](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/ecs-2014-11-13/RegisterTaskDefinition)
  + [RunInstances](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/ec2-2016-11-15/RunInstances)
  + [StopTask](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/ecs-2014-11-13/StopTask)
  + [TerminateInstances](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/ec2-2016-11-15/TerminateInstances)
  + [UpdateService](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/ecs-2014-11-13/UpdateService)
  + [Wait](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/Wait)

### Creating an Amazon Managed Grafana workspace
<a name="iam_GettingStarted_044_bash_topic"></a>

The following code example shows how to:
+ Create an IAM role for your workspace
+ Create a Grafana workspace
+ Configure authentication
+ Configure optional settings
+ Clean up resources

**AWS CLI with Bash script**  
 There's more on GitHub. Find the complete example and learn how to set up and run in the [Sample developer tutorials](https://github.com/aws-samples/sample-developer-tutorials/tree/main/tuts/044-amazon-managed-grafana-gs) repository. 

```
#!/bin/bash

# Amazon Managed Grafana Workspace Creation Script
# This script creates an Amazon Managed Grafana workspace and configures it

# Set up logging
LOG_FILE="grafana-workspace-creation.log"
exec > >(tee -a "$LOG_FILE") 2>&1

echo "Starting Amazon Managed Grafana workspace creation script at $(date)"
echo "All commands and outputs will be logged to $LOG_FILE"

# Function to check for errors in command output
check_error() {
    local output=$1
    local cmd=$2
    
    if echo "$output" | grep -i "error\|exception\|fail" > /dev/null; then
        echo "ERROR: Command '$cmd' failed with output:"
        echo "$output"
        cleanup_on_error
        exit 1
    fi
}

# Function to clean up resources on error
cleanup_on_error() {
    echo "Error encountered. Attempting to clean up resources..."
    
    if [ -n "$WORKSPACE_ID" ]; then
        echo "Deleting workspace $WORKSPACE_ID..."
        aws grafana delete-workspace --workspace-id "$WORKSPACE_ID"
    fi
    
    if [ -n "$ROLE_NAME" ]; then
        echo "Detaching policies from role $ROLE_NAME..."
        if [ -n "$POLICY_ARN" ]; then
            aws iam detach-role-policy --role-name "$ROLE_NAME" --policy-arn "$POLICY_ARN"
        fi
        
        echo "Deleting role $ROLE_NAME..."
        aws iam delete-role --role-name "$ROLE_NAME"
    fi
    
    if [ -n "$POLICY_ARN" ]; then
        echo "Deleting policy..."
        aws iam delete-policy --policy-arn "$POLICY_ARN"
    fi
    
    # Clean up JSON files
    rm -f trust-policy.json cloudwatch-policy.json
    
    echo "Cleanup completed. See $LOG_FILE for details."
}

# Generate a random identifier for resource names
RANDOM_ID=$(openssl rand -hex 4)
WORKSPACE_NAME="GrafanaWorkspace-${RANDOM_ID}"
ROLE_NAME="GrafanaWorkspaceRole-${RANDOM_ID}"

echo "Using workspace name: $WORKSPACE_NAME"
echo "Using role name: $ROLE_NAME"

# Step 1: Get AWS account ID
echo "Getting AWS account ID..."
ACCOUNT_ID=$(aws sts get-caller-identity --query Account --output text)
check_error "$ACCOUNT_ID" "get-caller-identity"
echo "AWS Account ID: $ACCOUNT_ID"

# Step 2: Create IAM role for Grafana workspace
echo "Creating IAM role for Grafana workspace..."

# Create trust policy document
cat > trust-policy.json << EOF
{
  "Version":"2012-10-17",		 	 	 
  "Statement": [
    {
      "Effect": "Allow",
      "Principal": {
        "Service": "grafana.amazonaws.com"
      },
      "Action": "sts:AssumeRole"
    }
  ]
}
EOF

# Create IAM role
ROLE_OUTPUT=$(aws iam create-role \
  --role-name "$ROLE_NAME" \
  --assume-role-policy-document file://trust-policy.json \
  --description "Role for Amazon Managed Grafana workspace")

check_error "$ROLE_OUTPUT" "create-role"
echo "IAM role created successfully"

# Extract role ARN
ROLE_ARN=$(echo "$ROLE_OUTPUT" | grep -o '"Arn": "[^"]*' | cut -d'"' -f4)
echo "Role ARN: $ROLE_ARN"

# Attach policies to the role
echo "Attaching policies to the role..."

# CloudWatch policy
cat > cloudwatch-policy.json << EOF
{
  "Version":"2012-10-17",		 	 	 
  "Statement": [
    {
      "Effect": "Allow",
      "Action": [
        "cloudwatch:DescribeAlarmsForMetric",
        "cloudwatch:DescribeAlarmHistory",
        "cloudwatch:DescribeAlarms",
        "cloudwatch:ListMetrics",
        "cloudwatch:GetMetricStatistics",
        "cloudwatch:GetMetricData"
      ],
      "Resource": "*"
    }
  ]
}
EOF

POLICY_OUTPUT=$(aws iam create-policy \
  --policy-name "GrafanaCloudWatchPolicy-${RANDOM_ID}" \
  --policy-document file://cloudwatch-policy.json)

check_error "$POLICY_OUTPUT" "create-policy"

POLICY_ARN=$(echo "$POLICY_OUTPUT" | grep -o '"Arn": "[^"]*' | cut -d'"' -f4)
echo "CloudWatch policy ARN: $POLICY_ARN"

ATTACH_OUTPUT=$(aws iam attach-role-policy \
  --role-name "$ROLE_NAME" \
  --policy-arn "$POLICY_ARN")

check_error "$ATTACH_OUTPUT" "attach-role-policy"
echo "CloudWatch policy attached to role"

# Step 3: Create the Grafana workspace
echo "Creating Amazon Managed Grafana workspace..."
WORKSPACE_OUTPUT=$(aws grafana create-workspace \
  --workspace-name "$WORKSPACE_NAME" \
  --authentication-providers "SAML" \
  --permission-type "CUSTOMER_MANAGED" \
  --account-access-type "CURRENT_ACCOUNT" \
  --workspace-role-arn "$ROLE_ARN" \
  --workspace-data-sources "CLOUDWATCH" "PROMETHEUS" "XRAY" \
  --grafana-version "10.4" \
  --tags Environment=Development)

check_error "$WORKSPACE_OUTPUT" "create-workspace"

echo "Workspace creation initiated:"
echo "$WORKSPACE_OUTPUT"

# Extract workspace ID
WORKSPACE_ID=$(echo "$WORKSPACE_OUTPUT" | grep -o '"id": "[^"]*' | cut -d'"' -f4)

if [ -z "$WORKSPACE_ID" ]; then
    echo "ERROR: Failed to extract workspace ID from output"
    exit 1
fi

echo "Workspace ID: $WORKSPACE_ID"

# Step 4: Wait for workspace to become active
echo "Waiting for workspace to become active. This may take several minutes..."
ACTIVE=false
MAX_ATTEMPTS=30
ATTEMPT=0

while [ $ACTIVE = false ] && [ $ATTEMPT -lt $MAX_ATTEMPTS ]; do
    ATTEMPT=$((ATTEMPT+1))
    echo "Checking workspace status (attempt $ATTEMPT of $MAX_ATTEMPTS)..."
    
    DESCRIBE_OUTPUT=$(aws grafana describe-workspace --workspace-id "$WORKSPACE_ID")
    check_error "$DESCRIBE_OUTPUT" "describe-workspace"
    
    STATUS=$(echo "$DESCRIBE_OUTPUT" | grep -o '"status": "[^"]*' | cut -d'"' -f4)
    echo "Current status: $STATUS"
    
    if [ "$STATUS" = "ACTIVE" ]; then
        ACTIVE=true
        echo "Workspace is now ACTIVE"
    elif [ "$STATUS" = "FAILED" ]; then
        echo "ERROR: Workspace creation failed"
        cleanup_on_error
        exit 1
    else
        echo "Workspace is still being created. Waiting 30 seconds..."
        sleep 30
    fi
done

if [ $ACTIVE = false ]; then
    echo "ERROR: Workspace did not become active within the expected time"
    cleanup_on_error
    exit 1
fi

# Extract workspace endpoint URL
WORKSPACE_URL=$(echo "$DESCRIBE_OUTPUT" | grep -o '"endpoint": "[^"]*' | cut -d'"' -f4)
echo "Workspace URL: https://$WORKSPACE_URL"

# Step 5: Display workspace information
echo ""
echo "==========================================="
echo "WORKSPACE INFORMATION"
echo "==========================================="
echo "Workspace ID: $WORKSPACE_ID"
echo "Workspace URL: https://$WORKSPACE_URL"
echo "Workspace Name: $WORKSPACE_NAME"
echo "IAM Role: $ROLE_NAME"
echo ""
echo "Note: Since SAML authentication is used, you need to configure SAML settings"
echo "using the AWS Management Console or the update-workspace-authentication command."
echo "==========================================="

# Step 6: Prompt for cleanup
echo ""
echo "==========================================="
echo "CLEANUP CONFIRMATION"
echo "==========================================="
echo "Resources created:"
echo "- Amazon Managed Grafana workspace: $WORKSPACE_ID"
echo "- IAM Role: $ROLE_NAME"
echo "- IAM Policy: GrafanaCloudWatchPolicy-${RANDOM_ID}"
echo ""
echo "Do you want to clean up all created resources? (y/n): "
read -r CLEANUP_CHOICE

if [[ "$CLEANUP_CHOICE" =~ ^[Yy] ]]; then
    echo "Cleaning up resources..."
    
    echo "Deleting workspace $WORKSPACE_ID..."
    DELETE_OUTPUT=$(aws grafana delete-workspace --workspace-id "$WORKSPACE_ID")
    check_error "$DELETE_OUTPUT" "delete-workspace"
    
    echo "Waiting for workspace to be deleted..."
    DELETED=false
    ATTEMPT=0
    
    while [ $DELETED = false ] && [ $ATTEMPT -lt $MAX_ATTEMPTS ]; do
        ATTEMPT=$((ATTEMPT+1))
        echo "Checking deletion status (attempt $ATTEMPT of $MAX_ATTEMPTS)..."
        
        if aws grafana describe-workspace --workspace-id "$WORKSPACE_ID" 2>&1 | grep -i "not found\|does not exist" > /dev/null; then
            DELETED=true
            echo "Workspace has been deleted"
        else
            echo "Workspace is still being deleted. Waiting 30 seconds..."
            sleep 30
        fi
    done
    
    if [ $DELETED = false ]; then
        echo "WARNING: Workspace deletion is taking longer than expected. It may still be in progress."
    fi
    
    # Detach policy from role
    echo "Detaching policy from role..."
    aws iam detach-role-policy \
      --role-name "$ROLE_NAME" \
      --policy-arn "$POLICY_ARN"
    
    # Delete policy
    echo "Deleting IAM policy..."
    aws iam delete-policy \
      --policy-arn "$POLICY_ARN"
    
    # Delete role
    echo "Deleting IAM role..."
    aws iam delete-role \
      --role-name "$ROLE_NAME"
    
    # Clean up JSON files
    rm -f trust-policy.json cloudwatch-policy.json
    
    echo "Cleanup completed"
else
    echo "Skipping cleanup. Resources will remain in your AWS account."
fi

echo "Script completed at $(date)"
```
+ For API details, see the following topics in *AWS CLI Command Reference*.
  + [AttachRolePolicy](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/AttachRolePolicy)
  + [CreatePolicy](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/CreatePolicy)
  + [CreateRole](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/CreateRole)
  + [CreateWorkspace](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/grafana-2020-08-18/CreateWorkspace)
  + [DeletePolicy](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/DeletePolicy)
  + [DeleteRole](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/DeleteRole)
  + [DeleteWorkspace](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/grafana-2020-08-18/DeleteWorkspace)
  + [DescribeWorkspace](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/grafana-2020-08-18/DescribeWorkspace)
  + [DetachRolePolicy](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/DetachRolePolicy)
  + [GetCallerIdentity](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/sts-2011-06-15/GetCallerIdentity)

### Creating your first Lambda function
<a name="lambda_GettingStarted_019_bash_topic"></a>

The following code example shows how to:
+ Create an IAM role for Lambda
+ Create function code
+ Create a Lambda function
+ Test your Lambda function
+ Clean up resources

**AWS CLI with Bash script**  
 There's more on GitHub. Find the complete example and learn how to set up and run in the [Sample developer tutorials](https://github.com/aws-samples/sample-developer-tutorials/tree/main/tuts/019-lambda-gettingstarted) repository. 

```
#!/bin/bash
# AWS Lambda - Create Your First Function
# This script creates a Lambda function, invokes it with a test event,
# views CloudWatch logs, and cleans up all resources.
#
# Source: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/lambda/latest/dg/getting-started.html
#
# Resources created:
#   - IAM role (Lambda execution role with basic logging permissions)
#   - Lambda function (Python 3.13 or Node.js 22.x runtime)
#   - CloudWatch log group (created automatically by Lambda on invocation)

set -eE

###############################################################################
# Setup
###############################################################################

UNIQUE_ID=$(cat /dev/urandom | tr -dc 'a-z0-9' | fold -w 8 | head -n 1)
FUNCTION_NAME="my-lambda-function-${UNIQUE_ID}"
ROLE_NAME="lambda-execution-role-${UNIQUE_ID}"
LOG_GROUP_NAME="/aws/lambda/${FUNCTION_NAME}"

TEMP_DIR=$(mktemp -d)
LOG_FILE="${TEMP_DIR}/lambda-gettingstarted.log"

exec > >(tee -a "$LOG_FILE") 2>&1

declare -a CREATED_RESOURCES

###############################################################################
# Helper functions
###############################################################################

cleanup_resources() {
    # Disable error trap to prevent recursion during cleanup
    trap - ERR
    set +eE

    echo ""
    echo "Cleaning up resources..."
    echo ""

    for ((i=${#CREATED_RESOURCES[@]}-1; i>=0; i--)); do
        local RESOURCE="${CREATED_RESOURCES[$i]}"
        local TYPE="${RESOURCE%%:*}"
        local NAME="${RESOURCE#*:}"

        case "$TYPE" in
            log-group)
                echo "Deleting CloudWatch log group: ${NAME}"
                aws logs delete-log-group \
                    --log-group-name "$NAME" 2>&1 || echo "  WARNING: Could not delete log group ${NAME}."
                ;;
            lambda-function)
                echo "Deleting Lambda function: ${NAME}"
                aws lambda delete-function \
                    --function-name "$NAME" 2>&1 || echo "  WARNING: Could not delete Lambda function ${NAME}."
                echo "  Waiting for function deletion to complete..."
                local DELETE_WAIT=0
                while aws lambda get-function --function-name "$NAME" > /dev/null 2>&1; do
                    sleep 2
                    DELETE_WAIT=$((DELETE_WAIT + 2))
                    if [ "$DELETE_WAIT" -ge 60 ]; then
                        echo "  WARNING: Timed out waiting for function deletion."
                        break
                    fi
                done
                ;;
            iam-role-policy)
                local ROLE_PART="${NAME%%|*}"
                local POLICY_PART="${NAME#*|}"
                echo "Detaching policy from role: ${ROLE_PART}"
                aws iam detach-role-policy \
                    --role-name "$ROLE_PART" \
                    --policy-arn "$POLICY_PART" 2>&1 || echo "  WARNING: Could not detach policy from role ${ROLE_PART}."
                ;;
            iam-role)
                echo "Deleting IAM role: ${NAME}"
                aws iam delete-role \
                    --role-name "$NAME" 2>&1 || echo "  WARNING: Could not delete IAM role ${NAME}."
                ;;
        esac
    done

    if [ -d "$TEMP_DIR" ]; then
        rm -rf "$TEMP_DIR"
    fi

    echo ""
    echo "Cleanup complete."
}

handle_error() {
    echo ""
    echo "==========================================="
    echo "ERROR: Script failed at $1"
    echo "==========================================="
    echo ""
    if [ ${#CREATED_RESOURCES[@]} -gt 0 ]; then
        echo "Attempting to clean up ${#CREATED_RESOURCES[@]} resource(s)..."
        cleanup_resources
    fi
    exit 1
}

trap 'handle_error "line $LINENO"' ERR

wait_for_resource() {
    local DESCRIPTION="$1"
    local COMMAND="$2"
    local TARGET_VALUE="$3"
    local TIMEOUT=300
    local ELAPSED=0
    local INTERVAL=5

    echo "Waiting for ${DESCRIPTION}..."
    while true; do
        local RESULT
        RESULT=$(eval "$COMMAND" 2>&1) || true
        if echo "$RESULT" | grep -q "$TARGET_VALUE"; then
            echo "  ${DESCRIPTION} is ready."
            return 0
        fi
        if [ "$ELAPSED" -ge "$TIMEOUT" ]; then
            echo "ERROR: Timed out waiting for ${DESCRIPTION} after ${TIMEOUT} seconds."
            return 1
        fi
        sleep "$INTERVAL"
        ELAPSED=$((ELAPSED + INTERVAL))
    done
}

###############################################################################
# Region pre-check
###############################################################################

CONFIGURED_REGION=$(aws configure get region 2>/dev/null || true)
if [ -z "$CONFIGURED_REGION" ] && [ -z "$AWS_DEFAULT_REGION" ] && [ -z "$AWS_REGION" ]; then
    echo "ERROR: No AWS region configured."
    echo "Run 'aws configure set region <region>' or export AWS_DEFAULT_REGION."
    exit 1
fi

###############################################################################
# Runtime selection
###############################################################################

echo ""
echo "==========================================="
echo "AWS Lambda - Create Your First Function"
echo "==========================================="
echo ""
echo "Select a runtime for your Lambda function:"
echo "  1) Python 3.13"
echo "  2) Node.js 22.x"
echo ""
echo "Enter your choice (1 or 2): "
read -r RUNTIME_CHOICE

case "$RUNTIME_CHOICE" in
    1)
        RUNTIME="python3.13"
        HANDLER="lambda_function.lambda_handler"
        CODE_FILE="lambda_function.py"
        cat > "${TEMP_DIR}/${CODE_FILE}" << 'PYTHON_EOF'
import json
import logging
logger = logging.getLogger()
logger.setLevel(logging.INFO)
def lambda_handler(event, context):
    length = event['length']
    width = event['width']
    area = calculate_area(length, width)
    print(f'The area is {area}')
    logger.info(f'CloudWatch logs group: {context.log_group_name}')
    return json.dumps({'area': area})
def calculate_area(length, width):
    return length * width
PYTHON_EOF
        echo "Selected runtime: Python 3.13"
        ;;
    2)
        RUNTIME="nodejs22.x"
        HANDLER="index.handler"
        CODE_FILE="index.mjs"
        cat > "${TEMP_DIR}/${CODE_FILE}" << 'NODEJS_EOF'
export const handler = async (event, context) => {
  const area = event.length * event.width;
  console.log(`The area is ${area}`);
  console.log('CloudWatch log group: ', context.logGroupName);
  return JSON.stringify({area});
};
NODEJS_EOF
        echo "Selected runtime: Node.js 22.x"
        ;;
    *)
        echo "ERROR: Invalid choice. Please enter 1 or 2."
        exit 1
        ;;
esac

###############################################################################
# Step 1: Create IAM execution role
###############################################################################

echo ""
echo "==========================================="
echo "Step 1: Create IAM execution role"
echo "==========================================="
echo ""

TRUST_POLICY='{
    "Version":"2012-10-17",		 	 	 
    "Statement": [
        {
            "Effect": "Allow",
            "Principal": {
                "Service": "lambda.amazonaws.com"
            },
            "Action": "sts:AssumeRole"
        }
    ]
}'

echo "Creating IAM role: ${ROLE_NAME}"
ROLE_OUTPUT=$(aws iam create-role \
    --role-name "$ROLE_NAME" \
    --assume-role-policy-document "$TRUST_POLICY" \
    --query 'Role.Arn' \
    --output text 2>&1)
echo "$ROLE_OUTPUT"
ROLE_ARN="$ROLE_OUTPUT"
CREATED_RESOURCES+=("iam-role:${ROLE_NAME}")
echo "Role ARN: ${ROLE_ARN}"

echo ""
echo "Attaching AWSLambdaBasicExecutionRole policy..."
aws iam attach-role-policy \
    --role-name "$ROLE_NAME" \
    --policy-arn "arn:aws:iam::aws:policy/service-role/AWSLambdaBasicExecutionRole" 2>&1
CREATED_RESOURCES+=("iam-role-policy:${ROLE_NAME}|arn:aws:iam::aws:policy/service-role/AWSLambdaBasicExecutionRole")
echo "Policy attached."

# IAM roles can take a few seconds to propagate
echo "Waiting for IAM role to propagate..."
sleep 10

###############################################################################
# Step 2: Create Lambda function
###############################################################################

echo ""
echo "==========================================="
echo "Step 2: Create Lambda function"
echo "==========================================="
echo ""

echo "Creating deployment package..."
ORIGINAL_DIR=$(pwd)
cd "$TEMP_DIR"
zip -j function.zip "$CODE_FILE" > /dev/null 2>&1
cd "$ORIGINAL_DIR"

echo "Creating Lambda function: ${FUNCTION_NAME}"
echo "  Runtime: ${RUNTIME}"
echo "  Handler: ${HANDLER}"
echo ""

CREATE_OUTPUT=$(aws lambda create-function \
    --function-name "$FUNCTION_NAME" \
    --runtime "$RUNTIME" \
    --role "$ROLE_ARN" \
    --handler "$HANDLER" \
    --architectures x86_64 \
    --zip-file "fileb://${TEMP_DIR}/function.zip" \
    --query '[FunctionName, FunctionArn, Runtime, State]' \
    --output text 2>&1)
echo "$CREATE_OUTPUT"
CREATED_RESOURCES+=("lambda-function:${FUNCTION_NAME}")

wait_for_resource "Lambda function to become Active" \
    "aws lambda get-function-configuration --function-name ${FUNCTION_NAME} --query State --output text" \
    "Active"

###############################################################################
# Step 3: Invoke the function
###############################################################################

echo ""
echo "==========================================="
echo "Step 3: Invoke the function"
echo "==========================================="
echo ""

TEST_EVENT='{"length": 6, "width": 7}'
echo "Invoking function with test event: ${TEST_EVENT}"
echo ""

echo "$TEST_EVENT" > "${TEMP_DIR}/test-event.json"

INVOKE_OUTPUT=$(aws lambda invoke \
    --function-name "$FUNCTION_NAME" \
    --payload "fileb://${TEMP_DIR}/test-event.json" \
    --cli-read-timeout 30 \
    "${TEMP_DIR}/response.json" 2>&1)
echo "$INVOKE_OUTPUT"

RESPONSE=$(cat "${TEMP_DIR}/response.json")
echo ""
echo "Function response: ${RESPONSE}"
echo ""

if echo "$INVOKE_OUTPUT" | grep -qi "functionerror"; then
    echo "WARNING: Function returned an error."
fi

###############################################################################
# Step 4: View CloudWatch logs
###############################################################################

echo ""
echo "==========================================="
echo "Step 4: View CloudWatch Logs"
echo "==========================================="
echo ""

echo "Log group: ${LOG_GROUP_NAME}"
echo ""

echo "Waiting for CloudWatch logs to be available..."

LOG_STREAMS=""
for i in $(seq 1 6); do
    LOG_STREAMS=$(aws logs describe-log-streams \
        --log-group-name "$LOG_GROUP_NAME" \
        --order-by LastEventTime \
        --descending \
        --query 'logStreams[0].logStreamName' \
        --output text 2>/dev/null) || true
    if [ -n "$LOG_STREAMS" ] && [ "$LOG_STREAMS" != "None" ]; then
        break
    fi
    LOG_STREAMS=""
    sleep 5
done

if [ -n "$LOG_STREAMS" ] && [ "$LOG_STREAMS" != "None" ]; then
    echo "Latest log stream: ${LOG_STREAMS}"
    echo ""
    echo "--- Log events ---"
    LOG_EVENTS=$(aws logs get-log-events \
        --log-group-name "$LOG_GROUP_NAME" \
        --log-stream-name "$LOG_STREAMS" \
        --query 'events[].message' \
        --output text 2>&1) || true
    echo "$LOG_EVENTS"
    echo "--- End of log events ---"
else
    echo "No log streams found yet. Logs may take a moment to appear."
    echo "You can view them in the CloudWatch console:"
    echo "  Log group: ${LOG_GROUP_NAME}"
fi

CREATED_RESOURCES+=("log-group:${LOG_GROUP_NAME}")

###############################################################################
# Summary and cleanup
###############################################################################

echo ""
echo "==========================================="
echo "SUMMARY"
echo "==========================================="
echo ""
echo "Resources created:"
echo "  IAM role:          ${ROLE_NAME}"
echo "  Lambda function:   ${FUNCTION_NAME}"
echo "  CloudWatch logs:   ${LOG_GROUP_NAME}"
echo ""
echo "==========================================="
echo "CLEANUP CONFIRMATION"
echo "==========================================="
echo ""
echo "Do you want to clean up all created resources? (y/n): "
read -r CLEANUP_CHOICE

if [[ "$CLEANUP_CHOICE" =~ ^[Yy]$ ]]; then
    cleanup_resources
else
    echo ""
    echo "Resources were NOT deleted. To clean up manually, run:"
    echo ""
    echo "  # Delete the Lambda function"
    echo "  aws lambda delete-function --function-name ${FUNCTION_NAME}"
    echo ""
    echo "  # Delete the CloudWatch log group"
    echo "  aws logs delete-log-group --log-group-name ${LOG_GROUP_NAME}"
    echo ""
    echo "  # Detach the policy and delete the IAM role"
    echo "  aws iam detach-role-policy --role-name ${ROLE_NAME} --policy-arn arn:aws:iam::aws:policy/service-role/AWSLambdaBasicExecutionRole"
    echo "  aws iam delete-role --role-name ${ROLE_NAME}"
    echo ""

    if [ -d "$TEMP_DIR" ]; then
        rm -rf "$TEMP_DIR"
    fi
fi

echo ""
echo "Done."
```
+ For API details, see the following topics in *AWS CLI Command Reference*.
  + [AttachRolePolicy](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/AttachRolePolicy)
  + [CreateFunction](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/lambda-2015-03-31/CreateFunction)
  + [CreateRole](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/CreateRole)
  + [DeleteFunction](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/lambda-2015-03-31/DeleteFunction)
  + [DeleteLogGroup](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/logs-2014-03-28/DeleteLogGroup)
  + [DeleteRole](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/DeleteRole)
  + [DescribeLogStreams](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/logs-2014-03-28/DescribeLogStreams)
  + [DetachRolePolicy](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/DetachRolePolicy)
  + [GetFunction](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/lambda-2015-03-31/GetFunction)
  + [GetFunctionConfiguration](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/lambda-2015-03-31/GetFunctionConfiguration)
  + [GetLogEvents](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/logs-2014-03-28/GetLogEvents)
  + [Invoke](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/lambda-2015-03-31/Invoke)

### Get started with Redshift Serverless
<a name="redshift_GettingStarted_038_bash_topic"></a>

The following code example shows how to:
+ Use secrets-manager CreateSecret
+ Use secrets-manager DeleteSecret
+ Use secrets-manager GetSecretValue
+ Use redshift CreateNamespace
+ Use redshift CreateWorkgroup
+ Use redshift DeleteNamespace
+ Use iam CreateRole

**AWS CLI with Bash script**  
 There's more on GitHub. Find the complete example and learn how to set up and run in the [Sample developer tutorials](https://github.com/aws-samples/sample-developer-tutorials/tree/main/tuts/038-redshift-serverless) repository. 

```
#!/bin/bash

# Amazon Redshift Serverless Tutorial Script with Secrets Manager (No jq dependency)
# This script creates a Redshift Serverless environment, loads sample data, and runs queries
# Uses AWS Secrets Manager for secure password management without requiring jq

# Set up logging
LOG_FILE="redshift-serverless-tutorial-v4.log"
exec > >(tee -a "$LOG_FILE") 2>&1

echo "Starting Amazon Redshift Serverless tutorial script at $(date)"
echo "All commands and outputs will be logged to $LOG_FILE"

# Function to check for errors in command output
check_error() {
  local output=$1
  local cmd=$2
  
  if echo "$output" | grep -i "error\|exception\|fail" > /dev/null; then
    echo "ERROR: Command failed: $cmd"
    echo "Output: $output"
    cleanup_resources
    exit 1
  fi
}

# Function to generate a secure password that meets Redshift requirements
generate_secure_password() {
  # Redshift password requirements:
  # - 8-64 characters
  # - At least one uppercase letter
  # - At least one lowercase letter  
  # - At least one decimal digit
  # - Can contain printable ASCII characters except /, ", ', \, @, space
  
  local password=""
  local valid=false
  local attempts=0
  local max_attempts=10
  
  while [[ "$valid" == false && $attempts -lt $max_attempts ]]; do
    # Generate base password with safe characters
    local base=$(openssl rand -base64 12 | tr -d '/+=' | head -c 12)
    
    # Ensure we have at least one of each required character type
    local upper=$(echo "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ" | fold -w1 | shuf -n1)
    local lower=$(echo "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz" | fold -w1 | shuf -n1)
    local digit=$(echo "0123456789" | fold -w1 | shuf -n1)
    local special=$(echo "!#$%&*()_+-=[]{}|;:,.<>?" | fold -w1 | shuf -n1)
    
    # Combine and shuffle
    password="${base}${upper}${lower}${digit}${special}"
    password=$(echo "$password" | fold -w1 | shuf | tr -d '\n')
    
    # Validate password meets requirements
    if [[ ${#password} -ge 8 && ${#password} -le 64 ]] && \
       [[ "$password" =~ [A-Z] ]] && \
       [[ "$password" =~ [a-z] ]] && \
       [[ "$password" =~ [0-9] ]] && \
       [[ ! "$password" =~ [/\"\'\\@[:space:]] ]]; then
      valid=true
    fi
    
    ((attempts++))
  done
  
  if [[ "$valid" == false ]]; then
    echo "ERROR: Failed to generate valid password after $max_attempts attempts"
    exit 1
  fi
  
  echo "$password"
}

# Function to create secret in AWS Secrets Manager
create_secret() {
  local secret_name=$1
  local username=$2
  local password=$3
  local description=$4
  
  echo "Creating secret in AWS Secrets Manager: $secret_name"
  
  # Create the secret using AWS CLI without jq
  local secret_output=$(aws secretsmanager create-secret \
    --name "$secret_name" \
    --description "$description" \
    --secret-string "{\"username\":\"$username\",\"password\":\"$password\"}" 2>&1)
  
  if echo "$secret_output" | grep -i "error\|exception\|fail" > /dev/null; then
    echo "ERROR: Failed to create secret: $secret_output"
    return 1
  fi
  
  echo "Secret created successfully: $secret_name"
  return 0
}

# Function to retrieve password from AWS Secrets Manager
get_password_from_secret() {
  local secret_name=$1
  
  # Get the secret value and extract password using sed/grep instead of jq
  local secret_value=$(aws secretsmanager get-secret-value \
    --secret-id "$secret_name" \
    --query 'SecretString' \
    --output text 2>/dev/null)
  
  if [[ $? -eq 0 ]]; then
    # Extract password from JSON using sed
    echo "$secret_value" | sed -n 's/.*"password":"\([^"]*\)".*/\1/p'
  else
    echo ""
  fi
}

# Function to wait for a resource to be available
wait_for_resource() {
  local resource_type=$1
  local resource_name=$2
  local max_attempts=$3
  local wait_seconds=$4
  local check_cmd=$5
  
  echo "Waiting for $resource_type $resource_name to be available..."
  
  for ((i=1; i<=$max_attempts; i++)); do
    local output=$($check_cmd 2>/dev/null)
    local status=$(echo "$output" | grep -o '"Status": "[^"]*' | cut -d'"' -f4 || echo "")
    
    if [[ "$status" == "AVAILABLE" ]]; then
      echo "$resource_type $resource_name is now available"
      return 0
    fi
    
    echo "Attempt $i/$max_attempts: $resource_type $resource_name status: $status. Waiting $wait_seconds seconds..."
    sleep $wait_seconds
  done
  
  echo "ERROR: Timed out waiting for $resource_type $resource_name to be available"
  return 1
}

# Function to wait for a resource to be deleted
wait_for_resource_deletion() {
  local resource_type=$1
  local resource_name=$2
  local max_attempts=$3
  local wait_seconds=$4
  local check_cmd=$5
  
  echo "Waiting for $resource_type $resource_name to be deleted..."
  
  for ((i=1; i<=$max_attempts; i++)); do
    local output=$($check_cmd 2>&1)
    
    if echo "$output" | grep -i "not found\|does not exist" > /dev/null; then
      echo "$resource_type $resource_name has been deleted"
      return 0
    fi
    
    echo "Attempt $i/$max_attempts: $resource_type $resource_name is still being deleted. Waiting $wait_seconds seconds..."
    sleep $wait_seconds
  done
  
  echo "ERROR: Timed out waiting for $resource_type $resource_name to be deleted"
  return 1
}

# Function to clean up resources
cleanup_resources() {
  echo ""
  echo "==========================================="
  echo "CLEANUP CONFIRMATION"
  echo "==========================================="
  echo "The following resources were created:"
  echo "- Redshift Serverless Workgroup: $WORKGROUP_NAME"
  echo "- Redshift Serverless Namespace: $NAMESPACE_NAME"
  echo "- IAM Role: $ROLE_NAME"
  echo "- Secrets Manager Secret: $SECRET_NAME"
  echo ""
  echo "Do you want to clean up all created resources? (y/n): "
  read -r CLEANUP_CHOICE
  
  if [[ "${CLEANUP_CHOICE,,}" == "y" ]]; then
    echo "Cleaning up resources..."
    
    # Delete the workgroup
    echo "Deleting Redshift Serverless workgroup $WORKGROUP_NAME..."
    WORKGROUP_DELETE_OUTPUT=$(aws redshift-serverless delete-workgroup --workgroup-name "$WORKGROUP_NAME" 2>&1)
    echo "$WORKGROUP_DELETE_OUTPUT"
    
    # Wait for workgroup to be deleted before deleting namespace
    wait_for_resource_deletion "workgroup" "$WORKGROUP_NAME" 20 30 "aws redshift-serverless get-workgroup --workgroup-name $WORKGROUP_NAME"
    
    # Delete the namespace
    echo "Deleting Redshift Serverless namespace $NAMESPACE_NAME..."
    NAMESPACE_DELETE_OUTPUT=$(aws redshift-serverless delete-namespace --namespace-name "$NAMESPACE_NAME" 2>&1)
    echo "$NAMESPACE_DELETE_OUTPUT"
    
    # Wait for namespace to be deleted
    wait_for_resource_deletion "namespace" "$NAMESPACE_NAME" 20 30 "aws redshift-serverless get-namespace --namespace-name $NAMESPACE_NAME"
    
    # Delete the IAM role policy
    echo "Deleting IAM role policy..."
    POLICY_DELETE_OUTPUT=$(aws iam delete-role-policy --role-name "$ROLE_NAME" --policy-name S3Access 2>&1)
    echo "$POLICY_DELETE_OUTPUT"
    
    # Delete the IAM role
    echo "Deleting IAM role $ROLE_NAME..."
    ROLE_DELETE_OUTPUT=$(aws iam delete-role --role-name "$ROLE_NAME" 2>&1)
    echo "$ROLE_DELETE_OUTPUT"
    
    # Delete the secret
    echo "Deleting Secrets Manager secret $SECRET_NAME..."
    SECRET_DELETE_OUTPUT=$(aws secretsmanager delete-secret --secret-id "$SECRET_NAME" --force-delete-without-recovery 2>&1)
    echo "$SECRET_DELETE_OUTPUT"
    
    echo "Cleanup completed."
  else
    echo "Cleanup skipped. Resources will remain in your AWS account."
  fi
}

# Check if required tools are available
if ! command -v openssl &> /dev/null; then
    echo "ERROR: openssl is required but not installed. Please install openssl to continue."
    exit 1
fi

# Generate unique names for resources
RANDOM_SUFFIX=$(cat /dev/urandom | tr -dc 'a-z0-9' | head -c 6)
NAMESPACE_NAME="rs-namespace-${RANDOM_SUFFIX}"
WORKGROUP_NAME="rs-workgroup-${RANDOM_SUFFIX}"
ROLE_NAME="RedshiftServerlessS3Role-${RANDOM_SUFFIX}"
SECRET_NAME="redshift-serverless-admin-${RANDOM_SUFFIX}"
DB_NAME="dev"
ADMIN_USERNAME="admin"

# Generate secure password
echo "Generating secure password..."
ADMIN_PASSWORD=$(generate_secure_password)

# Create secret in AWS Secrets Manager
create_secret "$SECRET_NAME" "$ADMIN_USERNAME" "$ADMIN_PASSWORD" "Admin credentials for Redshift Serverless namespace $NAMESPACE_NAME"
if [[ $? -ne 0 ]]; then
  echo "ERROR: Failed to create secret in AWS Secrets Manager"
  exit 1
fi

# Track created resources
CREATED_RESOURCES=()

echo "Using the following resource names:"
echo "- Namespace: $NAMESPACE_NAME"
echo "- Workgroup: $WORKGROUP_NAME"
echo "- IAM Role: $ROLE_NAME"
echo "- Secret: $SECRET_NAME"
echo "- Database: $DB_NAME"
echo "- Admin Username: $ADMIN_USERNAME"
echo "- Admin Password: [STORED IN SECRETS MANAGER]"

# Step 1: Create IAM role for S3 access
echo "Creating IAM role for Redshift Serverless S3 access..."

# Create trust policy document
cat > redshift-trust-policy.json << EOF
{
  "Version":"2012-10-17",		 	 	 
  "Statement": [
    {
      "Effect": "Allow",
      "Principal": {
        "Service": "redshift-serverless.amazonaws.com"
      },
      "Action": "sts:AssumeRole"
    }
  ]
}
EOF

# Create S3 access policy document
cat > redshift-s3-policy.json << EOF
{
  "Version":"2012-10-17",		 	 	 
  "Statement": [
    {
      "Effect": "Allow",
      "Action": [
        "s3:GetObject",
        "s3:ListBucket"
      ],
      "Resource": [
        "arn:aws:s3:::redshift-downloads",
        "arn:aws:s3:::redshift-downloads/*"
      ]
    }
  ]
}
EOF

# Create IAM role
echo "Creating IAM role $ROLE_NAME..."
ROLE_OUTPUT=$(aws iam create-role --role-name "$ROLE_NAME" --assume-role-policy-document file://redshift-trust-policy.json 2>&1)
echo "$ROLE_OUTPUT"
check_error "$ROLE_OUTPUT" "aws iam create-role"
CREATED_RESOURCES+=("IAM Role: $ROLE_NAME")

# Attach S3 policy to the role
echo "Attaching S3 access policy to role $ROLE_NAME..."
POLICY_OUTPUT=$(aws iam put-role-policy --role-name "$ROLE_NAME" --policy-name S3Access --policy-document file://redshift-s3-policy.json 2>&1)
echo "$POLICY_OUTPUT"
check_error "$POLICY_OUTPUT" "aws iam put-role-policy"

# Get the role ARN
ROLE_ARN=$(aws iam get-role --role-name "$ROLE_NAME" --query 'Role.Arn' --output text)
echo "Role ARN: $ROLE_ARN"

# Step 2: Create a namespace
echo "Creating Redshift Serverless namespace $NAMESPACE_NAME..."
NAMESPACE_OUTPUT=$(aws redshift-serverless create-namespace \
  --namespace-name "$NAMESPACE_NAME" \
  --admin-username "$ADMIN_USERNAME" \
  --admin-user-password "$ADMIN_PASSWORD" \
  --db-name "$DB_NAME" 2>&1)
echo "$NAMESPACE_OUTPUT"
check_error "$NAMESPACE_OUTPUT" "aws redshift-serverless create-namespace"
CREATED_RESOURCES+=("Redshift Serverless Namespace: $NAMESPACE_NAME")

# Wait for namespace to be available
wait_for_resource "namespace" "$NAMESPACE_NAME" 10 30 "aws redshift-serverless get-namespace --namespace-name $NAMESPACE_NAME"

# Associate IAM role with namespace
echo "Associating IAM role with namespace..."
UPDATE_NAMESPACE_OUTPUT=$(aws redshift-serverless update-namespace \
  --namespace-name "$NAMESPACE_NAME" \
  --iam-roles "$ROLE_ARN" 2>&1)
echo "$UPDATE_NAMESPACE_OUTPUT"
check_error "$UPDATE_NAMESPACE_OUTPUT" "aws redshift-serverless update-namespace"

# Step 3: Create a workgroup
echo "Creating Redshift Serverless workgroup $WORKGROUP_NAME..."
WORKGROUP_OUTPUT=$(aws redshift-serverless create-workgroup \
  --workgroup-name "$WORKGROUP_NAME" \
  --namespace-name "$NAMESPACE_NAME" \
  --base-capacity 8 2>&1)
echo "$WORKGROUP_OUTPUT"
check_error "$WORKGROUP_OUTPUT" "aws redshift-serverless create-workgroup"
CREATED_RESOURCES+=("Redshift Serverless Workgroup: $WORKGROUP_NAME")

# Wait for workgroup to be available
wait_for_resource "workgroup" "$WORKGROUP_NAME" 20 30 "aws redshift-serverless get-workgroup --workgroup-name $WORKGROUP_NAME"

# Get workgroup endpoint
WORKGROUP_ENDPOINT=$(aws redshift-serverless get-workgroup \
  --workgroup-name "$WORKGROUP_NAME" \
  --query 'workgroup.endpoint.address' \
  --output text)
echo "Workgroup endpoint: $WORKGROUP_ENDPOINT"

# Wait additional time for the endpoint to be fully operational
echo "Waiting for endpoint to be fully operational..."
sleep 60

# Step 4: Create tables for sample data
echo "Creating tables for sample data..."

# Create users table
echo "Creating users table..."
USERS_TABLE_OUTPUT=$(aws redshift-data execute-statement \
  --database "$DB_NAME" \
  --workgroup-name "$WORKGROUP_NAME" \
  --sql "CREATE TABLE users(
    userid INTEGER NOT NULL DISTKEY SORTKEY,
    username CHAR(8),
    firstname VARCHAR(30),
    lastname VARCHAR(30),
    city VARCHAR(30),
    state CHAR(2),
    email VARCHAR(100),
    phone CHAR(14),
    likesports BOOLEAN,
    liketheatre BOOLEAN,
    likeconcerts BOOLEAN,
    likejazz BOOLEAN,
    likeclassical BOOLEAN,
    likeopera BOOLEAN,
    likerock BOOLEAN,
    likevegas BOOLEAN,
    likebroadway BOOLEAN,
    likemusicals BOOLEAN
  );" 2>&1)
echo "$USERS_TABLE_OUTPUT"
check_error "$USERS_TABLE_OUTPUT" "aws redshift-data execute-statement (users table)"
USERS_QUERY_ID=$(echo "$USERS_TABLE_OUTPUT" | grep -o '"Id": "[^"]*' | cut -d'"' -f4)

# Wait for query to complete
echo "Waiting for users table creation to complete..."
sleep 5

# Create event table
echo "Creating event table..."
EVENT_TABLE_OUTPUT=$(aws redshift-data execute-statement \
  --database "$DB_NAME" \
  --workgroup-name "$WORKGROUP_NAME" \
  --sql "CREATE TABLE event(
    eventid INTEGER NOT NULL DISTKEY,
    venueid SMALLINT NOT NULL,
    catid SMALLINT NOT NULL,
    dateid SMALLINT NOT NULL SORTKEY,
    eventname VARCHAR(200),
    starttime TIMESTAMP
  );" 2>&1)
echo "$EVENT_TABLE_OUTPUT"
check_error "$EVENT_TABLE_OUTPUT" "aws redshift-data execute-statement (event table)"
EVENT_QUERY_ID=$(echo "$EVENT_TABLE_OUTPUT" | grep -o '"Id": "[^"]*' | cut -d'"' -f4)

# Wait for query to complete
echo "Waiting for event table creation to complete..."
sleep 5

# Create sales table
echo "Creating sales table..."
SALES_TABLE_OUTPUT=$(aws redshift-data execute-statement \
  --database "$DB_NAME" \
  --workgroup-name "$WORKGROUP_NAME" \
  --sql "CREATE TABLE sales(
    salesid INTEGER NOT NULL,
    listid INTEGER NOT NULL DISTKEY,
    sellerid INTEGER NOT NULL,
    buyerid INTEGER NOT NULL,
    eventid INTEGER NOT NULL,
    dateid SMALLINT NOT NULL SORTKEY,
    qtysold SMALLINT NOT NULL,
    pricepaid DECIMAL(8,2),
    commission DECIMAL(8,2),
    saletime TIMESTAMP
  );" 2>&1)
echo "$SALES_TABLE_OUTPUT"
check_error "$SALES_TABLE_OUTPUT" "aws redshift-data execute-statement (sales table)"
SALES_QUERY_ID=$(echo "$SALES_TABLE_OUTPUT" | grep -o '"Id": "[^"]*' | cut -d'"' -f4)

# Wait for tables to be created
echo "Waiting for tables to be created..."
sleep 10

# Step 5: Load sample data from Amazon S3
echo "Loading sample data from Amazon S3..."

# Load data into users table
echo "Loading data into users table..."
USERS_LOAD_OUTPUT=$(aws redshift-data execute-statement \
  --database "$DB_NAME" \
  --workgroup-name "$WORKGROUP_NAME" \
  --sql "COPY users 
    FROM 's3://redshift-downloads/tickit/allusers_pipe.txt' 
    DELIMITER '|' 
    TIMEFORMAT 'YYYY-MM-DD HH:MI:SS'
    IGNOREHEADER 1 
    IAM_ROLE '$ROLE_ARN';" 2>&1)
echo "$USERS_LOAD_OUTPUT"
check_error "$USERS_LOAD_OUTPUT" "aws redshift-data execute-statement (load users)"
USERS_LOAD_QUERY_ID=$(echo "$USERS_LOAD_OUTPUT" | grep -o '"Id": "[^"]*' | cut -d'"' -f4)

# Wait for data loading to complete
echo "Waiting for users data loading to complete..."
sleep 10

# Load data into event table
echo "Loading data into event table..."
EVENT_LOAD_OUTPUT=$(aws redshift-data execute-statement \
  --database "$DB_NAME" \
  --workgroup-name "$WORKGROUP_NAME" \
  --sql "COPY event
    FROM 's3://redshift-downloads/tickit/allevents_pipe.txt' 
    DELIMITER '|' 
    TIMEFORMAT 'YYYY-MM-DD HH:MI:SS'
    IGNOREHEADER 1 
    IAM_ROLE '$ROLE_ARN';" 2>&1)
echo "$EVENT_LOAD_OUTPUT"
check_error "$EVENT_LOAD_OUTPUT" "aws redshift-data execute-statement (load event)"
EVENT_LOAD_QUERY_ID=$(echo "$EVENT_LOAD_OUTPUT" | grep -o '"Id": "[^"]*' | cut -d'"' -f4)

# Wait for data loading to complete
echo "Waiting for event data loading to complete..."
sleep 10

# Load data into sales table
echo "Loading data into sales table..."
SALES_LOAD_OUTPUT=$(aws redshift-data execute-statement \
  --database "$DB_NAME" \
  --workgroup-name "$WORKGROUP_NAME" \
  --sql "COPY sales
    FROM 's3://redshift-downloads/tickit/sales_tab.txt' 
    DELIMITER '\t' 
    TIMEFORMAT 'MM/DD/YYYY HH:MI:SS'
    IGNOREHEADER 1 
    IAM_ROLE '$ROLE_ARN';" 2>&1)
echo "$SALES_LOAD_OUTPUT"
check_error "$SALES_LOAD_OUTPUT" "aws redshift-data execute-statement (load sales)"
SALES_LOAD_QUERY_ID=$(echo "$SALES_LOAD_OUTPUT" | grep -o '"Id": "[^"]*' | cut -d'"' -f4)

# Wait for data loading to complete
echo "Waiting for sales data loading to complete..."
sleep 30

# Step 6: Run sample queries
echo "Running sample queries..."

# Query 1: Find top 10 buyers by quantity
echo "Running query: Find top 10 buyers by quantity..."
QUERY1_OUTPUT=$(aws redshift-data execute-statement \
  --database "$DB_NAME" \
  --workgroup-name "$WORKGROUP_NAME" \
  --sql "SELECT firstname, lastname, total_quantity 
    FROM (SELECT buyerid, sum(qtysold) total_quantity
          FROM sales
          GROUP BY buyerid
          ORDER BY total_quantity desc limit 10) Q, users
    WHERE Q.buyerid = userid
    ORDER BY Q.total_quantity desc;" 2>&1)
echo "$QUERY1_OUTPUT"
check_error "$QUERY1_OUTPUT" "aws redshift-data execute-statement (query 1)"
QUERY1_ID=$(echo "$QUERY1_OUTPUT" | grep -o '"Id": "[^"]*' | cut -d'"' -f4)

# Wait for query to complete
echo "Waiting for query 1 to complete..."
sleep 10

# Get query 1 results
echo "Getting results for query 1..."
QUERY1_STATUS_OUTPUT=$(aws redshift-data describe-statement --id "$QUERY1_ID" 2>&1)
echo "$QUERY1_STATUS_OUTPUT"
check_error "$QUERY1_STATUS_OUTPUT" "aws redshift-data describe-statement (query 1)"

QUERY1_STATUS=$(echo "$QUERY1_STATUS_OUTPUT" | grep -o '"Status": "[^"]*' | cut -d'"' -f4)
if [ "$QUERY1_STATUS" == "FINISHED" ]; then
  QUERY1_RESULTS=$(aws redshift-data get-statement-result --id "$QUERY1_ID" 2>&1)
  echo "Query 1 Results:"
  echo "$QUERY1_RESULTS"
else
  echo "Query 1 is not yet complete. Status: $QUERY1_STATUS"
  echo "Waiting additional time for query to complete..."
  sleep 20
  
  # Check again
  QUERY1_STATUS_OUTPUT=$(aws redshift-data describe-statement --id "$QUERY1_ID" 2>&1)
  QUERY1_STATUS=$(echo "$QUERY1_STATUS_OUTPUT" | grep -o '"Status": "[^"]*' | cut -d'"' -f4)
  
  if [ "$QUERY1_STATUS" == "FINISHED" ]; then
    QUERY1_RESULTS=$(aws redshift-data get-statement-result --id "$QUERY1_ID" 2>&1)
    echo "Query 1 Results:"
    echo "$QUERY1_RESULTS"
  else
    echo "Query 1 is still not complete. Status: $QUERY1_STATUS"
  fi
fi

# Query 2: Find events in the 99.9 percentile in terms of all time total sales
echo "Running query: Find events in the 99.9 percentile in terms of all time total sales..."
QUERY2_OUTPUT=$(aws redshift-data execute-statement \
  --database "$DB_NAME" \
  --workgroup-name "$WORKGROUP_NAME" \
  --sql "SELECT eventname, total_price 
    FROM (SELECT eventid, total_price, ntile(1000) over(order by total_price desc) as percentile 
          FROM (SELECT eventid, sum(pricepaid) total_price
                FROM sales
                GROUP BY eventid)) Q, event E
    WHERE Q.eventid = E.eventid
    AND percentile = 1
    ORDER BY total_price desc;" 2>&1)
echo "$QUERY2_OUTPUT"
check_error "$QUERY2_OUTPUT" "aws redshift-data execute-statement (query 2)"
QUERY2_ID=$(echo "$QUERY2_OUTPUT" | grep -o '"Id": "[^"]*' | cut -d'"' -f4)

# Wait for query to complete
echo "Waiting for query 2 to complete..."
sleep 10

# Get query 2 results
echo "Getting results for query 2..."
QUERY2_STATUS_OUTPUT=$(aws redshift-data describe-statement --id "$QUERY2_ID" 2>&1)
echo "$QUERY2_STATUS_OUTPUT"
check_error "$QUERY2_STATUS_OUTPUT" "aws redshift-data describe-statement (query 2)"

QUERY2_STATUS=$(echo "$QUERY2_STATUS_OUTPUT" | grep -o '"Status": "[^"]*' | cut -d'"' -f4)
if [ "$QUERY2_STATUS" == "FINISHED" ]; then
  QUERY2_RESULTS=$(aws redshift-data get-statement-result --id "$QUERY2_ID" 2>&1)
  echo "Query 2 Results:"
  echo "$QUERY2_RESULTS"
else
  echo "Query 2 is not yet complete. Status: $QUERY2_STATUS"
  echo "Waiting additional time for query to complete..."
  sleep 20
  
  # Check again
  QUERY2_STATUS_OUTPUT=$(aws redshift-data describe-statement --id "$QUERY2_ID" 2>&1)
  QUERY2_STATUS=$(echo "$QUERY2_STATUS_OUTPUT" | grep -o '"Status": "[^"]*' | cut -d'"' -f4)
  
  if [ "$QUERY2_STATUS" == "FINISHED" ]; then
    QUERY2_RESULTS=$(aws redshift-data get-statement-result --id "$QUERY2_ID" 2>&1)
    echo "Query 2 Results:"
    echo "$QUERY2_RESULTS"
  else
    echo "Query 2 is still not complete. Status: $QUERY2_STATUS"
  fi
fi

# Summary
echo ""
echo "==========================================="
echo "TUTORIAL SUMMARY"
echo "==========================================="
echo "You have successfully:"
echo "1. Created a Redshift Serverless namespace and workgroup"
echo "2. Created an IAM role with S3 access permissions"
echo "3. Stored admin credentials securely in AWS Secrets Manager"
echo "4. Created tables for sample data"
echo "5. Loaded sample data from Amazon S3"
echo "6. Run sample queries on the data"
echo ""
echo "Redshift Serverless Resources:"
echo "- Namespace: $NAMESPACE_NAME"
echo "- Workgroup: $WORKGROUP_NAME"
echo "- Database: $DB_NAME"
echo "- Endpoint: $WORKGROUP_ENDPOINT"
echo "- Credentials Secret: $SECRET_NAME"
echo ""
echo "To connect to your Redshift Serverless database using SQL tools:"
echo "- Host: $WORKGROUP_ENDPOINT"
echo "- Database: $DB_NAME"
echo "- Username: $ADMIN_USERNAME"
echo "- Password: Retrieve from AWS Secrets Manager secret '$SECRET_NAME'"
echo ""
echo "To retrieve the password from Secrets Manager (without jq):"
echo "aws secretsmanager get-secret-value --secret-id $SECRET_NAME --query 'SecretString' --output text | sed -n 's/.*\"password\":\"\([^\"]*\)\".*/\1/p'"
echo ""

# Clean up temporary files
rm -f redshift-trust-policy.json redshift-s3-policy.json

# Clean up resources
cleanup_resources

echo "Tutorial completed at $(date)"
```
+ For API details, see the following topics in *AWS CLI Command Reference*.
  + [CreateNamespace](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/redshift-2012-12-01/CreateNamespace)
  + [CreateRole](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/CreateRole)
  + [CreateSecret](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/secretsmanager-2017-10-17/CreateSecret)
  + [CreateWorkgroup](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/redshift-2012-12-01/CreateWorkgroup)
  + [DeleteNamespace](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/redshift-2012-12-01/DeleteNamespace)
  + [DeleteRole](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/DeleteRole)
  + [DeleteRolePolicy](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/DeleteRolePolicy)
  + [DeleteSecret](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/secretsmanager-2017-10-17/DeleteSecret)
  + [DeleteWorkgroup](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/redshift-2012-12-01/DeleteWorkgroup)
  + [GetNamespace](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/redshift-2012-12-01/GetNamespace)
  + [GetRole](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/GetRole)
  + [GetSecretValue](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/secretsmanager-2017-10-17/GetSecretValue)
  + [GetWorkgroup](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/redshift-2012-12-01/GetWorkgroup)
  + [PutRolePolicy](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/PutRolePolicy)
  + [UpdateNamespace](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/redshift-2012-12-01/UpdateNamespace)

### Getting Started with IoT Device Defender
<a name="iot_GettingStarted_079_bash_topic"></a>

The following code example shows how to:
+ Create Required IAM Roles
+ Enable IoT Device Defender Audit Checks
+ Run an On-Demand Audit
+ Create a Mitigation Action
+ Apply Mitigation Actions to Findings
+ Set Up SNS Notifications (Optional)
+ Enable IoT Logging

**AWS CLI with Bash script**  
 There's more on GitHub. Find the complete example and learn how to set up and run in the [Sample developer tutorials](https://github.com/aws-samples/sample-developer-tutorials/tree/main/tuts/079-aws-iot-device-defender-gs) repository. 

```
#!/bin/bash

# AWS IoT Device Defender Getting Started Script
# This script demonstrates how to use AWS IoT Device Defender to enable audit checks,
# view audit results, create mitigation actions, and apply them to findings.

# Set up logging
LOG_FILE="iot-device-defender-script-$(date +%Y%m%d%H%M%S).log"
exec > >(tee -a "$LOG_FILE") 2>&1

echo "==================================================="
echo "AWS IoT Device Defender Getting Started Script"
echo "==================================================="
echo "Starting script execution at $(date)"
echo ""

# Function to check for errors in command output
check_error() {
    if echo "$1" | grep -i "An error occurred\|Exception\|Failed\|usage: aws" > /dev/null; then
        echo "ERROR: Command failed with the following output:"
        echo "$1"
        return 1
    fi
    return 0
}

# Function to create IAM roles
create_iam_role() {
    local ROLE_NAME=$1
    local TRUST_POLICY=$2
    local MANAGED_POLICY=$3
    
    echo "Creating IAM role: $ROLE_NAME"
    
    # Check if role already exists
    ROLE_EXISTS=$(aws iam get-role --role-name "$ROLE_NAME" 2>&1 || echo "NOT_EXISTS")
    
    if echo "$ROLE_EXISTS" | grep -i "NoSuchEntity" > /dev/null; then
        # Create the role with trust policy
        ROLE_RESULT=$(aws iam create-role \
            --role-name "$ROLE_NAME" \
            --assume-role-policy-document "$TRUST_POLICY" 2>&1)
        
        if ! check_error "$ROLE_RESULT"; then
            echo "Failed to create role $ROLE_NAME"
            return 1
        fi
        
        # For IoT logging role, create an inline policy instead of using a managed policy
        if [[ "$ROLE_NAME" == "AWSIoTLoggingRole" ]]; then
            LOGGING_POLICY='{
                "Version":"2012-10-17",		 	 	 
                "Statement": [
                    {
                        "Effect": "Allow",
                        "Action": [
                            "logs:CreateLogGroup",
                            "logs:CreateLogStream",
                            "logs:PutLogEvents",
                            "logs:PutMetricFilter",
                            "logs:PutRetentionPolicy",
                            "logs:GetLogEvents",
                            "logs:DescribeLogStreams"
                        ],
                        "Resource": [
                            "arn:aws:logs:*:*:*"
                        ]
                    }
                ]
            }'
            
            POLICY_RESULT=$(aws iam put-role-policy \
                --role-name "$ROLE_NAME" \
                --policy-name "${ROLE_NAME}Policy" \
                --policy-document "$LOGGING_POLICY" 2>&1)
                
            if ! check_error "$POLICY_RESULT"; then
                echo "Failed to attach inline policy to role $ROLE_NAME"
                return 1
            fi
        elif [[ "$ROLE_NAME" == "IoTMitigationActionErrorLoggingRole" ]]; then
            MITIGATION_POLICY='{
                "Version":"2012-10-17",		 	 	 
                "Statement": [
                    {
                        "Effect": "Allow",
                        "Action": [
                            "iot:UpdateCACertificate",
                            "iot:UpdateCertificate",
                            "iot:SetV2LoggingOptions",
                            "iot:SetLoggingOptions",
                            "iot:AddThingToThingGroup",
                            "iot:PublishToTopic"
                        ],
                        "Resource": "*"
                    },
                    {
                        "Effect": "Allow",
                        "Action": "iam:PassRole",
                        "Resource": "*",
                        "Condition": {
                            "StringEquals": {
                                "iam:PassedToService": "iot.amazonaws.com"
                            }
                        }
                    }
                ]
            }'
            
            POLICY_RESULT=$(aws iam put-role-policy \
                --role-name "$ROLE_NAME" \
                --policy-name "${ROLE_NAME}Policy" \
                --policy-document "$MITIGATION_POLICY" 2>&1)
                
            if ! check_error "$POLICY_RESULT"; then
                echo "Failed to attach inline policy to role $ROLE_NAME"
                return 1
            fi
        else
            # Attach managed policy to role if provided
            if [ -n "$MANAGED_POLICY" ]; then
                ATTACH_RESULT=$(aws iam attach-role-policy \
                    --role-name "$ROLE_NAME" \
                    --policy-arn "$MANAGED_POLICY" 2>&1)
                
                if ! check_error "$ATTACH_RESULT"; then
                    echo "Failed to attach policy to role $ROLE_NAME"
                    return 1
                fi
            fi
        fi
        
        echo "Role $ROLE_NAME created successfully"
    else
        echo "Role $ROLE_NAME already exists, skipping creation"
    fi
    
    # Get the role ARN
    ROLE_ARN=$(aws iam get-role --role-name "$ROLE_NAME" --query 'Role.Arn' --output text)
    echo "Role ARN: $ROLE_ARN"
    return 0
}

# Array to store created resources for cleanup
declare -a CREATED_RESOURCES

# Step 1: Create IAM roles needed for the tutorial
echo "==================================================="
echo "Step 1: Creating required IAM roles"
echo "==================================================="

# Create IoT Device Defender Audit role
IOT_DEFENDER_AUDIT_TRUST_POLICY='{
  "Version":"2012-10-17",		 	 	 
  "Statement": [
    {
      "Effect": "Allow",
      "Principal": {
        "Service": "iot.amazonaws.com"
      },
      "Action": "sts:AssumeRole"
    }
  ]
}'

create_iam_role "AWSIoTDeviceDefenderAuditRole" "$IOT_DEFENDER_AUDIT_TRUST_POLICY" "arn:aws:iam::aws:policy/service-role/AWSIoTDeviceDefenderAudit"
AUDIT_ROLE_ARN=$ROLE_ARN
CREATED_RESOURCES+=("IAM Role: AWSIoTDeviceDefenderAuditRole")

# Create IoT Logging role
IOT_LOGGING_TRUST_POLICY='{
  "Version":"2012-10-17",		 	 	 
  "Statement": [
    {
      "Effect": "Allow",
      "Principal": {
        "Service": "iot.amazonaws.com"
      },
      "Action": "sts:AssumeRole"
    }
  ]
}'

create_iam_role "AWSIoTLoggingRole" "$IOT_LOGGING_TRUST_POLICY" ""
LOGGING_ROLE_ARN=$ROLE_ARN
CREATED_RESOURCES+=("IAM Role: AWSIoTLoggingRole")

# Create IoT Mitigation Action role
IOT_MITIGATION_TRUST_POLICY='{
  "Version":"2012-10-17",		 	 	 
  "Statement": [
    {
      "Effect": "Allow",
      "Principal": {
        "Service": "iot.amazonaws.com"
      },
      "Action": "sts:AssumeRole"
    }
  ]
}'

create_iam_role "IoTMitigationActionErrorLoggingRole" "$IOT_MITIGATION_TRUST_POLICY" ""
MITIGATION_ROLE_ARN=$ROLE_ARN
CREATED_RESOURCES+=("IAM Role: IoTMitigationActionErrorLoggingRole")

# Step 2: Enable audit checks
echo ""
echo "==================================================="
echo "Step 2: Enabling AWS IoT Device Defender audit checks"
echo "==================================================="

# Get current audit configuration
echo "Getting current audit configuration..."
CURRENT_CONFIG=$(aws iot describe-account-audit-configuration)
echo "$CURRENT_CONFIG"

# Enable specific audit checks
echo "Enabling audit checks..."
UPDATE_RESULT=$(aws iot update-account-audit-configuration \
  --role-arn "$AUDIT_ROLE_ARN" \
  --audit-check-configurations '{"LOGGING_DISABLED_CHECK":{"enabled":true}}')

if ! check_error "$UPDATE_RESULT"; then
    echo "Failed to update audit configuration"
    exit 1
fi

echo "Audit checks enabled successfully"

# Step 3: Run an on-demand audit
echo ""
echo "==================================================="
echo "Step 3: Running an on-demand audit"
echo "==================================================="

echo "Starting on-demand audit task..."
AUDIT_TASK_RESULT=$(aws iot start-on-demand-audit-task \
  --target-check-names LOGGING_DISABLED_CHECK)

if ! check_error "$AUDIT_TASK_RESULT"; then
    echo "Failed to start on-demand audit task"
    exit 1
fi

TASK_ID=$(echo "$AUDIT_TASK_RESULT" | grep -o '"taskId": "[^"]*' | cut -d'"' -f4)
echo "Audit task started with ID: $TASK_ID"
CREATED_RESOURCES+=("Audit Task: $TASK_ID")

# Wait for the audit task to complete
echo "Waiting for audit task to complete (this may take a few minutes)..."
TASK_STATUS="IN_PROGRESS"
while [ "$TASK_STATUS" != "COMPLETED" ]; do
    sleep 10
    TASK_DETAILS=$(aws iot describe-audit-task --task-id "$TASK_ID")
    TASK_STATUS=$(echo "$TASK_DETAILS" | grep -o '"taskStatus": "[^"]*' | cut -d'"' -f4)
    echo "Current task status: $TASK_STATUS"
    
    if [ "$TASK_STATUS" == "FAILED" ]; then
        echo "Audit task failed"
        exit 1
    fi
done

echo "Audit task completed successfully"

# Get audit findings
echo "Getting audit findings..."
FINDINGS=$(aws iot list-audit-findings \
  --task-id "$TASK_ID")

echo "Audit findings:"
echo "$FINDINGS"

# Check if we have any non-compliant findings
if echo "$FINDINGS" | grep -q '"findingId"'; then
    FINDING_ID=$(echo "$FINDINGS" | grep -o '"findingId": "[^"]*' | head -1 | cut -d'"' -f4)
    echo "Found non-compliant finding with ID: $FINDING_ID"
    HAS_FINDINGS=true
else
    echo "No non-compliant findings detected"
    HAS_FINDINGS=false
fi

# Step 4: Create a mitigation action
echo ""
echo "==================================================="
echo "Step 4: Creating a mitigation action"
echo "==================================================="

# Check if mitigation action already exists
MITIGATION_EXISTS=$(aws iot list-mitigation-actions --action-name "EnableErrorLoggingAction" 2>&1)
if echo "$MITIGATION_EXISTS" | grep -q "EnableErrorLoggingAction"; then
    echo "Mitigation action 'EnableErrorLoggingAction' already exists, deleting it first..."
    aws iot delete-mitigation-action --action-name "EnableErrorLoggingAction"
    # Wait a moment for deletion to complete
    sleep 5
fi

echo "Creating mitigation action to enable AWS IoT logging..."
MITIGATION_RESULT=$(aws iot create-mitigation-action \
  --action-name "EnableErrorLoggingAction" \
  --role-arn "$MITIGATION_ROLE_ARN" \
  --action-params "{\"enableIoTLoggingParams\":{\"roleArnForLogging\":\"$LOGGING_ROLE_ARN\",\"logLevel\":\"ERROR\"}}")

echo "$MITIGATION_RESULT"
if ! check_error "$MITIGATION_RESULT"; then
    echo "Failed to create mitigation action"
    exit 1
fi

echo "Mitigation action created successfully"
CREATED_RESOURCES+=("Mitigation Action: EnableErrorLoggingAction")

# Step 5: Apply mitigation action to findings (if any)
if [ "$HAS_FINDINGS" = true ]; then
    echo ""
    echo "==================================================="
    echo "Step 5: Applying mitigation action to findings"
    echo "==================================================="

    MITIGATION_TASK_ID="MitigationTask-$(date +%s)"
    echo "Starting mitigation actions task with ID: $MITIGATION_TASK_ID"
    
    MITIGATION_TASK_RESULT=$(aws iot start-audit-mitigation-actions-task \
      --task-id "$MITIGATION_TASK_ID" \
      --target "{\"findingIds\":[\"$FINDING_ID\"]}" \
      --audit-check-to-actions-mapping "{\"LOGGING_DISABLED_CHECK\":[\"EnableErrorLoggingAction\"]}")

    if ! check_error "$MITIGATION_TASK_RESULT"; then
        echo "Failed to start mitigation actions task"
        exit 1
    fi

    echo "Mitigation actions task started successfully"
    CREATED_RESOURCES+=("Mitigation Task: $MITIGATION_TASK_ID")
    
    # Wait for the mitigation task to complete
    echo "Waiting for mitigation task to complete..."
    sleep 10
    
    # Use a more reliable date format for the API call
    START_TIME=$(date -u -d 'today' '+%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S.000Z')
    END_TIME=$(date -u '+%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S.000Z')
    
    MITIGATION_TASKS=$(aws iot list-audit-mitigation-actions-tasks \
      --start-time "$START_TIME" \
      --end-time "$END_TIME" 2>&1)
    
    if check_error "$MITIGATION_TASKS"; then
        echo "Mitigation tasks:"
        echo "$MITIGATION_TASKS"
    else
        echo "Could not retrieve mitigation task status, but task was started successfully"
    fi
else
    echo ""
    echo "==================================================="
    echo "Step 5: Skipping mitigation action application (no findings)"
    echo "==================================================="
fi

# Step 6: Set up SNS notifications (optional)
echo ""
echo "==================================================="
echo "Step 6: Setting up SNS notifications"
echo "==================================================="

# Check if SNS topic already exists
SNS_TOPICS=$(aws sns list-topics)
if echo "$SNS_TOPICS" | grep -q "IoTDDNotifications"; then
    echo "SNS topic 'IoTDDNotifications' already exists, using existing topic..."
    TOPIC_ARN=$(echo "$SNS_TOPICS" | grep -o '"TopicArn": "[^"]*IoTDDNotifications' | cut -d'"' -f4)
else
    echo "Creating SNS topic for notifications..."
    SNS_RESULT=$(aws sns create-topic --name "IoTDDNotifications")

    if ! check_error "$SNS_RESULT"; then
        echo "Failed to create SNS topic"
        exit 1
    fi

    TOPIC_ARN=$(echo "$SNS_RESULT" | grep -o '"TopicArn": "[^"]*' | cut -d'"' -f4)
    echo "SNS topic created with ARN: $TOPIC_ARN"
    CREATED_RESOURCES+=("SNS Topic: IoTDDNotifications")
fi

echo "Updating audit configuration to enable SNS notifications..."
SNS_UPDATE_RESULT=$(aws iot update-account-audit-configuration \
  --audit-notification-target-configurations "{\"SNS\":{\"targetArn\":\"$TOPIC_ARN\",\"roleArn\":\"$AUDIT_ROLE_ARN\",\"enabled\":true}}")

if ! check_error "$SNS_UPDATE_RESULT"; then
    echo "Failed to update audit configuration for SNS notifications"
    exit 1
fi

echo "SNS notifications enabled successfully"

# Step 7: Enable AWS IoT logging
echo ""
echo "==================================================="
echo "Step 7: Enabling AWS IoT logging"
echo "==================================================="

echo "Setting up AWS IoT logging options..."

# Create the logging options payload
LOGGING_OPTIONS_PAYLOAD="{\"roleArn\":\"$LOGGING_ROLE_ARN\",\"logLevel\":\"ERROR\"}"

LOGGING_RESULT=$(aws iot set-v2-logging-options \
  --role-arn "$LOGGING_ROLE_ARN" \
  --default-log-level "ERROR" 2>&1)

if ! check_error "$LOGGING_RESULT"; then
    echo "Failed to set up AWS IoT v2 logging, trying v1 logging..."
    
    # Try the older set-logging-options command with proper payload format
    LOGGING_RESULT_V1=$(aws iot set-logging-options \
      --logging-options-payload "$LOGGING_OPTIONS_PAYLOAD" 2>&1)
    
    if ! check_error "$LOGGING_RESULT_V1"; then
        echo "Failed to set up AWS IoT logging with both v1 and v2 methods"
        echo "V2 result: $LOGGING_RESULT"
        echo "V1 result: $LOGGING_RESULT_V1"
        exit 1
    else
        echo "AWS IoT v1 logging enabled successfully"
    fi
else
    echo "AWS IoT v2 logging enabled successfully"
fi

# Verify logging is enabled
echo "Verifying logging configuration..."
LOGGING_CONFIG=$(aws iot get-v2-logging-options 2>&1)
if check_error "$LOGGING_CONFIG"; then
    echo "V2 Logging configuration:"
    echo "$LOGGING_CONFIG"
else
    echo "Checking v1 logging configuration..."
    LOGGING_CONFIG_V1=$(aws iot get-logging-options 2>&1)
    if check_error "$LOGGING_CONFIG_V1"; then
        echo "V1 Logging configuration:"
        echo "$LOGGING_CONFIG_V1"
    else
        echo "Could not retrieve logging configuration"
    fi
fi

# Script completed successfully
echo ""
echo "==================================================="
echo "AWS IoT Device Defender setup completed successfully!"
echo "==================================================="
echo "The following resources were created:"
for resource in "${CREATED_RESOURCES[@]}"; do
    echo "- $resource"
done
echo ""

# Ask if user wants to clean up resources
echo "==========================================="
echo "CLEANUP CONFIRMATION"
echo "==========================================="
echo "Do you want to clean up all created resources? (y/n): "
read -r CLEANUP_CHOICE

if [[ $CLEANUP_CHOICE =~ ^[Yy]$ ]]; then
    echo "Starting cleanup process..."
    
    # Disable AWS IoT logging
    echo "Disabling AWS IoT logging..."
    
    # Try to disable v2 logging first
    DISABLE_V2_RESULT=$(aws iot set-v2-logging-options \
      --default-log-level "DISABLED" 2>&1)
    
    if ! check_error "$DISABLE_V2_RESULT"; then
        echo "Failed to disable v2 logging, trying v1..."
        # Try v1 logging disable
        DISABLE_V1_RESULT=$(aws iot set-logging-options \
          --logging-options-payload "{\"logLevel\":\"DISABLED\"}" 2>&1)
        
        if ! check_error "$DISABLE_V1_RESULT"; then
            echo "Warning: Could not disable logging through either v1 or v2 methods"
        else
            echo "V1 logging disabled successfully"
        fi
    else
        echo "V2 logging disabled successfully"
    fi
    
    # Delete mitigation action
    echo "Deleting mitigation action..."
    aws iot delete-mitigation-action --action-name "EnableErrorLoggingAction"
    
    # Reset audit configuration
    echo "Resetting IoT Device Defender audit configuration..."
    aws iot update-account-audit-configuration \
      --audit-check-configurations '{"LOGGING_DISABLED_CHECK":{"enabled":false}}' 2>&1 | grep -qi "error" && echo "Warning: Failed to disable audit check"
    aws iot delete-account-audit-configuration --delete-scheduled-audits 2>&1 | grep -qi "error" && echo "Warning: Failed to delete audit configuration"
    
    # Delete SNS topic
    echo "Deleting SNS topic..."
    aws sns delete-topic --topic-arn "$TOPIC_ARN"
    
    # Detach policies from roles and delete roles (in reverse order)
    echo "Cleaning up IAM roles..."
    
    # Check if policies exist before trying to delete them
    ROLE_POLICIES=$(aws iam list-role-policies --role-name "IoTMitigationActionErrorLoggingRole" 2>&1)
    if ! echo "$ROLE_POLICIES" | grep -q "NoSuchEntity"; then
        if echo "$ROLE_POLICIES" | grep -q "IoTMitigationActionErrorLoggingRolePolicy"; then
            aws iam delete-role-policy \
                --role-name "IoTMitigationActionErrorLoggingRole" \
                --policy-name "IoTMitigationActionErrorLoggingRolePolicy"
        fi
    fi
    aws iam delete-role --role-name "IoTMitigationActionErrorLoggingRole"
    
    ROLE_POLICIES=$(aws iam list-role-policies --role-name "AWSIoTLoggingRole" 2>&1)
    if ! echo "$ROLE_POLICIES" | grep -q "NoSuchEntity"; then
        if echo "$ROLE_POLICIES" | grep -q "AWSIoTLoggingRolePolicy"; then
            aws iam delete-role-policy \
                --role-name "AWSIoTLoggingRole" \
                --policy-name "AWSIoTLoggingRolePolicy"
        fi
    fi
    aws iam delete-role --role-name "AWSIoTLoggingRole"
    
    aws iam detach-role-policy \
        --role-name "AWSIoTDeviceDefenderAuditRole" \
        --policy-arn "arn:aws:iam::aws:policy/service-role/AWSIoTDeviceDefenderAudit"
    aws iam delete-role --role-name "AWSIoTDeviceDefenderAuditRole"
    
    echo "Cleanup completed successfully"
else
    echo "Skipping cleanup. Resources will remain in your AWS account."
fi

echo ""
echo "Script execution completed at $(date)"
echo "Log file: $LOG_FILE"
```
+ For API details, see the following topics in *AWS CLI Command Reference*.
  + [AttachRolePolicy](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/AttachRolePolicy)
  + [CreateMitigationAction](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iot-2015-05-28/CreateMitigationAction)
  + [CreateRole](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/CreateRole)
  + [CreateTopic](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/sns-2010-03-31/CreateTopic)
  + [DeleteAccountAuditConfiguration](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iot-2015-05-28/DeleteAccountAuditConfiguration)
  + [DeleteMitigationAction](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iot-2015-05-28/DeleteMitigationAction)
  + [DeleteRole](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/DeleteRole)
  + [DeleteRolePolicy](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/DeleteRolePolicy)
  + [DeleteTopic](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/sns-2010-03-31/DeleteTopic)
  + [DescribeAccountAuditConfiguration](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iot-2015-05-28/DescribeAccountAuditConfiguration)
  + [DescribeAuditTask](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iot-2015-05-28/DescribeAuditTask)
  + [DetachRolePolicy](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/DetachRolePolicy)
  + [GetLoggingOptions](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iot-2015-05-28/GetLoggingOptions)
  + [GetRole](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/GetRole)
  + [GetV2LoggingOptions](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iot-2015-05-28/GetV2LoggingOptions)
  + [ListAuditFindings](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iot-2015-05-28/ListAuditFindings)
  + [ListAuditMitigationActionsTasks](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iot-2015-05-28/ListAuditMitigationActionsTasks)
  + [ListMitigationActions](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iot-2015-05-28/ListMitigationActions)
  + [ListRolePolicies](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/ListRolePolicies)
  + [ListTopics](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/sns-2010-03-31/ListTopics)
  + [PutRolePolicy](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/PutRolePolicy)
  + [SetLoggingOptions](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iot-2015-05-28/SetLoggingOptions)
  + [SetV2LoggingOptions](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iot-2015-05-28/SetV2LoggingOptions)
  + [StartAuditMitigationActionsTask](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iot-2015-05-28/StartAuditMitigationActionsTask)
  + [StartOnDemandAuditTask](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iot-2015-05-28/StartOnDemandAuditTask)
  + [UpdateAccountAuditConfiguration](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iot-2015-05-28/UpdateAccountAuditConfiguration)

### Getting started with Amazon EKS
<a name="eks_GettingStarted_034_bash_topic"></a>

The following code example shows how to:
+ Create a VPC for your EKS cluster
+ Create IAM roles for your EKS cluster
+ Create your EKS cluster
+ Configure kubectl to communicate with your cluster
+ Create a managed node group
+ Clean up resources

**AWS CLI with Bash script**  
 There's more on GitHub. Find the complete example and learn how to set up and run in the [Sample developer tutorials](https://github.com/aws-samples/sample-developer-tutorials/tree/main/tuts/034-eks-gs) repository. 

```
#!/bin/bash

# Amazon EKS Cluster Creation Script (v2)
# This script creates an Amazon EKS cluster with a managed node group using the AWS CLI

# Set up logging
LOG_FILE="eks-cluster-creation-v2.log"
exec > >(tee -a "$LOG_FILE") 2>&1

echo "Starting Amazon EKS cluster creation script at $(date)"
echo "All commands and outputs will be logged to $LOG_FILE"

# Error handling function
handle_error() {
    echo "ERROR: $1"
    echo "Attempting to clean up resources..."
    cleanup_resources
    exit 1
}

# Function to check command success
check_command() {
    if [ $? -ne 0 ] || echo "$1" | grep -i "error" > /dev/null; then
        handle_error "$1"
    fi
}

# Function to check if kubectl is installed
check_kubectl() {
    if ! command -v kubectl &> /dev/null; then
        echo "WARNING: kubectl is not installed or not in your PATH."
        echo ""
        echo "To install kubectl, follow these instructions based on your operating system:"
        echo ""
        echo "For Linux:"
        echo "  1. Download the latest release:"
        echo "     curl -LO \"https://dl.k8s.io/release/\$(curl -L -s https://dl.k8s.io/release/stable.txt)/bin/linux/amd64/kubectl\""
        echo ""
        echo "  2. Make the kubectl binary executable:"
        echo "     chmod +x ./kubectl"
        echo ""
        echo "  3. Move the binary to your PATH:"
        echo "     sudo mv ./kubectl /usr/local/bin/kubectl"
        echo ""
        echo "For macOS:"
        echo "  1. Using Homebrew:"
        echo "     brew install kubectl"
        echo "     or"
        echo "  2. Using curl:"
        echo "     curl -LO \"https://dl.k8s.io/release/\$(curl -L -s https://dl.k8s.io/release/stable.txt)/bin/darwin/amd64/kubectl\""
        echo "     chmod +x ./kubectl"
        echo "     sudo mv ./kubectl /usr/local/bin/kubectl"
        echo ""
        echo "For Windows:"
        echo "  1. Using curl:"
        echo "     curl -LO \"https://dl.k8s.io/release/v1.28.0/bin/windows/amd64/kubectl.exe\""
        echo "     Add the binary to your PATH"
        echo "     or"
        echo "  2. Using Chocolatey:"
        echo "     choco install kubernetes-cli"
        echo ""
        echo "After installation, verify with: kubectl version --client"
        echo ""
        return 1
    fi
    return 0
}

# Generate a random identifier for resource names
RANDOM_ID=$(LC_ALL=C tr -dc 'a-z0-9' < /dev/urandom | fold -w 6 | head -n 1)
STACK_NAME="eks-vpc-stack-${RANDOM_ID}"
CLUSTER_NAME="eks-cluster-${RANDOM_ID}"
NODEGROUP_NAME="eks-nodegroup-${RANDOM_ID}"
CLUSTER_ROLE_NAME="EKSClusterRole-${RANDOM_ID}"
NODE_ROLE_NAME="EKSNodeRole-${RANDOM_ID}"

echo "Using the following resource names:"
echo "- VPC Stack: $STACK_NAME"
echo "- EKS Cluster: $CLUSTER_NAME"
echo "- Node Group: $NODEGROUP_NAME"
echo "- Cluster IAM Role: $CLUSTER_ROLE_NAME"
echo "- Node IAM Role: $NODE_ROLE_NAME"

# Array to track created resources for cleanup
declare -a CREATED_RESOURCES

# Function to clean up resources
cleanup_resources() {
    echo "Cleaning up resources in reverse order..."
    
    # Check if node group exists and delete it
    if aws eks list-nodegroups --cluster-name "$CLUSTER_NAME" --query "nodegroups[?contains(@,'$NODEGROUP_NAME')]" --output text 2>/dev/null | grep -q "$NODEGROUP_NAME"; then
        echo "Deleting node group: $NODEGROUP_NAME"
        aws eks delete-nodegroup --cluster-name "$CLUSTER_NAME" --nodegroup-name "$NODEGROUP_NAME"
        echo "Waiting for node group deletion to complete..."
        aws eks wait nodegroup-deleted --cluster-name "$CLUSTER_NAME" --nodegroup-name "$NODEGROUP_NAME"
        echo "Node group deleted successfully."
    fi
    
    # Check if cluster exists and delete it
    if aws eks describe-cluster --name "$CLUSTER_NAME" 2>/dev/null; then
        echo "Deleting cluster: $CLUSTER_NAME"
        aws eks delete-cluster --name "$CLUSTER_NAME"
        echo "Waiting for cluster deletion to complete (this may take several minutes)..."
        aws eks wait cluster-deleted --name "$CLUSTER_NAME"
        echo "Cluster deleted successfully."
    fi
    
    # Check if CloudFormation stack exists and delete it
    if aws cloudformation describe-stacks --stack-name "$STACK_NAME" 2>/dev/null; then
        echo "Deleting CloudFormation stack: $STACK_NAME"
        aws cloudformation delete-stack --stack-name "$STACK_NAME"
        echo "Waiting for CloudFormation stack deletion to complete..."
        aws cloudformation wait stack-delete-complete --stack-name "$STACK_NAME"
        echo "CloudFormation stack deleted successfully."
    fi
    
    # Clean up IAM roles
    if aws iam get-role --role-name "$NODE_ROLE_NAME" 2>/dev/null; then
        echo "Detaching policies from node role: $NODE_ROLE_NAME"
        aws iam detach-role-policy --policy-arn arn:aws:iam::aws:policy/AmazonEKSWorkerNodePolicy --role-name "$NODE_ROLE_NAME"
        aws iam detach-role-policy --policy-arn arn:aws:iam::aws:policy/AmazonEC2ContainerRegistryReadOnly --role-name "$NODE_ROLE_NAME"
        aws iam detach-role-policy --policy-arn arn:aws:iam::aws:policy/AmazonEKS_CNI_Policy --role-name "$NODE_ROLE_NAME"
        echo "Deleting node role: $NODE_ROLE_NAME"
        aws iam delete-role --role-name "$NODE_ROLE_NAME"
        echo "Node role deleted successfully."
    fi
    
    if aws iam get-role --role-name "$CLUSTER_ROLE_NAME" 2>/dev/null; then
        echo "Detaching policies from cluster role: $CLUSTER_ROLE_NAME"
        aws iam detach-role-policy --policy-arn arn:aws:iam::aws:policy/AmazonEKSClusterPolicy --role-name "$CLUSTER_ROLE_NAME"
        echo "Deleting cluster role: $CLUSTER_ROLE_NAME"
        aws iam delete-role --role-name "$CLUSTER_ROLE_NAME"
        echo "Cluster role deleted successfully."
    fi
    
    echo "Cleanup complete."
}

# Trap to ensure cleanup on script exit
trap 'echo "Script interrupted. Cleaning up resources..."; cleanup_resources; exit 1' SIGINT SIGTERM

# Verify AWS CLI configuration
echo "Verifying AWS CLI configuration..."
AWS_ACCOUNT_INFO=$(aws sts get-caller-identity)
check_command "$AWS_ACCOUNT_INFO"
echo "AWS CLI is properly configured."

# Step 1: Create VPC using CloudFormation
echo "Step 1: Creating VPC with CloudFormation..."
echo "Creating CloudFormation stack: $STACK_NAME"

# Create the CloudFormation stack
CF_CREATE_OUTPUT=$(aws cloudformation create-stack \
  --stack-name "$STACK_NAME" \
  --template-url https://s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/amazon-eks/cloudformation/2020-10-29/amazon-eks-vpc-private-subnets.yaml)
check_command "$CF_CREATE_OUTPUT"
CREATED_RESOURCES+=("CloudFormation Stack: $STACK_NAME")

echo "Waiting for CloudFormation stack to complete (this may take a few minutes)..."
aws cloudformation wait stack-create-complete --stack-name "$STACK_NAME"
if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
    handle_error "CloudFormation stack creation failed"
fi
echo "CloudFormation stack created successfully."

# Step 2: Create IAM roles for EKS
echo "Step 2: Creating IAM roles for EKS..."

# Create cluster role trust policy
echo "Creating cluster role trust policy..."
cat > eks-cluster-role-trust-policy.json << EOF
{
  "Version":"2012-10-17",		 	 	 
  "Statement": [
    {
      "Effect": "Allow",
      "Principal": {
        "Service": "eks.amazonaws.com"
      },
      "Action": "sts:AssumeRole"
    }
  ]
}
EOF

# Create cluster role
echo "Creating cluster IAM role: $CLUSTER_ROLE_NAME"
CLUSTER_ROLE_OUTPUT=$(aws iam create-role \
  --role-name "$CLUSTER_ROLE_NAME" \
  --assume-role-policy-document file://"eks-cluster-role-trust-policy.json")
check_command "$CLUSTER_ROLE_OUTPUT"
CREATED_RESOURCES+=("IAM Role: $CLUSTER_ROLE_NAME")

# Attach policy to cluster role
echo "Attaching EKS cluster policy to role..."
ATTACH_CLUSTER_POLICY_OUTPUT=$(aws iam attach-role-policy \
  --policy-arn arn:aws:iam::aws:policy/AmazonEKSClusterPolicy \
  --role-name "$CLUSTER_ROLE_NAME")
check_command "$ATTACH_CLUSTER_POLICY_OUTPUT"

# Create node role trust policy
echo "Creating node role trust policy..."
cat > node-role-trust-policy.json << EOF
{
  "Version":"2012-10-17",		 	 	 
  "Statement": [
    {
      "Effect": "Allow",
      "Principal": {
        "Service": "ec2.amazonaws.com"
      },
      "Action": "sts:AssumeRole"
    }
  ]
}
EOF

# Create node role
echo "Creating node IAM role: $NODE_ROLE_NAME"
NODE_ROLE_OUTPUT=$(aws iam create-role \
  --role-name "$NODE_ROLE_NAME" \
  --assume-role-policy-document file://"node-role-trust-policy.json")
check_command "$NODE_ROLE_OUTPUT"
CREATED_RESOURCES+=("IAM Role: $NODE_ROLE_NAME")

# Attach policies to node role
echo "Attaching EKS node policies to role..."
ATTACH_NODE_POLICY1_OUTPUT=$(aws iam attach-role-policy \
  --policy-arn arn:aws:iam::aws:policy/AmazonEKSWorkerNodePolicy \
  --role-name "$NODE_ROLE_NAME")
check_command "$ATTACH_NODE_POLICY1_OUTPUT"

ATTACH_NODE_POLICY2_OUTPUT=$(aws iam attach-role-policy \
  --policy-arn arn:aws:iam::aws:policy/AmazonEC2ContainerRegistryReadOnly \
  --role-name "$NODE_ROLE_NAME")
check_command "$ATTACH_NODE_POLICY2_OUTPUT"

ATTACH_NODE_POLICY3_OUTPUT=$(aws iam attach-role-policy \
  --policy-arn arn:aws:iam::aws:policy/AmazonEKS_CNI_Policy \
  --role-name "$NODE_ROLE_NAME")
check_command "$ATTACH_NODE_POLICY3_OUTPUT"

# Step 3: Get VPC and subnet information
echo "Step 3: Getting VPC and subnet information..."

VPC_ID=$(aws cloudformation describe-stacks \
  --stack-name "$STACK_NAME" \
  --query "Stacks[0].Outputs[?OutputKey=='VpcId'].OutputValue" \
  --output text)
if [ -z "$VPC_ID" ]; then
    handle_error "Failed to get VPC ID from CloudFormation stack"
fi
echo "VPC ID: $VPC_ID"

SUBNET_IDS=$(aws cloudformation describe-stacks \
  --stack-name "$STACK_NAME" \
  --query "Stacks[0].Outputs[?OutputKey=='SubnetIds'].OutputValue" \
  --output text)
if [ -z "$SUBNET_IDS" ]; then
    handle_error "Failed to get Subnet IDs from CloudFormation stack"
fi
echo "Subnet IDs: $SUBNET_IDS"

SECURITY_GROUP_ID=$(aws cloudformation describe-stacks \
  --stack-name "$STACK_NAME" \
  --query "Stacks[0].Outputs[?OutputKey=='SecurityGroups'].OutputValue" \
  --output text)
if [ -z "$SECURITY_GROUP_ID" ]; then
    handle_error "Failed to get Security Group ID from CloudFormation stack"
fi
echo "Security Group ID: $SECURITY_GROUP_ID"

# Step 4: Create EKS cluster
echo "Step 4: Creating EKS cluster: $CLUSTER_NAME"

CLUSTER_ROLE_ARN=$(aws iam get-role --role-name "$CLUSTER_ROLE_NAME" --query "Role.Arn" --output text)
if [ -z "$CLUSTER_ROLE_ARN" ]; then
    handle_error "Failed to get Cluster Role ARN"
fi

echo "Creating EKS cluster (this will take 10-15 minutes)..."
CREATE_CLUSTER_OUTPUT=$(aws eks create-cluster \
  --name "$CLUSTER_NAME" \
  --role-arn "$CLUSTER_ROLE_ARN" \
  --resources-vpc-config subnetIds="$SUBNET_IDS",securityGroupIds="$SECURITY_GROUP_ID")
check_command "$CREATE_CLUSTER_OUTPUT"
CREATED_RESOURCES+=("EKS Cluster: $CLUSTER_NAME")

echo "Waiting for EKS cluster to become active (this may take 10-15 minutes)..."
aws eks wait cluster-active --name "$CLUSTER_NAME"
if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
    handle_error "Cluster creation failed or timed out"
fi
echo "EKS cluster is now active."

# Step 5: Configure kubectl
echo "Step 5: Configuring kubectl to communicate with the cluster..."

# Check if kubectl is installed
if ! check_kubectl; then
    echo "Will skip kubectl configuration steps but continue with the script."
    echo "You can manually configure kubectl later with: aws eks update-kubeconfig --name \"$CLUSTER_NAME\""
else
    UPDATE_KUBECONFIG_OUTPUT=$(aws eks update-kubeconfig --name "$CLUSTER_NAME")
    check_command "$UPDATE_KUBECONFIG_OUTPUT"
    echo "kubectl configured successfully."

    # Test kubectl configuration
    echo "Testing kubectl configuration..."
    KUBECTL_TEST_OUTPUT=$(kubectl get svc 2>&1)
    if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
        echo "Warning: kubectl configuration test failed. This might be due to permissions or network issues."
        echo "Error details: $KUBECTL_TEST_OUTPUT"
        echo "Continuing with script execution..."
    else
        echo "$KUBECTL_TEST_OUTPUT"
        echo "kubectl configuration test successful."
    fi
fi

# Step 6: Create managed node group
echo "Step 6: Creating managed node group: $NODEGROUP_NAME"

NODE_ROLE_ARN=$(aws iam get-role --role-name "$NODE_ROLE_NAME" --query "Role.Arn" --output text)
if [ -z "$NODE_ROLE_ARN" ]; then
    handle_error "Failed to get Node Role ARN"
fi

# Convert comma-separated subnet IDs to space-separated for the create-nodegroup command
SUBNET_IDS_ARRAY=(${SUBNET_IDS//,/ })

echo "Creating managed node group (this will take 5-10 minutes)..."
CREATE_NODEGROUP_OUTPUT=$(aws eks create-nodegroup \
  --cluster-name "$CLUSTER_NAME" \
  --nodegroup-name "$NODEGROUP_NAME" \
  --node-role "$NODE_ROLE_ARN" \
  --subnets "${SUBNET_IDS_ARRAY[@]}")
check_command "$CREATE_NODEGROUP_OUTPUT"
CREATED_RESOURCES+=("EKS Node Group: $NODEGROUP_NAME")

echo "Waiting for node group to become active (this may take 5-10 minutes)..."
aws eks wait nodegroup-active --cluster-name "$CLUSTER_NAME" --nodegroup-name "$NODEGROUP_NAME"
if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
    handle_error "Node group creation failed or timed out"
fi
echo "Node group is now active."

# Step 7: Verify nodes
echo "Step 7: Verifying nodes..."
echo "Waiting for nodes to register with the cluster (this may take a few minutes)..."
sleep 60  # Give nodes more time to register

# Check if kubectl is installed before attempting to use it
if ! check_kubectl; then
    echo "Cannot verify nodes without kubectl. Skipping this step."
    echo "You can manually verify nodes after installing kubectl with: kubectl get nodes"
else
    NODES_OUTPUT=$(kubectl get nodes 2>&1)
    if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
        echo "Warning: Unable to get nodes. This might be due to permissions or the nodes are still registering."
        echo "Error details: $NODES_OUTPUT"
        echo "Continuing with script execution..."
    else
        echo "$NODES_OUTPUT"
        echo "Nodes verified successfully."
    fi
fi

# Step 8: View resources
echo "Step 8: Viewing cluster resources..."

echo "Cluster information:"
CLUSTER_INFO=$(aws eks describe-cluster --name "$CLUSTER_NAME")
echo "$CLUSTER_INFO"

echo "Node group information:"
NODEGROUP_INFO=$(aws eks describe-nodegroup --cluster-name "$CLUSTER_NAME" --nodegroup-name "$NODEGROUP_NAME")
echo "$NODEGROUP_INFO"

echo "Kubernetes resources:"
if ! check_kubectl; then
    echo "Cannot list Kubernetes resources without kubectl. Skipping this step."
    echo "You can manually list resources after installing kubectl with: kubectl get all --all-namespaces"
else
    KUBE_RESOURCES=$(kubectl get all --all-namespaces 2>&1)
    if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
        echo "Warning: Unable to get Kubernetes resources. This might be due to permissions."
        echo "Error details: $KUBE_RESOURCES"
        echo "Continuing with script execution..."
    else
        echo "$KUBE_RESOURCES"
    fi
fi

# Display summary of created resources
echo ""
echo "==========================================="
echo "RESOURCES CREATED"
echo "==========================================="
for resource in "${CREATED_RESOURCES[@]}"; do
    echo "- $resource"
done
echo "==========================================="

# Prompt for cleanup
echo ""
echo "==========================================="
echo "CLEANUP CONFIRMATION"
echo "==========================================="
echo "Do you want to clean up all created resources? (y/n): "
read -r CLEANUP_CHOICE

if [[ "${CLEANUP_CHOICE,,}" == "y" ]]; then
    cleanup_resources
else
    echo "Resources will not be cleaned up. You can manually clean them up later."
    echo "To clean up resources, run the following commands:"
    echo "1. Delete node group: aws eks delete-nodegroup --cluster-name $CLUSTER_NAME --nodegroup-name $NODEGROUP_NAME"
    echo "2. Wait for node group deletion: aws eks wait nodegroup-deleted --cluster-name $CLUSTER_NAME --nodegroup-name $NODEGROUP_NAME"
    echo "3. Delete cluster: aws eks delete-cluster --name $CLUSTER_NAME"
    echo "4. Wait for cluster deletion: aws eks wait cluster-deleted --name $CLUSTER_NAME"
    echo "5. Delete CloudFormation stack: aws cloudformation delete-stack --stack-name $STACK_NAME"
    echo "6. Detach and delete IAM roles for the node group and cluster"
fi

echo "Script completed at $(date)"
```
+ For API details, see the following topics in *AWS CLI Command Reference*.
  + [AttachRolePolicy](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/AttachRolePolicy)
  + [CreateCluster](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/eks-2017-11-01/CreateCluster)
  + [CreateNodegroup](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/eks-2017-11-01/CreateNodegroup)
  + [CreateRole](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/CreateRole)
  + [CreateStack](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/cloudformation-2010-05-15/CreateStack)
  + [DeleteCluster](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/eks-2017-11-01/DeleteCluster)
  + [DeleteNodegroup](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/eks-2017-11-01/DeleteNodegroup)
  + [DeleteRole](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/DeleteRole)
  + [DeleteStack](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/cloudformation-2010-05-15/DeleteStack)
  + [DescribeCluster](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/eks-2017-11-01/DescribeCluster)
  + [DescribeNodegroup](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/eks-2017-11-01/DescribeNodegroup)
  + [DescribeStacks](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/cloudformation-2010-05-15/DescribeStacks)
  + [DetachRolePolicy](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/DetachRolePolicy)
  + [GetCallerIdentity](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/sts-2011-06-15/GetCallerIdentity)
  + [GetRole](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/GetRole)
  + [ListNodegroups](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/eks-2017-11-01/ListNodegroups)
  + [UpdateKubeconfig](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/eks-2017-11-01/UpdateKubeconfig)
  + [Wait](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/eks-2017-11-01/Wait)

### Getting started with Amazon MSK
<a name="ec2_GettingStarted_057_bash_topic"></a>

The following code example shows how to:
+ Create an MSK cluster
+ Create IAM permissions for MSK access
+ Create a client machine
+ Get bootstrap brokers
+ Set up the client machine
+ Create a topic and produce/consume data
+ Clean up resources

**AWS CLI with Bash script**  
 There's more on GitHub. Find the complete example and learn how to set up and run in the [Sample developer tutorials](https://github.com/aws-samples/sample-developer-tutorials/tree/main/tuts/057-amazon-managed-streaming-for-apache-kafka-gs) repository. 

```
#!/bin/bash

# Amazon MSK Getting Started Tutorial Script - Version 8
# This script automates the steps in the Amazon MSK Getting Started tutorial
# It creates an MSK cluster, sets up IAM permissions, creates a client machine,
# and configures the client to interact with the cluster

# Set up logging
LOG_FILE="msk_tutorial_$(date +%Y%m%d_%H%M%S).log"
exec > >(tee -a "$LOG_FILE") 2>&1

echo "Starting Amazon MSK Getting Started Tutorial Script - Version 8"
echo "Logging to $LOG_FILE"
echo "=============================================="

# Function to handle errors
handle_error() {
    echo "ERROR: $1"
    echo "Resources created so far:"
    if [ -n "$CLUSTER_ARN" ]; then echo "- MSK Cluster: $CLUSTER_ARN"; fi
    if [ -n "$POLICY_ARN" ]; then echo "- IAM Policy: $POLICY_ARN"; fi
    if [ -n "$ROLE_NAME" ]; then echo "- IAM Role: $ROLE_NAME"; fi
    if [ -n "$INSTANCE_PROFILE_NAME" ]; then echo "- IAM Instance Profile: $INSTANCE_PROFILE_NAME"; fi
    if [ -n "$CLIENT_SG_ID" ]; then echo "- Client Security Group: $CLIENT_SG_ID"; fi
    if [ -n "$INSTANCE_ID" ]; then echo "- EC2 Instance: $INSTANCE_ID"; fi
    if [ -n "$KEY_NAME" ]; then echo "- Key Pair: $KEY_NAME"; fi
    
    echo "Attempting to clean up resources..."
    cleanup_resources
    exit 1
}

# Function to check if a resource exists
resource_exists() {
    local resource_type="$1"
    local resource_id="$2"
    
    case "$resource_type" in
        "cluster")
            aws kafka describe-cluster --cluster-arn "$resource_id" &>/dev/null
            ;;
        "policy")
            aws iam get-policy --policy-arn "$resource_id" &>/dev/null
            ;;
        "role")
            aws iam get-role --role-name "$resource_id" &>/dev/null
            ;;
        "instance-profile")
            aws iam get-instance-profile --instance-profile-name "$resource_id" &>/dev/null
            ;;
        "security-group")
            aws ec2 describe-security-groups --group-ids "$resource_id" &>/dev/null
            ;;
        "instance")
            aws ec2 describe-instances --instance-ids "$resource_id" --query 'Reservations[0].Instances[0].State.Name' --output text | grep -v "terminated" &>/dev/null
            ;;
        "key-pair")
            aws ec2 describe-key-pairs --key-names "$resource_id" &>/dev/null
            ;;
    esac
}

# Function to remove security group references
remove_security_group_references() {
    local sg_id="$1"
    
    if [ -z "$sg_id" ]; then
        echo "No security group ID provided for reference removal"
        return
    fi
    
    echo "Removing security group references for $sg_id"
    
    # Get all security groups in the VPC that might reference our client security group
    local vpc_security_groups=$(aws ec2 describe-security-groups \
        --filters "Name=vpc-id,Values=$DEFAULT_VPC_ID" \
        --query 'SecurityGroups[].GroupId' \
        --output text 2>/dev/null)
    
    if [ -n "$vpc_security_groups" ]; then
        for other_sg in $vpc_security_groups; do
            if [ "$other_sg" != "$sg_id" ]; then
                echo "Checking security group $other_sg for references to $sg_id"
                
                # Get the security group details in JSON format
                local sg_details=$(aws ec2 describe-security-groups \
                    --group-ids "$other_sg" \
                    --output json 2>/dev/null)
                
                if [ -n "$sg_details" ]; then
                    # Check if our security group is referenced in inbound rules
                    local has_inbound_ref=$(echo "$sg_details" | grep -o "\"GroupId\": \"$sg_id\"" | head -1)
                    
                    if [ -n "$has_inbound_ref" ]; then
                        echo "Found inbound rules in $other_sg referencing $sg_id, removing them..."
                        
                        # Try to remove common rule types
                        echo "Attempting to remove all-traffic rule"
                        aws ec2 revoke-security-group-ingress \
                            --group-id "$other_sg" \
                            --protocol all \
                            --source-group "$sg_id" 2>/dev/null || echo "No all-traffic rule to remove"
                        
                        # Try to remove TCP rules on common ports
                        for port in 22 80 443 9092 9094 9096; do
                            aws ec2 revoke-security-group-ingress \
                                --group-id "$other_sg" \
                                --protocol tcp \
                                --port "$port" \
                                --source-group "$sg_id" 2>/dev/null || true
                        done
                        
                        # Try to remove UDP rules
                        aws ec2 revoke-security-group-ingress \
                            --group-id "$other_sg" \
                            --protocol udp \
                            --source-group "$sg_id" 2>/dev/null || true
                    fi
                    
                    # Check for outbound rules (less common but possible)
                    local has_outbound_ref=$(echo "$sg_details" | grep -A 20 "IpPermissionsEgress" | grep -o "\"GroupId\": \"$sg_id\"" | head -1)
                    
                    if [ -n "$has_outbound_ref" ]; then
                        echo "Found outbound rules in $other_sg referencing $sg_id, removing them..."
                        
                        aws ec2 revoke-security-group-egress \
                            --group-id "$other_sg" \
                            --protocol all \
                            --source-group "$sg_id" 2>/dev/null || echo "No outbound all-traffic rule to remove"
                    fi
                fi
            fi
        done
    fi
    
    echo "Completed security group reference removal for $sg_id"
}

# Function to clean up resources
cleanup_resources() {
    echo "Cleaning up resources..."
    
    # Delete EC2 instance if it exists
    if [ -n "$INSTANCE_ID" ] && resource_exists "instance" "$INSTANCE_ID"; then
        echo "Terminating EC2 instance: $INSTANCE_ID"
        aws ec2 terminate-instances --instance-ids "$INSTANCE_ID" || echo "Failed to terminate instance"
        echo "Waiting for instance to terminate..."
        aws ec2 wait instance-terminated --instance-ids "$INSTANCE_ID" || echo "Failed to wait for instance termination"
    fi
    
    # Delete MSK cluster first (to remove dependencies on security group)
    if [ -n "$CLUSTER_ARN" ] && resource_exists "cluster" "$CLUSTER_ARN"; then
        echo "Deleting MSK cluster: $CLUSTER_ARN"
        aws kafka delete-cluster --cluster-arn "$CLUSTER_ARN" || echo "Failed to delete cluster"
        
        # Wait a bit for the cluster deletion to start
        echo "Waiting 30 seconds for cluster deletion to begin..."
        sleep 30
    fi
    
    # Remove security group references before attempting deletion
    if [ -n "$CLIENT_SG_ID" ] && resource_exists "security-group" "$CLIENT_SG_ID"; then
        remove_security_group_references "$CLIENT_SG_ID"
        
        echo "Deleting security group: $CLIENT_SG_ID"
        # Try multiple times with longer delays to ensure dependencies are removed
        for i in {1..10}; do
            if aws ec2 delete-security-group --group-id "$CLIENT_SG_ID"; then
                echo "Security group deleted successfully"
                break
            fi
            echo "Failed to delete security group (attempt $i/10), retrying in 30 seconds..."
            sleep 30
        done
    fi
    
    # Delete key pair if it exists
    if [ -n "$KEY_NAME" ] && resource_exists "key-pair" "$KEY_NAME"; then
        echo "Deleting key pair: $KEY_NAME"
        aws ec2 delete-key-pair --key-name "$KEY_NAME" || echo "Failed to delete key pair"
    fi
    
    # Remove role from instance profile
    if [ -n "$ROLE_NAME" ] && [ -n "$INSTANCE_PROFILE_NAME" ] && resource_exists "instance-profile" "$INSTANCE_PROFILE_NAME"; then
        echo "Removing role from instance profile"
        aws iam remove-role-from-instance-profile \
            --instance-profile-name "$INSTANCE_PROFILE_NAME" \
            --role-name "$ROLE_NAME" || echo "Failed to remove role from instance profile"
    fi
    
    # Delete instance profile
    if [ -n "$INSTANCE_PROFILE_NAME" ] && resource_exists "instance-profile" "$INSTANCE_PROFILE_NAME"; then
        echo "Deleting instance profile: $INSTANCE_PROFILE_NAME"
        aws iam delete-instance-profile \
            --instance-profile-name "$INSTANCE_PROFILE_NAME" || echo "Failed to delete instance profile"
    fi
    
    # Detach policy from role
    if [ -n "$ROLE_NAME" ] && [ -n "$POLICY_ARN" ] && resource_exists "role" "$ROLE_NAME"; then
        echo "Detaching policy from role"
        aws iam detach-role-policy \
            --role-name "$ROLE_NAME" \
            --policy-arn "$POLICY_ARN" || echo "Failed to detach policy"
    fi
    
    # Delete role
    if [ -n "$ROLE_NAME" ] && resource_exists "role" "$ROLE_NAME"; then
        echo "Deleting role: $ROLE_NAME"
        aws iam delete-role --role-name "$ROLE_NAME" || echo "Failed to delete role"
    fi
    
    # Delete policy
    if [ -n "$POLICY_ARN" ] && resource_exists "policy" "$POLICY_ARN"; then
        echo "Deleting policy: $POLICY_ARN"
        aws iam delete-policy --policy-arn "$POLICY_ARN" || echo "Failed to delete policy"
    fi
    
    echo "Cleanup completed"
}

# Function to find a suitable subnet and instance type combination
find_suitable_subnet_and_instance_type() {
    local vpc_id="$1"
    local -a subnet_array=("${!2}")
    
    # List of instance types to try, in order of preference
    local instance_types=("t3.micro" "t2.micro" "t3.small" "t2.small")
    
    echo "Finding suitable subnet and instance type combination..."
    
    for instance_type in "${instance_types[@]}"; do
        echo "Trying instance type: $instance_type"
        
        for subnet_id in "${subnet_array[@]}"; do
            # Get the availability zone for this subnet
            local az=$(aws ec2 describe-subnets \
                --subnet-ids "$subnet_id" \
                --query 'Subnets[0].AvailabilityZone' \
                --output text)
            
            echo "  Checking subnet $subnet_id in AZ $az"
            
            # Check if this instance type is available in this AZ
            local available=$(aws ec2 describe-instance-type-offerings \
                --location-type availability-zone \
                --filters "Name=location,Values=$az" "Name=instance-type,Values=$instance_type" \
                --query 'InstanceTypeOfferings[0].InstanceType' \
                --output text 2>/dev/null)
            
            if [ "$available" = "$instance_type" ]; then
                echo "  ✓ Found suitable combination: $instance_type in $az (subnet: $subnet_id)"
                SELECTED_SUBNET_ID="$subnet_id"
                SELECTED_INSTANCE_TYPE="$instance_type"
                return 0
            else
                echo "  ✗ $instance_type not available in $az"
            fi
        done
    done
    
    echo "ERROR: Could not find any suitable subnet and instance type combination"
    return 1
}

# Generate unique identifiers
RANDOM_SUFFIX=$(LC_ALL=C tr -dc 'a-z0-9' < /dev/urandom | fold -w 8 | head -n 1)
CLUSTER_NAME="MSKTutorialCluster-${RANDOM_SUFFIX}"
POLICY_NAME="msk-tutorial-policy-${RANDOM_SUFFIX}"
ROLE_NAME="msk-tutorial-role-${RANDOM_SUFFIX}"
INSTANCE_PROFILE_NAME="msk-tutorial-profile-${RANDOM_SUFFIX}"
SG_NAME="MSKClientSecurityGroup-${RANDOM_SUFFIX}"

echo "Using the following resource names:"
echo "- Cluster Name: $CLUSTER_NAME"
echo "- Policy Name: $POLICY_NAME"
echo "- Role Name: $ROLE_NAME"
echo "- Instance Profile Name: $INSTANCE_PROFILE_NAME"
echo "- Security Group Name: $SG_NAME"
echo "=============================================="

# Step 1: Create an MSK Provisioned cluster
echo "Step 1: Creating MSK Provisioned cluster"

# Get the default VPC ID first
echo "Getting default VPC..."
DEFAULT_VPC_ID=$(aws ec2 describe-vpcs \
    --filters "Name=is-default,Values=true" \
    --query "Vpcs[0].VpcId" \
    --output text)

if [ -z "$DEFAULT_VPC_ID" ] || [ "$DEFAULT_VPC_ID" = "None" ]; then
    handle_error "Could not find default VPC. Please ensure you have a default VPC in your region."
fi

echo "Default VPC ID: $DEFAULT_VPC_ID"

# Get available subnets in the default VPC
echo "Getting available subnets in the default VPC..."
SUBNETS=$(aws ec2 describe-subnets \
    --filters "Name=vpc-id,Values=$DEFAULT_VPC_ID" "Name=default-for-az,Values=true" \
    --query "Subnets[0:3].SubnetId" \
    --output text)

# Convert space-separated subnet IDs to an array
read -r -a SUBNET_ARRAY <<< "$SUBNETS"

if [ ${#SUBNET_ARRAY[@]} -lt 3 ]; then
    handle_error "Not enough subnets available in the default VPC. Need at least 3 subnets, found ${#SUBNET_ARRAY[@]}."
fi

# Get default security group for the default VPC
echo "Getting default security group for the default VPC..."
DEFAULT_SG=$(aws ec2 describe-security-groups \
    --filters "Name=group-name,Values=default" "Name=vpc-id,Values=$DEFAULT_VPC_ID" \
    --query "SecurityGroups[0].GroupId" \
    --output text)

if [ -z "$DEFAULT_SG" ] || [ "$DEFAULT_SG" = "None" ]; then
    handle_error "Could not find default security group for VPC $DEFAULT_VPC_ID"
fi

echo "Creating MSK cluster: $CLUSTER_NAME"
echo "Using VPC: $DEFAULT_VPC_ID"
echo "Using subnets: ${SUBNET_ARRAY[0]} ${SUBNET_ARRAY[1]} ${SUBNET_ARRAY[2]}"
echo "Using security group: $DEFAULT_SG"

# Create the MSK cluster with proper error handling
CLUSTER_RESPONSE=$(aws kafka create-cluster \
    --cluster-name "$CLUSTER_NAME" \
    --broker-node-group-info "{\"InstanceType\": \"kafka.t3.small\", \"ClientSubnets\": [\"${SUBNET_ARRAY[0]}\", \"${SUBNET_ARRAY[1]}\", \"${SUBNET_ARRAY[2]}\"], \"SecurityGroups\": [\"$DEFAULT_SG\"]}" \
    --kafka-version "3.6.0" \
    --number-of-broker-nodes 3 \
    --encryption-info "{\"EncryptionInTransit\": {\"InCluster\": true, \"ClientBroker\": \"TLS\"}}" 2>&1)

# Check if the command was successful
if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
    handle_error "Failed to create MSK cluster: $CLUSTER_RESPONSE"
fi

# Extract the cluster ARN using grep
CLUSTER_ARN=$(echo "$CLUSTER_RESPONSE" | grep -o '"ClusterArn": "[^"]*' | cut -d'"' -f4)

if [ -z "$CLUSTER_ARN" ]; then
    handle_error "Failed to extract cluster ARN from response: $CLUSTER_RESPONSE"
fi

echo "MSK cluster creation initiated. ARN: $CLUSTER_ARN"
echo "Waiting for cluster to become active (this may take 15-20 minutes)..."

# Wait for the cluster to become active
while true; do
    CLUSTER_STATUS=$(aws kafka describe-cluster --cluster-arn "$CLUSTER_ARN" --query "ClusterInfo.State" --output text 2>/dev/null)
    
    if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
        echo "Failed to get cluster status. Retrying in 30 seconds..."
        sleep 30
        continue
    fi
    
    echo "Current cluster status: $CLUSTER_STATUS"
    
    if [ "$CLUSTER_STATUS" = "ACTIVE" ]; then
        echo "Cluster is now active!"
        break
    elif [ "$CLUSTER_STATUS" = "FAILED" ]; then
        handle_error "Cluster creation failed"
    fi
    
    echo "Still waiting for cluster to become active... (checking again in 60 seconds)"
    sleep 60
done

echo "=============================================="
# Step 2: Create an IAM role granting access to create topics on the Amazon MSK cluster
echo "Step 2: Creating IAM policy and role"

# Get account ID and region
ACCOUNT_ID=$(aws sts get-caller-identity --query "Account" --output text)
REGION=$(aws configure get region)
if [ -z "$REGION" ]; then
    REGION=$(aws ec2 describe-availability-zones --query 'AvailabilityZones[0].RegionName' --output text)
fi

if [ -z "$ACCOUNT_ID" ] || [ -z "$REGION" ]; then
    handle_error "Could not determine AWS account ID or region"
fi

echo "Account ID: $ACCOUNT_ID"
echo "Region: $REGION"

# Create IAM policy
echo "Creating IAM policy: $POLICY_NAME"
POLICY_DOCUMENT="{
    \"Version\": \"2012-10-17\",
    \"Statement\": [
        {
            \"Effect\": \"Allow\",
            \"Action\": [
                \"kafka-cluster:Connect\",
                \"kafka-cluster:AlterCluster\",
                \"kafka-cluster:DescribeCluster\"
            ],
            \"Resource\": [
                \"$CLUSTER_ARN\"
            ]
        },
        {
            \"Effect\": \"Allow\",
            \"Action\": [
                \"kafka-cluster:*Topic*\",
                \"kafka-cluster:WriteData\",
                \"kafka-cluster:ReadData\"
            ],
            \"Resource\": [
                \"arn:aws:kafka:$REGION:$ACCOUNT_ID:topic/$CLUSTER_NAME/*\"
            ]
        },
        {
            \"Effect\": \"Allow\",
            \"Action\": [
                \"kafka-cluster:AlterGroup\",
                \"kafka-cluster:DescribeGroup\"
            ],
            \"Resource\": [
                \"arn:aws:kafka:$REGION:$ACCOUNT_ID:group/$CLUSTER_NAME/*\"
            ]
        }
    ]
}"

POLICY_RESPONSE=$(aws iam create-policy \
    --policy-name "$POLICY_NAME" \
    --policy-document "$POLICY_DOCUMENT" 2>&1)

# Check if the command was successful
if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
    handle_error "Failed to create IAM policy: $POLICY_RESPONSE"
fi

# Extract the policy ARN using grep
POLICY_ARN=$(echo "$POLICY_RESPONSE" | grep -o '"Arn": "[^"]*' | cut -d'"' -f4)

if [ -z "$POLICY_ARN" ]; then
    handle_error "Failed to extract policy ARN from response: $POLICY_RESPONSE"
fi

echo "IAM policy created. ARN: $POLICY_ARN"

# Create IAM role for EC2
echo "Creating IAM role: $ROLE_NAME"
TRUST_POLICY="{\"Version\":\"2012-10-17\",\"Statement\":[{\"Effect\":\"Allow\",\"Principal\":{\"Service\":\"ec2.amazonaws.com\"},\"Action\":\"sts:AssumeRole\"}]}"

ROLE_RESPONSE=$(aws iam create-role \
    --role-name "$ROLE_NAME" \
    --assume-role-policy-document "$TRUST_POLICY" 2>&1)

# Check if the command was successful
if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
    handle_error "Failed to create IAM role: $ROLE_RESPONSE"
fi

echo "IAM role created: $ROLE_NAME"

# Attach policy to role
echo "Attaching policy to role"
ATTACH_RESPONSE=$(aws iam attach-role-policy \
    --role-name "$ROLE_NAME" \
    --policy-arn "$POLICY_ARN" 2>&1)

# Check if the command was successful
if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
    handle_error "Failed to attach policy to role: $ATTACH_RESPONSE"
fi

echo "Policy attached to role"

# Create instance profile and add role to it
echo "Creating instance profile: $INSTANCE_PROFILE_NAME"
PROFILE_RESPONSE=$(aws iam create-instance-profile \
    --instance-profile-name "$INSTANCE_PROFILE_NAME" 2>&1)

# Check if the command was successful
if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
    handle_error "Failed to create instance profile: $PROFILE_RESPONSE"
fi

echo "Instance profile created"

echo "Adding role to instance profile"
ADD_ROLE_RESPONSE=$(aws iam add-role-to-instance-profile \
    --instance-profile-name "$INSTANCE_PROFILE_NAME" \
    --role-name "$ROLE_NAME" 2>&1)

# Check if the command was successful
if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
    handle_error "Failed to add role to instance profile: $ADD_ROLE_RESPONSE"
fi

echo "Role added to instance profile"

# Wait a moment for IAM propagation
echo "Waiting 10 seconds for IAM propagation..."
sleep 10

echo "=============================================="

# Step 3: Create a client machine
echo "Step 3: Creating client machine"

# Find a suitable subnet and instance type combination
if ! find_suitable_subnet_and_instance_type "$DEFAULT_VPC_ID" SUBNET_ARRAY[@]; then
    handle_error "Could not find a suitable subnet and instance type combination"
fi

echo "Selected subnet: $SELECTED_SUBNET_ID"
echo "Selected instance type: $SELECTED_INSTANCE_TYPE"

# Verify the subnet is in the same VPC we're using
SUBNET_VPC_ID=$(aws ec2 describe-subnets \
    --subnet-ids "$SELECTED_SUBNET_ID" \
    --query 'Subnets[0].VpcId' \
    --output text)

if [ "$SUBNET_VPC_ID" != "$DEFAULT_VPC_ID" ]; then
    handle_error "Subnet VPC ($SUBNET_VPC_ID) does not match default VPC ($DEFAULT_VPC_ID)"
fi

echo "VPC ID: $SUBNET_VPC_ID"

# Get security group ID from the MSK cluster
echo "Getting security group ID from the MSK cluster"
MSK_SG_ID=$(aws kafka describe-cluster \
    --cluster-arn "$CLUSTER_ARN" \
    --query 'ClusterInfo.BrokerNodeGroupInfo.SecurityGroups[0]' \
    --output text)

if [ -z "$MSK_SG_ID" ] || [ "$MSK_SG_ID" = "None" ]; then
    handle_error "Failed to get security group ID from cluster"
fi

echo "MSK security group ID: $MSK_SG_ID"

# Create security group for client
echo "Creating security group for client: $SG_NAME"
CLIENT_SG_RESPONSE=$(aws ec2 create-security-group \
    --group-name "$SG_NAME" \
    --description "Security group for MSK client" \
    --vpc-id "$DEFAULT_VPC_ID" 2>&1)

# Check if the command was successful
if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
    handle_error "Failed to create security group: $CLIENT_SG_RESPONSE"
fi

# Extract the security group ID using grep
CLIENT_SG_ID=$(echo "$CLIENT_SG_RESPONSE" | grep -o '"GroupId": "[^"]*' | cut -d'"' -f4)

if [ -z "$CLIENT_SG_ID" ]; then
    handle_error "Failed to extract security group ID from response: $CLIENT_SG_RESPONSE"
fi

echo "Client security group created. ID: $CLIENT_SG_ID"

# Allow SSH access to client from your IP only
echo "Getting your public IP address"
MY_IP=$(curl -s https://checkip.amazonaws.com 2>/dev/null)

if [ -z "$MY_IP" ]; then
    echo "Warning: Could not determine your IP address. Using 0.0.0.0/0 (not recommended for production)"
    MY_IP="0.0.0.0/0"
else
    MY_IP="$MY_IP/32"
    echo "Your IP address: $MY_IP"
fi

echo "Adding SSH ingress rule to client security group"
SSH_RULE_RESPONSE=$(aws ec2 authorize-security-group-ingress \
    --group-id "$CLIENT_SG_ID" \
    --protocol tcp \
    --port 22 \
    --cidr "$MY_IP" 2>&1)

# Check if the command was successful
if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
    echo "Warning: Failed to add SSH ingress rule: $SSH_RULE_RESPONSE"
    echo "You may need to manually add SSH access to security group $CLIENT_SG_ID"
fi

echo "SSH ingress rule added"

# Update MSK security group to allow traffic from client security group
echo "Adding ingress rule to MSK security group to allow traffic from client"
MSK_RULE_RESPONSE=$(aws ec2 authorize-security-group-ingress \
    --group-id "$MSK_SG_ID" \
    --protocol all \
    --source-group "$CLIENT_SG_ID" 2>&1)

# Check if the command was successful
if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
    echo "Warning: Failed to add ingress rule to MSK security group: $MSK_RULE_RESPONSE"
    echo "You may need to manually add ingress rule to security group $MSK_SG_ID"
fi

echo "Ingress rule added to MSK security group"

# Create key pair
KEY_NAME="MSKKeyPair-${RANDOM_SUFFIX}"
echo "Creating key pair: $KEY_NAME"
KEY_RESPONSE=$(aws ec2 create-key-pair --key-name "$KEY_NAME" --query 'KeyMaterial' --output text 2>&1)

# Check if the command was successful
if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
    handle_error "Failed to create key pair: $KEY_RESPONSE"
fi

# Save the private key to a file
KEY_FILE="${KEY_NAME}.pem"
echo "$KEY_RESPONSE" > "$KEY_FILE"
chmod 400 "$KEY_FILE"

echo "Key pair created and saved to $KEY_FILE"

# Get the latest Amazon Linux 2 AMI
echo "Getting latest Amazon Linux 2 AMI ID"
AMI_ID=$(aws ec2 describe-images \
    --owners amazon \
    --filters "Name=name,Values=amzn2-ami-hvm-*-x86_64-gp2" "Name=state,Values=available" \
    --query "sort_by(Images, &CreationDate)[-1].ImageId" \
    --output text 2>/dev/null)

if [ -z "$AMI_ID" ] || [ "$AMI_ID" = "None" ]; then
    handle_error "Failed to get Amazon Linux 2 AMI ID"
fi

echo "Using AMI ID: $AMI_ID"

# Launch EC2 instance with the selected subnet and instance type
echo "Launching EC2 instance"
echo "Instance type: $SELECTED_INSTANCE_TYPE"
echo "Subnet: $SELECTED_SUBNET_ID"

INSTANCE_RESPONSE=$(aws ec2 run-instances \
    --image-id "$AMI_ID" \
    --instance-type "$SELECTED_INSTANCE_TYPE" \
    --key-name "$KEY_NAME" \
    --security-group-ids "$CLIENT_SG_ID" \
    --subnet-id "$SELECTED_SUBNET_ID" \
    --iam-instance-profile "Name=$INSTANCE_PROFILE_NAME" \
    --tag-specifications "ResourceType=instance,Tags=[{Key=Name,Value=MSKTutorialClient-${RANDOM_SUFFIX}}]" 2>&1)

# Check if the command was successful
if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
    handle_error "Failed to launch EC2 instance: $INSTANCE_RESPONSE"
fi

# Extract the instance ID using grep
INSTANCE_ID=$(echo "$INSTANCE_RESPONSE" | grep -o '"InstanceId": "[^"]*' | head -1 | cut -d'"' -f4)

if [ -z "$INSTANCE_ID" ]; then
    handle_error "Failed to extract instance ID from response: $INSTANCE_RESPONSE"
fi

echo "EC2 instance launched successfully. ID: $INSTANCE_ID"
echo "Waiting for instance to be running..."

# Wait for the instance to be running
aws ec2 wait instance-running --instance-ids "$INSTANCE_ID"

if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
    handle_error "Instance failed to reach running state"
fi

# Wait a bit more for the instance to initialize
echo "Instance is running. Waiting 30 seconds for initialization..."
sleep 30

# Get public DNS name of instance
CLIENT_DNS=$(aws ec2 describe-instances \
    --instance-ids "$INSTANCE_ID" \
    --query 'Reservations[0].Instances[0].PublicDnsName' \
    --output text)

if [ -z "$CLIENT_DNS" ] || [ "$CLIENT_DNS" = "None" ]; then
    echo "Warning: Could not get public DNS name for instance. Trying public IP..."
    CLIENT_DNS=$(aws ec2 describe-instances \
        --instance-ids "$INSTANCE_ID" \
        --query 'Reservations[0].Instances[0].PublicIpAddress' \
        --output text)
    
    if [ -z "$CLIENT_DNS" ] || [ "$CLIENT_DNS" = "None" ]; then
        handle_error "Failed to get public DNS name or IP address for instance"
    fi
fi

echo "Client instance DNS/IP: $CLIENT_DNS"
echo "=============================================="
# Get bootstrap brokers with improved logic
echo "Getting bootstrap brokers"
MAX_RETRIES=10
RETRY_COUNT=0
BOOTSTRAP_BROKERS=""
AUTH_METHOD=""

while [ -z "$BOOTSTRAP_BROKERS" ] || [ "$BOOTSTRAP_BROKERS" = "None" ]; do
    # Get the full bootstrap brokers response
    BOOTSTRAP_RESPONSE=$(aws kafka get-bootstrap-brokers \
        --cluster-arn "$CLUSTER_ARN" 2>/dev/null)
    
    if [ $? -eq 0 ] && [ -n "$BOOTSTRAP_RESPONSE" ]; then
        # Try to get IAM authentication brokers first using grep
        BOOTSTRAP_BROKERS=$(echo "$BOOTSTRAP_RESPONSE" | grep -o '"BootstrapBrokerStringSaslIam": "[^"]*' | cut -d'"' -f4)
        if [ -n "$BOOTSTRAP_BROKERS" ]; then
            AUTH_METHOD="IAM"
        else
            # Fall back to TLS authentication
            BOOTSTRAP_BROKERS=$(echo "$BOOTSTRAP_RESPONSE" | grep -o '"BootstrapBrokerStringTls": "[^"]*' | cut -d'"' -f4)
            if [ -n "$BOOTSTRAP_BROKERS" ]; then
                AUTH_METHOD="TLS"
            fi
        fi
    fi
    
    RETRY_COUNT=$((RETRY_COUNT + 1))
    
    if [ "$RETRY_COUNT" -ge "$MAX_RETRIES" ]; then
        echo "Warning: Could not get bootstrap brokers after $MAX_RETRIES attempts."
        echo "You may need to manually retrieve them later using:"
        echo "aws kafka get-bootstrap-brokers --cluster-arn $CLUSTER_ARN"
        BOOTSTRAP_BROKERS="BOOTSTRAP_BROKERS_NOT_AVAILABLE"
        AUTH_METHOD="UNKNOWN"
        break
    fi
    
    if [ -z "$BOOTSTRAP_BROKERS" ] || [ "$BOOTSTRAP_BROKERS" = "None" ]; then
        echo "Bootstrap brokers not available yet. Retrying in 30 seconds... (Attempt $RETRY_COUNT/$MAX_RETRIES)"
        sleep 30
    fi
done

echo "Bootstrap brokers: $BOOTSTRAP_BROKERS"
echo "Authentication method: $AUTH_METHOD"
echo "=============================================="

# Create setup script for the client machine
echo "Creating setup script for the client machine"
cat > setup_client.sh << 'EOF'
#!/bin/bash

# Set up logging
LOG_FILE="client_setup_$(date +%Y%m%d_%H%M%S).log"
exec > >(tee -a "$LOG_FILE") 2>&1

echo "Starting client setup"
echo "=============================================="

# Install Java
echo "Installing Java"
sudo yum -y install java-11

# Set environment variables
echo "Setting up environment variables"
export KAFKA_VERSION="3.6.0"
echo "KAFKA_VERSION=$KAFKA_VERSION"

# Download and extract Apache Kafka
echo "Downloading Apache Kafka"
wget https://archive.apache.org/dist/kafka/$KAFKA_VERSION/kafka_2.13-$KAFKA_VERSION.tgz
if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
    echo "Failed to download Kafka. Trying alternative mirror..."
    wget https://www.apache.org/dyn/closer.cgi?path=/kafka/$KAFKA_VERSION/kafka_2.13-$KAFKA_VERSION.tgz
fi

echo "Extracting Kafka"
tar -xzf kafka_2.13-$KAFKA_VERSION.tgz
export KAFKA_ROOT=$(pwd)/kafka_2.13-$KAFKA_VERSION
echo "KAFKA_ROOT=$KAFKA_ROOT"

# Download the MSK IAM authentication package (needed for both IAM and TLS)
echo "Downloading MSK IAM authentication package"
cd $KAFKA_ROOT/libs
wget https://github.com/aws/aws-msk-iam-auth/releases/latest/download/aws-msk-iam-auth-1.1.6-all.jar
if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
    echo "Failed to download specific version. Trying to get latest version..."
    LATEST_VERSION=$(curl -s https://api.github.com/repos/aws/aws-msk-iam-auth/releases/latest | grep -o '"tag_name": "[^"]*' | cut -d'"' -f4)
    wget https://github.com/aws/aws-msk-iam-auth/releases/download/$LATEST_VERSION/aws-msk-iam-auth-$LATEST_VERSION-all.jar
    if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
        echo "Failed to download IAM auth package. Please check the URL and try again."
        exit 1
    fi
    export CLASSPATH=$KAFKA_ROOT/libs/aws-msk-iam-auth-$LATEST_VERSION-all.jar
else
    export CLASSPATH=$KAFKA_ROOT/libs/aws-msk-iam-auth-1.1.6-all.jar
fi
echo "CLASSPATH=$CLASSPATH"

# Create client properties file based on authentication method
echo "Creating client properties file"
cd $KAFKA_ROOT/config

# The AUTH_METHOD_PLACEHOLDER will be replaced by the script
AUTH_METHOD="AUTH_METHOD_PLACEHOLDER"

if [ "$AUTH_METHOD" = "IAM" ]; then
    echo "Configuring for IAM authentication"
    cat > client.properties << 'EOT'
security.protocol=SASL_SSL
sasl.mechanism=AWS_MSK_IAM
sasl.jaas.config=software.amazon.msk.auth.iam.IAMLoginModule required;
sasl.client.callback.handler.class=software.amazon.msk.auth.iam.IAMClientCallbackHandler
EOT
elif [ "$AUTH_METHOD" = "TLS" ]; then
    echo "Configuring for TLS authentication"
    cat > client.properties << 'EOT'
security.protocol=SSL
EOT
else
    echo "Unknown authentication method. Creating basic TLS configuration."
    cat > client.properties << 'EOT'
security.protocol=SSL
EOT
fi

echo "Client setup completed"
echo "=============================================="

# Create a script to set up environment variables
cat > ~/setup_env.sh << 'EOT'
#!/bin/bash
export KAFKA_VERSION="3.6.0"
export KAFKA_ROOT=~/kafka_2.13-$KAFKA_VERSION
export CLASSPATH=$KAFKA_ROOT/libs/aws-msk-iam-auth-1.1.6-all.jar
export BOOTSTRAP_SERVER="BOOTSTRAP_SERVER_PLACEHOLDER"
export AUTH_METHOD="AUTH_METHOD_PLACEHOLDER"

echo "Environment variables set:"
echo "KAFKA_VERSION=$KAFKA_VERSION"
echo "KAFKA_ROOT=$KAFKA_ROOT"
echo "CLASSPATH=$CLASSPATH"
echo "BOOTSTRAP_SERVER=$BOOTSTRAP_SERVER"
echo "AUTH_METHOD=$AUTH_METHOD"
EOT

chmod +x ~/setup_env.sh

echo "Created environment setup script: ~/setup_env.sh"
echo "Run 'source ~/setup_env.sh' to set up your environment"
EOF

# Replace placeholders in the setup script
if [ -n "$BOOTSTRAP_BROKERS" ] && [ "$BOOTSTRAP_BROKERS" != "None" ] && [ "$BOOTSTRAP_BROKERS" != "BOOTSTRAP_BROKERS_NOT_AVAILABLE" ]; then
    sed -i "s|BOOTSTRAP_SERVER_PLACEHOLDER|$BOOTSTRAP_BROKERS|g" setup_client.sh
else
    # If bootstrap brokers are not available, provide instructions to get them
    sed -i "s|BOOTSTRAP_SERVER_PLACEHOLDER|\$(aws kafka get-bootstrap-brokers --cluster-arn $CLUSTER_ARN --query 'BootstrapBrokerStringTls' --output text)|g" setup_client.sh
fi

# Replace auth method placeholder
sed -i "s|AUTH_METHOD_PLACEHOLDER|$AUTH_METHOD|g" setup_client.sh

echo "Setup script created"
echo "=============================================="

# Display summary of created resources
echo ""
echo "=============================================="
echo "RESOURCE SUMMARY"
echo "=============================================="
echo "MSK Cluster ARN: $CLUSTER_ARN"
echo "MSK Cluster Name: $CLUSTER_NAME"
echo "Authentication Method: $AUTH_METHOD"
echo "IAM Policy ARN: $POLICY_ARN"
echo "IAM Role Name: $ROLE_NAME"
echo "IAM Instance Profile: $INSTANCE_PROFILE_NAME"
echo "Client Security Group: $CLIENT_SG_ID"
echo "EC2 Instance ID: $INSTANCE_ID"
echo "EC2 Instance Type: $SELECTED_INSTANCE_TYPE"
echo "EC2 Instance DNS: $CLIENT_DNS"
echo "Key Pair: $KEY_NAME (saved to $KEY_FILE)"
echo "Bootstrap Brokers: $BOOTSTRAP_BROKERS"
echo "=============================================="
echo ""

# Instructions for connecting to the instance and setting up the client
echo "NEXT STEPS:"
echo "1. Connect to your EC2 instance:"
echo "   ssh -i $KEY_FILE ec2-user@$CLIENT_DNS"
echo ""
echo "2. Upload the setup script to your instance:"
echo "   scp -i $KEY_FILE setup_client.sh ec2-user@$CLIENT_DNS:~/"
echo ""
echo "3. Run the setup script on your instance:"
echo "   ssh -i $KEY_FILE ec2-user@$CLIENT_DNS 'chmod +x ~/setup_client.sh && ~/setup_client.sh'"
echo ""
echo "4. Source the environment setup script:"
echo "   source ~/setup_env.sh"
echo ""

# Provide different instructions based on authentication method
if [ "$AUTH_METHOD" = "IAM" ]; then
    echo "5. Create a Kafka topic (using IAM authentication):"
    echo "   \$KAFKA_ROOT/bin/kafka-topics.sh --create \\"
    echo "     --bootstrap-server \$BOOTSTRAP_SERVER \\"
    echo "     --command-config \$KAFKA_ROOT/config/client.properties \\"
    echo "     --replication-factor 3 \\"
    echo "     --partitions 1 \\"
    echo "     --topic MSKTutorialTopic"
    echo ""
    echo "6. Start a producer:"
    echo "   \$KAFKA_ROOT/bin/kafka-console-producer.sh \\"
    echo "     --broker-list \$BOOTSTRAP_SERVER \\"
    echo "     --producer.config \$KAFKA_ROOT/config/client.properties \\"
    echo "     --topic MSKTutorialTopic"
    echo ""
    echo "7. Start a consumer:"
    echo "   \$KAFKA_ROOT/bin/kafka-console-consumer.sh \\"
    echo "     --bootstrap-server \$BOOTSTRAP_SERVER \\"
    echo "     --consumer.config \$KAFKA_ROOT/config/client.properties \\"
    echo "     --topic MSKTutorialTopic \\"
    echo "     --from-beginning"
elif [ "$AUTH_METHOD" = "TLS" ]; then
    echo "5. Create a Kafka topic (using TLS authentication):"
    echo "   \$KAFKA_ROOT/bin/kafka-topics.sh --create \\"
    echo "     --bootstrap-server \$BOOTSTRAP_SERVER \\"
    echo "     --command-config \$KAFKA_ROOT/config/client.properties \\"
    echo "     --replication-factor 3 \\"
    echo "     --partitions 1 \\"
    echo "     --topic MSKTutorialTopic"
    echo ""
    echo "6. Start a producer:"
    echo "   \$KAFKA_ROOT/bin/kafka-console-producer.sh \\"
    echo "     --broker-list \$BOOTSTRAP_SERVER \\"
    echo "     --producer.config \$KAFKA_ROOT/config/client.properties \\"
    echo "     --topic MSKTutorialTopic"
    echo ""
    echo "7. Start a consumer:"
    echo "   \$KAFKA_ROOT/bin/kafka-console-consumer.sh \\"
    echo "     --bootstrap-server \$BOOTSTRAP_SERVER \\"
    echo "     --consumer.config \$KAFKA_ROOT/config/client.properties \\"
    echo "     --topic MSKTutorialTopic \\"
    echo "     --from-beginning"
else
    echo "5. Manually retrieve bootstrap brokers and configure authentication:"
    echo "   aws kafka get-bootstrap-brokers --cluster-arn $CLUSTER_ARN"
fi

echo ""
echo "8. Verify the topic was created:"
echo "   \$KAFKA_ROOT/bin/kafka-topics.sh --list \\"
echo "     --bootstrap-server \$BOOTSTRAP_SERVER \\"
echo "     --command-config \$KAFKA_ROOT/config/client.properties"
echo "=============================================="
echo ""

# Ask if user wants to clean up resources
echo ""
echo "==========================================="
echo "CLEANUP CONFIRMATION"
echo "==========================================="
echo "Do you want to clean up all created resources? (y/n): "
read -r CLEANUP_CHOICE

if [[ $CLEANUP_CHOICE =~ ^[Yy]$ ]]; then
    cleanup_resources
    echo "All resources have been cleaned up."
else
    echo "Resources will not be cleaned up. You can manually clean them up later."
    echo "To clean up resources, run this script again and choose 'y' when prompted."
fi

echo "Script completed successfully!"
```
+ For API details, see the following topics in *AWS CLI Command Reference*.
  + [AddRoleToInstanceProfile](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/AddRoleToInstanceProfile)
  + [AttachRolePolicy](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/AttachRolePolicy)
  + [AuthorizeSecurityGroupIngress](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/ec2-2016-11-15/AuthorizeSecurityGroupIngress)
  + [CreateCluster](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/kafka-2018-11-14/CreateCluster)
  + [CreateInstanceProfile](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/CreateInstanceProfile)
  + [CreateKeyPair](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/ec2-2016-11-15/CreateKeyPair)
  + [CreatePolicy](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/CreatePolicy)
  + [CreateRole](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/CreateRole)
  + [CreateSecurityGroup](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/ec2-2016-11-15/CreateSecurityGroup)
  + [DeleteCluster](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/kafka-2018-11-14/DeleteCluster)
  + [DeleteInstanceProfile](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/DeleteInstanceProfile)
  + [DeleteKeyPair](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/ec2-2016-11-15/DeleteKeyPair)
  + [DeletePolicy](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/DeletePolicy)
  + [DeleteRole](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/DeleteRole)
  + [DeleteSecurityGroup](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/ec2-2016-11-15/DeleteSecurityGroup)
  + [DescribeAvailabilityZones](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/ec2-2016-11-15/DescribeAvailabilityZones)
  + [DescribeCluster](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/kafka-2018-11-14/DescribeCluster)
  + [DescribeImages](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/ec2-2016-11-15/DescribeImages)
  + [DescribeInstanceTypeOfferings](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/ec2-2016-11-15/DescribeInstanceTypeOfferings)
  + [DescribeInstances](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/ec2-2016-11-15/DescribeInstances)
  + [DescribeKeyPairs](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/ec2-2016-11-15/DescribeKeyPairs)
  + [DescribeSecurityGroups](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/ec2-2016-11-15/DescribeSecurityGroups)
  + [DescribeSubnets](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/ec2-2016-11-15/DescribeSubnets)
  + [DescribeVpcs](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/ec2-2016-11-15/DescribeVpcs)
  + [DetachRolePolicy](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/DetachRolePolicy)
  + [GetBootstrapBrokers](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/kafka-2018-11-14/GetBootstrapBrokers)
  + [GetCallerIdentity](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/sts-2011-06-15/GetCallerIdentity)
  + [GetInstanceProfile](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/GetInstanceProfile)
  + [GetPolicy](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/GetPolicy)
  + [GetRole](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/GetRole)
  + [RemoveRoleFromInstanceProfile](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/RemoveRoleFromInstanceProfile)
  + [RevokeSecurityGroupEgress](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/ec2-2016-11-15/RevokeSecurityGroupEgress)
  + [RevokeSecurityGroupIngress](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/ec2-2016-11-15/RevokeSecurityGroupIngress)
  + [RunInstances](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/ec2-2016-11-15/RunInstances)
  + [TerminateInstances](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/ec2-2016-11-15/TerminateInstances)
  + [Wait](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/ec2-2016-11-15/Wait)

### Getting started with Amazon Redshift provisioned clusters
<a name="redshift_GettingStarted_039_bash_topic"></a>

The following code example shows how to:
+ Create a Redshift cluster
+ Create an IAM role for S3 access
+ Create tables and load data
+ Run example queries
+ Clean up resources

**AWS CLI with Bash script**  
 There's more on GitHub. Find the complete example and learn how to set up and run in the [Sample developer tutorials](https://github.com/aws-samples/sample-developer-tutorials/tree/main/tuts/039-redshift-provisioned) repository. 

```
#!/bin/bash

# Amazon Redshift Provisioned Cluster Tutorial Script
# This script creates a Redshift cluster, loads sample data, runs queries, and cleans up resources
# Version 3: Fixed IAM role usage in COPY commands

# Set up logging
LOG_FILE="redshift_tutorial.log"
exec > >(tee -a "$LOG_FILE") 2>&1

echo "Starting Amazon Redshift tutorial script at $(date)"
echo "All commands and outputs will be logged to $LOG_FILE"

# Function to handle errors
handle_error() {
    echo "ERROR: $1"
    echo "Resources created so far:"
    if [ -n "$CLUSTER_ID" ]; then echo "- Redshift Cluster: $CLUSTER_ID"; fi
    if [ -n "$ROLE_NAME" ]; then echo "- IAM Role: $ROLE_NAME"; fi
    
    echo "Attempting to clean up resources..."
    cleanup_resources
    exit 1
}

# Function to clean up resources
cleanup_resources() {
    echo "Cleaning up resources..."
    
    # Delete the cluster if it exists
    if [ -n "$CLUSTER_ID" ]; then
        echo "Deleting Redshift cluster: $CLUSTER_ID"
        aws redshift delete-cluster --cluster-identifier "$CLUSTER_ID" --skip-final-cluster-snapshot
        echo "Waiting for cluster deletion to complete..."
        aws redshift wait cluster-deleted --cluster-identifier "$CLUSTER_ID"
        echo "Cluster deleted successfully."
    fi
    
    # Delete the IAM role if it exists
    if [ -n "$ROLE_NAME" ]; then
        echo "Removing IAM role policy..."
        aws iam delete-role-policy --role-name "$ROLE_NAME" --policy-name RedshiftS3Access || echo "Failed to delete role policy"
        
        echo "Deleting IAM role: $ROLE_NAME"
        aws iam delete-role --role-name "$ROLE_NAME" || echo "Failed to delete role"
    fi
    
    echo "Cleanup completed."
}

# Function to wait for SQL statement to complete
wait_for_statement() {
    local statement_id=$1
    local max_attempts=30
    local attempt=1
    local status=""
    
    echo "Waiting for statement $statement_id to complete..."
    
    while [ $attempt -le $max_attempts ]; do
        status=$(aws redshift-data describe-statement --id "$statement_id" --query 'Status' --output text)
        
        if [ "$status" == "FINISHED" ]; then
            echo "Statement completed successfully."
            return 0
        elif [ "$status" == "FAILED" ]; then
            local error=$(aws redshift-data describe-statement --id "$statement_id" --query 'Error' --output text)
            echo "Statement failed with error: $error"
            return 1
        elif [ "$status" == "ABORTED" ]; then
            echo "Statement was aborted."
            return 1
        fi
        
        echo "Statement status: $status. Waiting... (Attempt $attempt/$max_attempts)"
        sleep 10
        ((attempt++))
    done
    
    echo "Timed out waiting for statement to complete."
    return 1
}

# Function to check if IAM role is attached to cluster
check_role_attached() {
    local role_arn=$1
    local max_attempts=10
    local attempt=1
    
    echo "Checking if IAM role is attached to the cluster..."
    
    while [ $attempt -le $max_attempts ]; do
        local status=$(aws redshift describe-clusters \
            --cluster-identifier "$CLUSTER_ID" \
            --query "Clusters[0].IamRoles[?IamRoleArn=='$role_arn'].ApplyStatus" \
            --output text)
        
        if [ "$status" == "in-sync" ]; then
            echo "IAM role is successfully attached to the cluster."
            return 0
        fi
        
        echo "IAM role status: $status. Waiting... (Attempt $attempt/$max_attempts)"
        sleep 30
        ((attempt++))
    done
    
    echo "Timed out waiting for IAM role to be attached."
    return 1
}

# Variables to track created resources
CLUSTER_ID="examplecluster"
ROLE_NAME="RedshiftS3Role-$(date +%s)"
DB_NAME="dev"
DB_USER="awsuser"
DB_PASSWORD="Changeit1"  # In production, use AWS Secrets Manager to generate and store passwords

echo "=== Step 1: Creating Amazon Redshift Cluster ==="

# Create the Redshift cluster
echo "Creating Redshift cluster: $CLUSTER_ID"
CLUSTER_RESULT=$(aws redshift create-cluster \
  --cluster-identifier "$CLUSTER_ID" \
  --node-type ra3.4xlarge \
  --number-of-nodes 2 \
  --master-username "$DB_USER" \
  --master-user-password "$DB_PASSWORD" \
  --db-name "$DB_NAME" \
  --port 5439 2>&1)

# Check for errors
if echo "$CLUSTER_RESULT" | grep -i "error"; then
    handle_error "Failed to create Redshift cluster: $CLUSTER_RESULT"
fi

echo "$CLUSTER_RESULT"
echo "Waiting for cluster to become available..."

# Wait for the cluster to be available
aws redshift wait cluster-available --cluster-identifier "$CLUSTER_ID" || handle_error "Timeout waiting for cluster to become available"

# Get cluster status to confirm
CLUSTER_STATUS=$(aws redshift describe-clusters \
  --cluster-identifier "$CLUSTER_ID" \
  --query 'Clusters[0].ClusterStatus' \
  --output text)

echo "Cluster status: $CLUSTER_STATUS"

echo "=== Step 2: Creating IAM Role for S3 Access ==="

# Create trust policy file
echo "Creating trust policy for Redshift"
cat > redshift-trust-policy.json << EOF
{
  "Version":"2012-10-17",		 	 	 
  "Statement": [
    {
      "Effect": "Allow",
      "Principal": {
        "Service": "redshift.amazonaws.com"
      },
      "Action": "sts:AssumeRole"
    }
  ]
}
EOF

# Create IAM role
echo "Creating IAM role: $ROLE_NAME"
ROLE_RESULT=$(aws iam create-role \
  --role-name "$ROLE_NAME" \
  --assume-role-policy-document file://redshift-trust-policy.json 2>&1)

# Check for errors
if echo "$ROLE_RESULT" | grep -i "error"; then
    handle_error "Failed to create IAM role: $ROLE_RESULT"
fi

echo "$ROLE_RESULT"

# Get the role ARN
ROLE_ARN=$(aws iam get-role --role-name "$ROLE_NAME" --query 'Role.Arn' --output text)
echo "Role ARN: $ROLE_ARN"

# Create policy document for S3 access
echo "Creating S3 access policy"
cat > redshift-s3-policy.json << EOF
{
  "Version":"2012-10-17",		 	 	 
  "Statement": [
    {
      "Effect": "Allow",
      "Action": [
        "s3:GetObject",
        "s3:ListBucket"
      ],
      "Resource": [
        "arn:aws:s3:::redshift-downloads",
        "arn:aws:s3:::redshift-downloads/*"
      ]
    }
  ]
}
EOF

# Attach policy to role
echo "Attaching S3 access policy to role"
POLICY_RESULT=$(aws iam put-role-policy \
  --role-name "$ROLE_NAME" \
  --policy-name RedshiftS3Access \
  --policy-document file://redshift-s3-policy.json 2>&1)

# Check for errors
if echo "$POLICY_RESULT" | grep -i "error"; then
    handle_error "Failed to attach policy to role: $POLICY_RESULT"
fi

echo "$POLICY_RESULT"

# Attach role to cluster
echo "Attaching IAM role to Redshift cluster"
ATTACH_ROLE_RESULT=$(aws redshift modify-cluster-iam-roles \
  --cluster-identifier "$CLUSTER_ID" \
  --add-iam-roles "$ROLE_ARN" 2>&1)

# Check for errors
if echo "$ATTACH_ROLE_RESULT" | grep -i "error"; then
    handle_error "Failed to attach role to cluster: $ATTACH_ROLE_RESULT"
fi

echo "$ATTACH_ROLE_RESULT"

# Wait for the role to be attached
echo "Waiting for IAM role to be attached to the cluster..."
if ! check_role_attached "$ROLE_ARN"; then
    handle_error "Failed to attach IAM role to cluster"
fi

echo "=== Step 3: Getting Cluster Connection Information ==="

# Get cluster endpoint
CLUSTER_INFO=$(aws redshift describe-clusters \
  --cluster-identifier "$CLUSTER_ID" \
  --query 'Clusters[0].Endpoint.{Address:Address,Port:Port}' \
  --output json)

echo "Cluster endpoint information:"
echo "$CLUSTER_INFO"

echo "=== Step 4: Creating Tables and Loading Data ==="

echo "Creating sales table"
SALES_TABLE_ID=$(aws redshift-data execute-statement \
  --cluster-identifier "$CLUSTER_ID" \
  --database "$DB_NAME" \
  --db-user "$DB_USER" \
  --sql "DROP TABLE IF EXISTS sales; CREATE TABLE sales(salesid integer not null, listid integer not null distkey, sellerid integer not null, buyerid integer not null, eventid integer not null, dateid smallint not null sortkey, qtysold smallint not null, pricepaid decimal(8,2), commission decimal(8,2), saletime timestamp);" \
  --query 'Id' --output text)

echo "Sales table creation statement ID: $SALES_TABLE_ID"

# Wait for statement to complete
if ! wait_for_statement "$SALES_TABLE_ID"; then
    handle_error "Failed to create sales table"
fi

echo "Creating date table"
DATE_TABLE_ID=$(aws redshift-data execute-statement \
  --cluster-identifier "$CLUSTER_ID" \
  --database "$DB_NAME" \
  --db-user "$DB_USER" \
  --sql "DROP TABLE IF EXISTS date; CREATE TABLE date(dateid smallint not null distkey sortkey, caldate date not null, day character(3) not null, week smallint not null, month character(5) not null, qtr character(5) not null, year smallint not null, holiday boolean default('N'));" \
  --query 'Id' --output text)

echo "Date table creation statement ID: $DATE_TABLE_ID"

# Wait for statement to complete
if ! wait_for_statement "$DATE_TABLE_ID"; then
    handle_error "Failed to create date table"
fi

echo "Loading data into sales table"
SALES_LOAD_ID=$(aws redshift-data execute-statement \
  --cluster-identifier "$CLUSTER_ID" \
  --database "$DB_NAME" \
  --db-user "$DB_USER" \
  --sql "COPY sales FROM 's3://redshift-downloads/tickit/sales_tab.txt' DELIMITER '\t' TIMEFORMAT 'MM/DD/YYYY HH:MI:SS' REGION 'us-east-1' IAM_ROLE '$ROLE_ARN';" \
  --query 'Id' --output text)

echo "Sales data load statement ID: $SALES_LOAD_ID"

# Wait for statement to complete
if ! wait_for_statement "$SALES_LOAD_ID"; then
    handle_error "Failed to load data into sales table"
fi

echo "Loading data into date table"
DATE_LOAD_ID=$(aws redshift-data execute-statement \
  --cluster-identifier "$CLUSTER_ID" \
  --database "$DB_NAME" \
  --db-user "$DB_USER" \
  --sql "COPY date FROM 's3://redshift-downloads/tickit/date2008_pipe.txt' DELIMITER '|' REGION 'us-east-1' IAM_ROLE '$ROLE_ARN';" \
  --query 'Id' --output text)

echo "Date data load statement ID: $DATE_LOAD_ID"

# Wait for statement to complete
if ! wait_for_statement "$DATE_LOAD_ID"; then
    handle_error "Failed to load data into date table"
fi

echo "=== Step 5: Running Example Queries ==="

echo "Running query: Get definition for the sales table"
QUERY1_ID=$(aws redshift-data execute-statement \
  --cluster-identifier "$CLUSTER_ID" \
  --database "$DB_NAME" \
  --db-user "$DB_USER" \
  --sql "SELECT * FROM pg_table_def WHERE tablename = 'sales';" \
  --query 'Id' --output text)

echo "Query 1 statement ID: $QUERY1_ID"

# Wait for statement to complete
if ! wait_for_statement "$QUERY1_ID"; then
    handle_error "Query 1 failed"
fi

# Get and display results
echo "Query 1 results (first 10 rows):"
aws redshift-data get-statement-result --id "$QUERY1_ID" --max-items 10

echo "Running query: Find total sales on a given calendar date"
QUERY2_ID=$(aws redshift-data execute-statement \
  --cluster-identifier "$CLUSTER_ID" \
  --database "$DB_NAME" \
  --db-user "$DB_USER" \
  --sql "SELECT sum(qtysold) FROM sales, date WHERE sales.dateid = date.dateid AND caldate = '2008-01-05';" \
  --query 'Id' --output text)

echo "Query 2 statement ID: $QUERY2_ID"

# Wait for statement to complete
if ! wait_for_statement "$QUERY2_ID"; then
    handle_error "Query 2 failed"
fi

# Get and display results
echo "Query 2 results:"
aws redshift-data get-statement-result --id "$QUERY2_ID"

echo "=== Tutorial Complete ==="
echo "The following resources were created:"
echo "- Redshift Cluster: $CLUSTER_ID"
echo "- IAM Role: $ROLE_NAME"

echo ""
echo "==========================================="
echo "CLEANUP CONFIRMATION"
echo "==========================================="
echo "Do you want to clean up all created resources? (y/n): "
read -r CLEANUP_CHOICE

if [[ "$CLEANUP_CHOICE" =~ ^[Yy] ]]; then
    cleanup_resources
    echo "All resources have been cleaned up."
else
    echo "Resources were not cleaned up. You can manually delete them later."
    echo "To avoid incurring charges, remember to delete the following resources:"
    echo "- Redshift Cluster: $CLUSTER_ID"
    echo "- IAM Role: $ROLE_NAME"
fi

echo "Script completed at $(date)"
```
+ For API details, see the following topics in *AWS CLI Command Reference*.
  + [CreateCluster](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/redshift-2012-12-01/CreateCluster)
  + [CreateRole](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/CreateRole)
  + [DeleteCluster](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/redshift-2012-12-01/DeleteCluster)
  + [DeleteRole](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/DeleteRole)
  + [DeleteRolePolicy](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/DeleteRolePolicy)
  + [DescribeClusters](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/redshift-2012-12-01/DescribeClusters)
  + [GetRole](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/GetRole)
  + [ModifyClusterIamRoles](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/redshift-2012-12-01/ModifyClusterIamRoles)
  + [PutRolePolicy](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/PutRolePolicy)
  + [Wait](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/redshift-2012-12-01/Wait)

### Getting started with Amazon SageMaker Feature Store
<a name="iam_GettingStarted_028_bash_topic"></a>

The following code example shows how to:
+ Set up IAM permissions
+ Create a SageMaker execution role
+ Create feature groups
+ Clean up resources

**AWS CLI with Bash script**  
 There's more on GitHub. Find the complete example and learn how to set up and run in the [Sample developer tutorials](https://github.com/aws-samples/sample-developer-tutorials/tree/main/tuts/028-sagemaker-featurestore) repository. 

```
#!/bin/bash

# Amazon SageMaker Feature Store Tutorial Script - Version 3
# This script demonstrates how to use Amazon SageMaker Feature Store with AWS CLI

# Setup logging
LOG_FILE="sagemaker-featurestore-tutorial.log"
exec > >(tee -a "$LOG_FILE") 2>&1

echo "Starting SageMaker Feature Store tutorial script at $(date)"
echo "All commands and outputs will be logged to $LOG_FILE"
echo ""

# Track created resources for cleanup
CREATED_RESOURCES=()

# Function to handle errors
handle_error() {
    echo "ERROR: $1"
    echo "Attempting to clean up resources..."
    cleanup_resources
    exit 1
}

# Function to check command status
check_status() {
    if echo "$1" | grep -i "error" > /dev/null; then
        handle_error "$1"
    fi
}

# Function to wait for feature group to be created
wait_for_feature_group() {
    local feature_group_name=$1
    local status="Creating"
    
    echo "Waiting for feature group ${feature_group_name} to be created..."
    
    while [ "$status" = "Creating" ]; do
        sleep 5
        status=$(aws sagemaker describe-feature-group \
            --feature-group-name "${feature_group_name}" \
            --query 'FeatureGroupStatus' \
            --output text)
        echo "Current status: ${status}"
        
        if [ "$status" = "Failed" ]; then
            handle_error "Feature group ${feature_group_name} creation failed"
        fi
    done
    
    echo "Feature group ${feature_group_name} is now ${status}"
}

# Function to clean up resources
cleanup_resources() {
    echo "Cleaning up resources..."
    
    # Clean up in reverse order
    for ((i=${#CREATED_RESOURCES[@]}-1; i>=0; i--)); do
        resource="${CREATED_RESOURCES[$i]}"
        resource_type=$(echo "$resource" | cut -d: -f1)
        resource_name=$(echo "$resource" | cut -d: -f2)
        
        echo "Deleting $resource_type: $resource_name"
        
        case "$resource_type" in
            "FeatureGroup")
                aws sagemaker delete-feature-group --feature-group-name "$resource_name"
                ;;
            "S3Bucket")
                echo "Emptying S3 bucket: $resource_name"
                aws s3 rm "s3://$resource_name" --recursive 2>/dev/null
                echo "Deleting S3 bucket: $resource_name"
                aws s3api delete-bucket --bucket "$resource_name" 2>/dev/null
                ;;
            "IAMRole")
                echo "Detaching policies from role: $resource_name"
                aws iam detach-role-policy --role-name "$resource_name" --policy-arn "arn:aws:iam::aws:policy/AmazonSageMakerFullAccess" 2>/dev/null
                aws iam detach-role-policy --role-name "$resource_name" --policy-arn "arn:aws:iam::aws:policy/AmazonS3FullAccess" 2>/dev/null
                echo "Deleting IAM role: $resource_name"
                aws iam delete-role --role-name "$resource_name" 2>/dev/null
                ;;
            *)
                echo "Unknown resource type: $resource_type"
                ;;
        esac
    done
}

# Function to create SageMaker execution role
create_sagemaker_role() {
    local role_name="SageMakerFeatureStoreRole-$(openssl rand -hex 4)"
    
    echo "Creating SageMaker execution role: $role_name" >&2
    
    # Create trust policy document
    local trust_policy='{
        "Version":"2012-10-17",		 	 	 
        "Statement": [
            {
                "Effect": "Allow",
                "Principal": {
                    "Service": "sagemaker.amazonaws.com"
                },
                "Action": "sts:AssumeRole"
            }
        ]
    }'
    
    # Create the role
    local role_result=$(aws iam create-role \
        --role-name "$role_name" \
        --assume-role-policy-document "$trust_policy" \
        --description "SageMaker execution role for Feature Store tutorial" 2>&1)
    
    if echo "$role_result" | grep -i "error" > /dev/null; then
        handle_error "Failed to create IAM role: $role_result"
    fi
    
    echo "Role created successfully" >&2
    CREATED_RESOURCES+=("IAMRole:$role_name")
    
    # Attach necessary policies
    echo "Attaching policies to role..." >&2
    
    # SageMaker execution policy
    local policy1_result=$(aws iam attach-role-policy \
        --role-name "$role_name" \
        --policy-arn "arn:aws:iam::aws:policy/AmazonSageMakerFullAccess" 2>&1)
    
    if echo "$policy1_result" | grep -i "error" > /dev/null; then
        handle_error "Failed to attach SageMaker policy: $policy1_result"
    fi
    
    # S3 access policy
    local policy2_result=$(aws iam attach-role-policy \
        --role-name "$role_name" \
        --policy-arn "arn:aws:iam::aws:policy/AmazonS3FullAccess" 2>&1)
    
    if echo "$policy2_result" | grep -i "error" > /dev/null; then
        handle_error "Failed to attach S3 policy: $policy2_result"
    fi
    
    # Get account ID for role ARN
    local account_id=$(aws sts get-caller-identity --query Account --output text)
    local role_arn="arn:aws:iam::${account_id}:role/${role_name}"
    
    echo "Role ARN: $role_arn" >&2
    echo "Waiting 10 seconds for role to propagate..." >&2
    sleep 10
    
    # Return only the role ARN to stdout
    echo "$role_arn"
}

# Handle SageMaker execution role
ROLE_ARN=""

if [ -z "$1" ]; then
    echo "Creating SageMaker execution role automatically..."
    ROLE_ARN=$(create_sagemaker_role)
    if [ -z "$ROLE_ARN" ]; then
        handle_error "Failed to create SageMaker execution role"
    fi
else
    ROLE_ARN="$1"
    
    # Validate the role ARN
    ROLE_NAME=$(echo "$ROLE_ARN" | sed 's/.*role\///')
    ROLE_CHECK=$(aws iam get-role --role-name "$ROLE_NAME" 2>&1)
    if echo "$ROLE_CHECK" | grep -i "error" > /dev/null; then
        echo "Creating a new role automatically..."
        ROLE_ARN=$(create_sagemaker_role)
        if [ -z "$ROLE_ARN" ]; then
            handle_error "Failed to create SageMaker execution role"
        fi
    fi
fi

# Handle cleanup option
AUTO_CLEANUP=""
if [ -n "$2" ]; then
    AUTO_CLEANUP="$2"
fi

# Generate a random identifier for resource names
RANDOM_ID=$(openssl rand -hex 4)
echo "Using random identifier: $RANDOM_ID"

# Set variables
ACCOUNT_ID=$(aws sts get-caller-identity --query Account --output text)
check_status "$ACCOUNT_ID"
echo "Account ID: $ACCOUNT_ID"

# Get current region
REGION=$(aws configure get region)
if [ -z "$REGION" ]; then
    REGION="us-east-1"
    echo "No default region configured, using: $REGION"
else
    echo "Using region: $REGION"
fi
S3_BUCKET_NAME="sagemaker-featurestore-${RANDOM_ID}-${ACCOUNT_ID}"
PREFIX="featurestore-tutorial"
CURRENT_TIME=$(date +%s)

echo "Creating S3 bucket: $S3_BUCKET_NAME"
# Create bucket in current region
if [ "$REGION" = "us-east-1" ]; then
    BUCKET_RESULT=$(aws s3api create-bucket --bucket "$S3_BUCKET_NAME" \
        --region "$REGION" 2>&1)
else
    BUCKET_RESULT=$(aws s3api create-bucket --bucket "$S3_BUCKET_NAME" \
        --region "$REGION" \
        --create-bucket-configuration LocationConstraint="$REGION" 2>&1)
fi

if echo "$BUCKET_RESULT" | grep -i "error" > /dev/null; then
    echo "Failed to create S3 bucket: $BUCKET_RESULT"
    exit 1
fi

echo "$BUCKET_RESULT"
CREATED_RESOURCES+=("S3Bucket:$S3_BUCKET_NAME")

# Block public access to the bucket
BLOCK_RESULT=$(aws s3api put-public-access-block \
    --bucket "$S3_BUCKET_NAME" \
    --public-access-block-configuration "BlockPublicAcls=true,IgnorePublicAcls=true,BlockPublicPolicy=true,RestrictPublicBuckets=true" 2>&1)

if echo "$BLOCK_RESULT" | grep -i "error" > /dev/null; then
    echo "Failed to block public access to S3 bucket: $BLOCK_RESULT"
    cleanup_resources
    exit 1
fi

# Create feature groups
echo "Creating feature groups..."

# Create customers feature group
CUSTOMERS_FEATURE_GROUP_NAME="customers-feature-group-${RANDOM_ID}"
echo "Creating customers feature group: $CUSTOMERS_FEATURE_GROUP_NAME"

CUSTOMERS_RESPONSE=$(aws sagemaker create-feature-group \
    --feature-group-name "$CUSTOMERS_FEATURE_GROUP_NAME" \
    --record-identifier-feature-name "customer_id" \
    --event-time-feature-name "EventTime" \
    --feature-definitions '[
        {"FeatureName": "customer_id", "FeatureType": "Integral"},
        {"FeatureName": "name", "FeatureType": "String"},
        {"FeatureName": "age", "FeatureType": "Integral"},
        {"FeatureName": "address", "FeatureType": "String"},
        {"FeatureName": "membership_type", "FeatureType": "String"},
        {"FeatureName": "EventTime", "FeatureType": "Fractional"}
    ]' \
    --online-store-config '{"EnableOnlineStore": true}' \
    --offline-store-config '{
        "S3StorageConfig": {
            "S3Uri": "s3://'${S3_BUCKET_NAME}'/'${PREFIX}'"
        },
        "DisableGlueTableCreation": false
    }' \
    --role-arn "$ROLE_ARN" 2>&1)

if echo "$CUSTOMERS_RESPONSE" | grep -i "error" > /dev/null; then
    echo "Failed to create customers feature group: $CUSTOMERS_RESPONSE"
    cleanup_resources
    exit 1
fi

echo "$CUSTOMERS_RESPONSE"
CREATED_RESOURCES+=("FeatureGroup:$CUSTOMERS_FEATURE_GROUP_NAME")

# Create orders feature group
ORDERS_FEATURE_GROUP_NAME="orders-feature-group-${RANDOM_ID}"
echo "Creating orders feature group: $ORDERS_FEATURE_GROUP_NAME"

ORDERS_RESPONSE=$(aws sagemaker create-feature-group \
    --feature-group-name "$ORDERS_FEATURE_GROUP_NAME" \
    --record-identifier-feature-name "customer_id" \
    --event-time-feature-name "EventTime" \
    --feature-definitions '[
        {"FeatureName": "customer_id", "FeatureType": "Integral"},
        {"FeatureName": "order_id", "FeatureType": "String"},
        {"FeatureName": "order_date", "FeatureType": "String"},
        {"FeatureName": "product", "FeatureType": "String"},
        {"FeatureName": "quantity", "FeatureType": "Integral"},
        {"FeatureName": "amount", "FeatureType": "Fractional"},
        {"FeatureName": "EventTime", "FeatureType": "Fractional"}
    ]' \
    --online-store-config '{"EnableOnlineStore": true}' \
    --offline-store-config '{
        "S3StorageConfig": {
            "S3Uri": "s3://'${S3_BUCKET_NAME}'/'${PREFIX}'"
        },
        "DisableGlueTableCreation": false
    }' \
    --role-arn "$ROLE_ARN" 2>&1)

if echo "$ORDERS_RESPONSE" | grep -i "error" > /dev/null; then
    echo "Failed to create orders feature group: $ORDERS_RESPONSE"
    cleanup_resources
    exit 1
fi

echo "$ORDERS_RESPONSE"
CREATED_RESOURCES+=("FeatureGroup:$ORDERS_FEATURE_GROUP_NAME")

# Wait for feature groups to be created
wait_for_feature_group "$CUSTOMERS_FEATURE_GROUP_NAME"
wait_for_feature_group "$ORDERS_FEATURE_GROUP_NAME"

# Ingest data into feature groups
echo "Ingesting data into feature groups..."

# Ingest customer data
echo "Ingesting customer data..."
CUSTOMER1_RESPONSE=$(aws sagemaker-featurestore-runtime put-record \
    --feature-group-name "$CUSTOMERS_FEATURE_GROUP_NAME" \
    --record '[
        {"FeatureName": "customer_id", "ValueAsString": "573291"},
        {"FeatureName": "name", "ValueAsString": "John Doe"},
        {"FeatureName": "age", "ValueAsString": "35"},
        {"FeatureName": "address", "ValueAsString": "123 Main St"},
        {"FeatureName": "membership_type", "ValueAsString": "premium"},
        {"FeatureName": "EventTime", "ValueAsString": "'${CURRENT_TIME}'"}
    ]' 2>&1)

if echo "$CUSTOMER1_RESPONSE" | grep -i "error" > /dev/null; then
    echo "Failed to ingest customer 1 data: $CUSTOMER1_RESPONSE"
    cleanup_resources
    exit 1
fi

echo "$CUSTOMER1_RESPONSE"

CUSTOMER2_RESPONSE=$(aws sagemaker-featurestore-runtime put-record \
    --feature-group-name "$CUSTOMERS_FEATURE_GROUP_NAME" \
    --record '[
        {"FeatureName": "customer_id", "ValueAsString": "109382"},
        {"FeatureName": "name", "ValueAsString": "Jane Smith"},
        {"FeatureName": "age", "ValueAsString": "28"},
        {"FeatureName": "address", "ValueAsString": "456 Oak Ave"},
        {"FeatureName": "membership_type", "ValueAsString": "standard"},
        {"FeatureName": "EventTime", "ValueAsString": "'${CURRENT_TIME}'"}
    ]' 2>&1)

if echo "$CUSTOMER2_RESPONSE" | grep -i "error" > /dev/null; then
    echo "Failed to ingest customer 2 data: $CUSTOMER2_RESPONSE"
    cleanup_resources
    exit 1
fi

echo "$CUSTOMER2_RESPONSE"

# Ingest order data
echo "Ingesting order data..."
ORDER1_RESPONSE=$(aws sagemaker-featurestore-runtime put-record \
    --feature-group-name "$ORDERS_FEATURE_GROUP_NAME" \
    --record '[
        {"FeatureName": "customer_id", "ValueAsString": "573291"},
        {"FeatureName": "order_id", "ValueAsString": "ORD-001"},
        {"FeatureName": "order_date", "ValueAsString": "2023-01-15"},
        {"FeatureName": "product", "ValueAsString": "Laptop"},
        {"FeatureName": "quantity", "ValueAsString": "1"},
        {"FeatureName": "amount", "ValueAsString": "1299.99"},
        {"FeatureName": "EventTime", "ValueAsString": "'${CURRENT_TIME}'"}
    ]' 2>&1)

if echo "$ORDER1_RESPONSE" | grep -i "error" > /dev/null; then
    echo "Failed to ingest order 1 data: $ORDER1_RESPONSE"
    cleanup_resources
    exit 1
fi

echo "$ORDER1_RESPONSE"

ORDER2_RESPONSE=$(aws sagemaker-featurestore-runtime put-record \
    --feature-group-name "$ORDERS_FEATURE_GROUP_NAME" \
    --record '[
        {"FeatureName": "customer_id", "ValueAsString": "109382"},
        {"FeatureName": "order_id", "ValueAsString": "ORD-002"},
        {"FeatureName": "order_date", "ValueAsString": "2023-01-20"},
        {"FeatureName": "product", "ValueAsString": "Smartphone"},
        {"FeatureName": "quantity", "ValueAsString": "1"},
        {"FeatureName": "amount", "ValueAsString": "899.99"},
        {"FeatureName": "EventTime", "ValueAsString": "'${CURRENT_TIME}'"}
    ]' 2>&1)

if echo "$ORDER2_RESPONSE" | grep -i "error" > /dev/null; then
    echo "Failed to ingest order 2 data: $ORDER2_RESPONSE"
    cleanup_resources
    exit 1
fi

echo "$ORDER2_RESPONSE"

# Retrieve records from feature groups
echo "Retrieving records from feature groups..."

# Get a single customer record
echo "Getting customer record with ID 573291:"
CUSTOMER_RECORD=$(aws sagemaker-featurestore-runtime get-record \
    --feature-group-name "$CUSTOMERS_FEATURE_GROUP_NAME" \
    --record-identifier-value-as-string "573291" 2>&1)

if echo "$CUSTOMER_RECORD" | grep -i "error" > /dev/null; then
    echo "Failed to get customer record: $CUSTOMER_RECORD"
    cleanup_resources
    exit 1
fi

echo "$CUSTOMER_RECORD"

# Get multiple records using batch-get-record
echo "Getting multiple records using batch-get-record:"
BATCH_RECORDS=$(aws sagemaker-featurestore-runtime batch-get-record \
    --identifiers '[
        {
            "FeatureGroupName": "'${CUSTOMERS_FEATURE_GROUP_NAME}'",
            "RecordIdentifiersValueAsString": ["573291", "109382"]
        },
        {
            "FeatureGroupName": "'${ORDERS_FEATURE_GROUP_NAME}'",
            "RecordIdentifiersValueAsString": ["573291", "109382"]
        }
    ]' 2>&1)

if echo "$BATCH_RECORDS" | grep -i "error" > /dev/null && ! echo "$BATCH_RECORDS" | grep -i "Records" > /dev/null; then
    echo "Failed to get batch records: $BATCH_RECORDS"
    cleanup_resources
    exit 1
fi

echo "$BATCH_RECORDS"

# List feature groups
echo "Listing feature groups:"
FEATURE_GROUPS=$(aws sagemaker list-feature-groups 2>&1)

if echo "$FEATURE_GROUPS" | grep -i "error" > /dev/null; then
    echo "Failed to list feature groups: $FEATURE_GROUPS"
    cleanup_resources
    exit 1
fi

echo "$FEATURE_GROUPS"

# Display summary of created resources
echo ""
echo "==========================================="
echo "TUTORIAL COMPLETED SUCCESSFULLY!"
echo "==========================================="
echo "Resources created:"
echo "- S3 Bucket: $S3_BUCKET_NAME"
echo "- Customers Feature Group: $CUSTOMERS_FEATURE_GROUP_NAME"
echo "- Orders Feature Group: $ORDERS_FEATURE_GROUP_NAME"
if [[ " ${CREATED_RESOURCES[@]} " =~ " IAMRole:" ]]; then
    echo "- IAM Role: $(echo "${CREATED_RESOURCES[@]}" | grep -o 'IAMRole:[^[:space:]]*' | cut -d: -f2)"
fi
echo ""
echo "You can now:"
echo "1. View your feature groups in the SageMaker console"
echo "2. Query the offline store using Amazon Athena"
echo "3. Use the feature groups in your ML workflows"
echo "==========================================="
echo ""

# Handle cleanup
if [ "$AUTO_CLEANUP" = "y" ]; then
    echo "Auto-cleanup enabled. Starting cleanup..."
    cleanup_resources
    echo "Cleanup completed."
elif [ "$AUTO_CLEANUP" = "n" ]; then
    echo "Auto-cleanup disabled. Resources will remain in your account."
    echo "To clean up later, run this script again with cleanup option 'y'"
else
    echo "==========================================="
    echo "CLEANUP CONFIRMATION"
    echo "==========================================="
    echo "Do you want to clean up all created resources? (y/n): "
    read -r CLEANUP_CHOICE
    
    if [[ "$CLEANUP_CHOICE" =~ ^[Yy]$ ]]; then
        echo "Starting cleanup..."
        cleanup_resources
        echo "Cleanup completed."
    else
        echo "Skipping cleanup. Resources will remain in your account."
        echo "To clean up later, delete the following resources:"
        echo "- Feature Groups: $CUSTOMERS_FEATURE_GROUP_NAME, $ORDERS_FEATURE_GROUP_NAME"
        echo "- S3 Bucket: $S3_BUCKET_NAME"
        if [[ " ${CREATED_RESOURCES[@]} " =~ " IAMRole:" ]]; then
            echo "- IAM Role: $(echo "${CREATED_RESOURCES[@]}" | grep -o 'IAMRole:[^[:space:]]*' | cut -d: -f2)"
        fi
        echo ""
        echo "Estimated ongoing cost: ~$0.01 per month for online store"
    fi
fi

echo "Script completed at $(date)"
```
+ For API details, see the following topics in *AWS CLI Command Reference*.
  + [AttachRolePolicy](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/AttachRolePolicy)
  + [CreateBucket](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/s3-2006-03-01/CreateBucket)
  + [CreateFeatureGroup](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/sagemaker-2017-07-24/CreateFeatureGroup)
  + [CreateRole](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/CreateRole)
  + [DeleteBucket](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/s3-2006-03-01/DeleteBucket)
  + [DeleteFeatureGroup](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/sagemaker-2017-07-24/DeleteFeatureGroup)
  + [DeleteRole](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/DeleteRole)
  + [DescribeFeatureGroup](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/sagemaker-2017-07-24/DescribeFeatureGroup)
  + [DetachRolePolicy](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/DetachRolePolicy)
  + [GetCallerIdentity](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/sts-2011-06-15/GetCallerIdentity)
  + [GetRole](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/GetRole)
  + [ListFeatureGroups](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/sagemaker-2017-07-24/ListFeatureGroups)
  + [PutPublicAccessBlock](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/s3-2006-03-01/PutPublicAccessBlock)
  + [Rm](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/s3-2006-03-01/Rm)

### Getting started with Config
<a name="config_service_GettingStarted_053_bash_topic"></a>

The following code example shows how to:
+ Create an Amazon S3 bucket
+ Create an Amazon SNS topic
+ Create an IAM role for Config
+ Set up the Config configuration recorder
+ Set up the Config delivery channel
+ Start the configuration recorder
+ Verify the Config setup

**AWS CLI with Bash script**  
 There's more on GitHub. Find the complete example and learn how to set up and run in the [Sample developer tutorials](https://github.com/aws-samples/sample-developer-tutorials/tree/main/tuts/053-aws-config-gs) repository. 

```
#!/bin/bash

# AWS Config Setup Script (v2)
# This script sets up AWS Config with the AWS CLI

# Error handling
set -e
LOGFILE="aws-config-setup-v2.log"
touch $LOGFILE
exec > >(tee -a $LOGFILE)
exec 2>&1

# Function to handle errors
handle_error() {
    echo "ERROR: An error occurred at line $1"
    echo "Attempting to clean up resources..."
    cleanup_resources
    exit 1
}

# Set trap for error handling
trap 'handle_error $LINENO' ERR

# Function to generate random identifier
generate_random_id() {
    echo $(openssl rand -hex 6)
}

# Function to check if command was successful
check_command() {
    if echo "$1" | grep -i "error" > /dev/null; then
        echo "ERROR: $1"
        return 1
    fi
    return 0
}

# Function to clean up resources
cleanup_resources() {
    if [ -n "$CONFIG_RECORDER_NAME" ]; then
        echo "Stopping configuration recorder..."
        aws configservice stop-configuration-recorder --configuration-recorder-name "$CONFIG_RECORDER_NAME" 2>/dev/null || true
    fi
    
    # Check if we created a new delivery channel before trying to delete it
    if [ -n "$DELIVERY_CHANNEL_NAME" ] && [ "$CREATED_NEW_DELIVERY_CHANNEL" = "true" ]; then
        echo "Deleting delivery channel..."
        aws configservice delete-delivery-channel --delivery-channel-name "$DELIVERY_CHANNEL_NAME" 2>/dev/null || true
    fi
    
    if [ -n "$CONFIG_RECORDER_NAME" ] && [ "$CREATED_NEW_CONFIG_RECORDER" = "true" ]; then
        echo "Deleting configuration recorder..."
        aws configservice delete-configuration-recorder --configuration-recorder-name "$CONFIG_RECORDER_NAME" 2>/dev/null || true
    fi
    
    if [ -n "$ROLE_NAME" ]; then
        if [ -n "$POLICY_NAME" ]; then
            echo "Detaching custom policy from role..."
            aws iam delete-role-policy --role-name "$ROLE_NAME" --policy-name "$POLICY_NAME" 2>/dev/null || true
        fi
        
        if [ -n "$MANAGED_POLICY_ARN" ]; then
            echo "Detaching managed policy from role..."
            aws iam detach-role-policy --role-name "$ROLE_NAME" --policy-arn "$MANAGED_POLICY_ARN" 2>/dev/null || true
        fi
        
        echo "Deleting IAM role..."
        aws iam delete-role --role-name "$ROLE_NAME" 2>/dev/null || true
    fi
    
    if [ -n "$SNS_TOPIC_ARN" ]; then
        echo "Deleting SNS topic..."
        aws sns delete-topic --topic-arn "$SNS_TOPIC_ARN" 2>/dev/null || true
    fi
    
    if [ -n "$S3_BUCKET_NAME" ]; then
        echo "Emptying S3 bucket..."
        aws s3 rm "s3://$S3_BUCKET_NAME" --recursive 2>/dev/null || true
        
        echo "Deleting S3 bucket..."
        aws s3api delete-bucket --bucket "$S3_BUCKET_NAME" 2>/dev/null || true
    fi
}

# Function to display created resources
display_resources() {
    echo ""
    echo "==========================================="
    echo "CREATED RESOURCES"
    echo "==========================================="
    echo "S3 Bucket: $S3_BUCKET_NAME"
    echo "SNS Topic ARN: $SNS_TOPIC_ARN"
    echo "IAM Role: $ROLE_NAME"
    if [ "$CREATED_NEW_CONFIG_RECORDER" = "true" ]; then
        echo "Configuration Recorder: $CONFIG_RECORDER_NAME (newly created)"
    else
        echo "Configuration Recorder: $CONFIG_RECORDER_NAME (existing)"
    fi
    if [ "$CREATED_NEW_DELIVERY_CHANNEL" = "true" ]; then
        echo "Delivery Channel: $DELIVERY_CHANNEL_NAME (newly created)"
    else
        echo "Delivery Channel: $DELIVERY_CHANNEL_NAME (existing)"
    fi
    echo "==========================================="
}

# Get AWS account ID
echo "Getting AWS account ID..."
ACCOUNT_ID=$(aws sts get-caller-identity --query "Account" --output text)
if [ -z "$ACCOUNT_ID" ]; then
    echo "ERROR: Failed to get AWS account ID"
    exit 1
fi
echo "AWS Account ID: $ACCOUNT_ID"

# Generate random identifier for resources
RANDOM_ID=$(generate_random_id)
echo "Generated random identifier: $RANDOM_ID"

# Step 1: Create an S3 bucket
S3_BUCKET_NAME="configservice-${RANDOM_ID}"
echo "Creating S3 bucket: $S3_BUCKET_NAME"

# Get the current region
AWS_REGION=$(aws configure get region)
if [ -z "$AWS_REGION" ]; then
    AWS_REGION="us-east-1"  # Default to us-east-1 if no region is configured
fi
echo "Using AWS Region: $AWS_REGION"

# Create bucket with appropriate command based on region
if [ "$AWS_REGION" = "us-east-1" ]; then
    BUCKET_RESULT=$(aws s3api create-bucket --bucket "$S3_BUCKET_NAME")
else
    BUCKET_RESULT=$(aws s3api create-bucket --bucket "$S3_BUCKET_NAME" --create-bucket-configuration LocationConstraint="$AWS_REGION")
fi
check_command "$BUCKET_RESULT"
echo "S3 bucket created: $S3_BUCKET_NAME"

# Block public access for the bucket
aws s3api put-public-access-block \
    --bucket "$S3_BUCKET_NAME" \
    --public-access-block-configuration "BlockPublicAcls=true,IgnorePublicAcls=true,BlockPublicPolicy=true,RestrictPublicBuckets=true"
echo "Public access blocked for bucket"

# Step 2: Create an SNS topic
TOPIC_NAME="config-topic-${RANDOM_ID}"
echo "Creating SNS topic: $TOPIC_NAME"
SNS_RESULT=$(aws sns create-topic --name "$TOPIC_NAME")
check_command "$SNS_RESULT"
SNS_TOPIC_ARN=$(echo "$SNS_RESULT" | grep -o 'arn:aws:sns:[^"]*')
echo "SNS topic created: $SNS_TOPIC_ARN"

# Step 3: Create an IAM role for AWS Config
ROLE_NAME="config-role-${RANDOM_ID}"
POLICY_NAME="config-delivery-permissions"
MANAGED_POLICY_ARN="arn:aws:iam::aws:policy/service-role/AWS_ConfigRole"

echo "Creating trust policy document..."
cat > config-trust-policy.json << EOF
{
  "Version":"2012-10-17",		 	 	 
  "Statement": [
    {
      "Effect": "Allow",
      "Principal": {
        "Service": "config.amazonaws.com"
      },
      "Action": "sts:AssumeRole"
    }
  ]
}
EOF

echo "Creating IAM role: $ROLE_NAME"
ROLE_RESULT=$(aws iam create-role --role-name "$ROLE_NAME" --assume-role-policy-document file://config-trust-policy.json)
check_command "$ROLE_RESULT"
ROLE_ARN=$(echo "$ROLE_RESULT" | grep -o 'arn:aws:iam::[^"]*' | head -1)
echo "IAM role created: $ROLE_ARN"

echo "Attaching AWS managed policy to role..."
ATTACH_RESULT=$(aws iam attach-role-policy --role-name "$ROLE_NAME" --policy-arn "$MANAGED_POLICY_ARN")
check_command "$ATTACH_RESULT"
echo "AWS managed policy attached"

echo "Creating custom policy document for S3 and SNS access..."
cat > config-delivery-permissions.json << EOF
{
  "Version":"2012-10-17",		 	 	 
  "Statement": [
    {
      "Effect": "Allow",
      "Action": [
        "s3:PutObject"
      ],
      "Resource": "arn:aws:s3:::${S3_BUCKET_NAME}/AWSLogs/${ACCOUNT_ID}/*",
      "Condition": {
        "StringLike": {
          "s3:x-amz-acl": "bucket-owner-full-control"
        }
      }
    },
    {
      "Effect": "Allow",
      "Action": [
        "s3:GetBucketAcl"
      ],
      "Resource": "arn:aws:s3:::${S3_BUCKET_NAME}"
    },
    {
      "Effect": "Allow",
      "Action": [
        "sns:Publish"
      ],
      "Resource": "${SNS_TOPIC_ARN}"
    }
  ]
}
EOF

echo "Attaching custom policy to role..."
POLICY_RESULT=$(aws iam put-role-policy --role-name "$ROLE_NAME" --policy-name "$POLICY_NAME" --policy-document file://config-delivery-permissions.json)
check_command "$POLICY_RESULT"
echo "Custom policy attached"

# Wait for IAM role to propagate
echo "Waiting for IAM role to propagate (15 seconds)..."
sleep 15

# Step 4: Check if configuration recorder already exists
CONFIG_RECORDER_NAME="default"
CREATED_NEW_CONFIG_RECORDER="false"

echo "Checking for existing configuration recorder..."
EXISTING_RECORDERS=$(aws configservice describe-configuration-recorders 2>/dev/null || echo "")
if echo "$EXISTING_RECORDERS" | grep -q "name"; then
    echo "Configuration recorder already exists. Will update it."
    # Get the name of the existing recorder
    CONFIG_RECORDER_NAME=$(echo "$EXISTING_RECORDERS" | grep -o '"name": "[^"]*"' | head -1 | cut -d'"' -f4)
    echo "Using existing configuration recorder: $CONFIG_RECORDER_NAME"
else
    echo "No existing configuration recorder found. Will create a new one."
    CREATED_NEW_CONFIG_RECORDER="true"
fi

echo "Creating configuration recorder configuration..."
cat > configurationRecorder.json << EOF
{
  "name": "${CONFIG_RECORDER_NAME}",
  "roleARN": "${ROLE_ARN}",
  "recordingMode": {
    "recordingFrequency": "CONTINUOUS"
  }
}
EOF

echo "Creating recording group configuration..."
cat > recordingGroup.json << EOF
{
  "allSupported": true,
  "includeGlobalResourceTypes": true
}
EOF

echo "Setting up configuration recorder..."
RECORDER_RESULT=$(aws configservice put-configuration-recorder --configuration-recorder file://configurationRecorder.json --recording-group file://recordingGroup.json)
check_command "$RECORDER_RESULT"
echo "Configuration recorder set up"

# Step 5: Check if delivery channel already exists
DELIVERY_CHANNEL_NAME="default"
CREATED_NEW_DELIVERY_CHANNEL="false"

echo "Checking for existing delivery channel..."
EXISTING_CHANNELS=$(aws configservice describe-delivery-channels 2>/dev/null || echo "")
if echo "$EXISTING_CHANNELS" | grep -q "name"; then
    echo "Delivery channel already exists."
    # Get the name of the existing channel
    DELIVERY_CHANNEL_NAME=$(echo "$EXISTING_CHANNELS" | grep -o '"name": "[^"]*"' | head -1 | cut -d'"' -f4)
    echo "Using existing delivery channel: $DELIVERY_CHANNEL_NAME"
    
    # Update the existing delivery channel
    echo "Creating delivery channel configuration for update..."
    cat > deliveryChannel.json << EOF
{
  "name": "${DELIVERY_CHANNEL_NAME}",
  "s3BucketName": "${S3_BUCKET_NAME}",
  "snsTopicARN": "${SNS_TOPIC_ARN}",
  "configSnapshotDeliveryProperties": {
    "deliveryFrequency": "Six_Hours"
  }
}
EOF

    echo "Updating delivery channel..."
    CHANNEL_RESULT=$(aws configservice put-delivery-channel --delivery-channel file://deliveryChannel.json)
    check_command "$CHANNEL_RESULT"
    echo "Delivery channel updated"
else
    echo "No existing delivery channel found. Will create a new one."
    CREATED_NEW_DELIVERY_CHANNEL="true"
    
    echo "Creating delivery channel configuration..."
    cat > deliveryChannel.json << EOF
{
  "name": "${DELIVERY_CHANNEL_NAME}",
  "s3BucketName": "${S3_BUCKET_NAME}",
  "snsTopicARN": "${SNS_TOPIC_ARN}",
  "configSnapshotDeliveryProperties": {
    "deliveryFrequency": "Six_Hours"
  }
}
EOF

    echo "Creating delivery channel..."
    CHANNEL_RESULT=$(aws configservice put-delivery-channel --delivery-channel file://deliveryChannel.json)
    check_command "$CHANNEL_RESULT"
    echo "Delivery channel created"
fi

# Step 6: Start the configuration recorder
echo "Checking configuration recorder status..."
RECORDER_STATUS=$(aws configservice describe-configuration-recorder-status 2>/dev/null || echo "")
if echo "$RECORDER_STATUS" | grep -q '"recording": true'; then
    echo "Configuration recorder is already running."
else
    echo "Starting configuration recorder..."
    START_RESULT=$(aws configservice start-configuration-recorder --configuration-recorder-name "$CONFIG_RECORDER_NAME")
    check_command "$START_RESULT"
    echo "Configuration recorder started"
fi

# Step 7: Verify the AWS Config setup
echo "Verifying delivery channel..."
VERIFY_CHANNEL=$(aws configservice describe-delivery-channels)
check_command "$VERIFY_CHANNEL"
echo "$VERIFY_CHANNEL"

echo "Verifying configuration recorder..."
VERIFY_RECORDER=$(aws configservice describe-configuration-recorders)
check_command "$VERIFY_RECORDER"
echo "$VERIFY_RECORDER"

echo "Verifying configuration recorder status..."
VERIFY_STATUS=$(aws configservice describe-configuration-recorder-status)
check_command "$VERIFY_STATUS"
echo "$VERIFY_STATUS"

# Display created resources
display_resources

# Ask if user wants to clean up resources
echo ""
echo "==========================================="
echo "CLEANUP CONFIRMATION"
echo "==========================================="
echo "Do you want to clean up all created resources? (y/n): "
read -r CLEANUP_CHOICE

if [[ "$CLEANUP_CHOICE" =~ ^[Yy]$ ]]; then
    echo "Cleaning up resources..."
    cleanup_resources
    echo "Cleanup completed."
else
    echo "Resources will not be cleaned up. You can manually clean them up later."
fi

echo "Script completed successfully!"
```
+ For API details, see the following topics in *AWS CLI Command Reference*.
  + [AttachRolePolicy](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/AttachRolePolicy)
  + [CreateBucket](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/s3-2006-03-01/CreateBucket)
  + [CreateRole](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/CreateRole)
  + [CreateTopic](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/sns-2010-03-31/CreateTopic)
  + [DeleteBucket](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/s3-2006-03-01/DeleteBucket)
  + [DeleteConfigurationRecorder](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/config-2014-11-12/DeleteConfigurationRecorder)
  + [DeleteDeliveryChannel](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/config-2014-11-12/DeleteDeliveryChannel)
  + [DeleteRole](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/DeleteRole)
  + [DeleteRolePolicy](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/DeleteRolePolicy)
  + [DeleteTopic](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/sns-2010-03-31/DeleteTopic)
  + [DescribeConfigurationRecorderStatus](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/config-2014-11-12/DescribeConfigurationRecorderStatus)
  + [DescribeConfigurationRecorders](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/config-2014-11-12/DescribeConfigurationRecorders)
  + [DescribeDeliveryChannels](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/config-2014-11-12/DescribeDeliveryChannels)
  + [DetachRolePolicy](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/DetachRolePolicy)
  + [GetCallerIdentity](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/sts-2011-06-15/GetCallerIdentity)
  + [PutConfigurationRecorder](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/config-2014-11-12/PutConfigurationRecorder)
  + [PutDeliveryChannel](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/config-2014-11-12/PutDeliveryChannel)
  + [PutPublicAccessBlock](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/s3-2006-03-01/PutPublicAccessBlock)
  + [PutRolePolicy](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/PutRolePolicy)
  + [Rm](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/s3-2006-03-01/Rm)
  + [StartConfigurationRecorder](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/config-2014-11-12/StartConfigurationRecorder)
  + [StopConfigurationRecorder](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/config-2014-11-12/StopConfigurationRecorder)

### Getting started with Step Functions
<a name="iam_GettingStarted_080_bash_topic"></a>

The following code example shows how to:
+ Create an IAM role for Step Functions
+ Create your first state machine
+ Start your state machine execution
+ Clean up resources

**AWS CLI with Bash script**  
 There's more on GitHub. Find the complete example and learn how to set up and run in the [Sample developer tutorials](https://github.com/aws-samples/sample-developer-tutorials/tree/main/tuts/080-aws-step-functions-gs) repository. 

```
#!/bin/bash

# AWS Step Functions Getting Started Tutorial Script
# This script creates and runs a Step Functions state machine based on the AWS Step Functions Getting Started tutorial

# Parse command line arguments
AUTO_CLEANUP=false
while [[ $# -gt 0 ]]; do
    case $1 in
        --auto-cleanup)
            AUTO_CLEANUP=true
            shift
            ;;
        -h|--help)
            echo "Usage: $0 [--auto-cleanup] [--help]"
            echo "  --auto-cleanup: Automatically clean up resources without prompting"
            echo "  --help: Show this help message"
            exit 0
            ;;
        *)
            echo "Unknown option: $1"
            echo "Use --help for usage information"
            exit 1
            ;;
    esac
done

# Set up logging
LOG_FILE="step-functions-tutorial.log"
exec > >(tee -a "$LOG_FILE") 2>&1

echo "Starting AWS Step Functions Getting Started Tutorial..."
echo "Logging to $LOG_FILE"

# Check if jq is available for better JSON parsing
if ! command -v jq &> /dev/null; then
    echo "WARNING: jq is not installed. Using basic JSON parsing which may be less reliable."
    echo "Consider installing jq for better error handling: brew install jq (macOS) or apt-get install jq (Ubuntu)"
    USE_JQ=false
else
    USE_JQ=true
fi

# Use fixed region that supports Amazon Comprehend
CURRENT_REGION="us-west-2"
echo "Using fixed AWS region: $CURRENT_REGION (supports Amazon Comprehend)"

# Set AWS CLI to use the fixed region for all commands
export AWS_DEFAULT_REGION="$CURRENT_REGION"

# Amazon Comprehend is available in us-west-2, so we can always enable it
echo "Amazon Comprehend is available in region $CURRENT_REGION"
SKIP_COMPREHEND=false

# Function to check for API errors in JSON response
check_api_error() {
    local response="$1"
    local operation="$2"
    
    if [[ "$USE_JQ" == "true" ]]; then
        # Use jq for more reliable JSON parsing
        if echo "$response" | jq -e '.Error' > /dev/null 2>&1; then
            local error_message=$(echo "$response" | jq -r '.Error.Message // .Error.Code // "Unknown error"')
            handle_error "$operation failed: $error_message"
        fi
    else
        # Fallback to grep-based detection
        if echo "$response" | grep -q '"Error":\|"error":'; then
            handle_error "$operation failed: $response"
        fi
    fi
}

# Function to wait for resource propagation with exponential backoff
wait_for_propagation() {
    local resource_type="$1"
    local wait_time="${2:-10}"
    
    echo "Waiting for $resource_type to propagate ($wait_time seconds)..."
    sleep "$wait_time"
}

# Function to handle errors
handle_error() {
    echo "ERROR: $1"
    echo "Resources created:"
    if [ -n "$STATE_MACHINE_ARN" ]; then
        echo "- State Machine: $STATE_MACHINE_ARN"
    fi
    if [ -n "$ROLE_NAME" ]; then
        echo "- IAM Role: $ROLE_NAME"
    fi
    if [ -n "$POLICY_ARN" ]; then
        echo "- IAM Policy: $POLICY_ARN"
    fi
    if [ -n "$STEPFUNCTIONS_POLICY_ARN" ]; then
        echo "- Step Functions Policy: $STEPFUNCTIONS_POLICY_ARN"
    fi
    
    echo "Attempting to clean up resources..."
    cleanup
    exit 1
}

# Function to clean up resources
cleanup() {
    echo "Cleaning up resources..."
    
    # Delete state machine if it exists
    if [ -n "$STATE_MACHINE_ARN" ]; then
        echo "Deleting state machine: $STATE_MACHINE_ARN"
        aws stepfunctions delete-state-machine --state-machine-arn "$STATE_MACHINE_ARN" || echo "Failed to delete state machine"
    fi
    
    # Detach and delete policies if they exist
    if [ -n "$POLICY_ARN" ] && [ -n "$ROLE_NAME" ]; then
        echo "Detaching Comprehend policy $POLICY_ARN from role $ROLE_NAME"
        aws iam detach-role-policy --role-name "$ROLE_NAME" --policy-arn "$POLICY_ARN" || echo "Failed to detach Comprehend policy"
    fi
    
    if [ -n "$STEPFUNCTIONS_POLICY_ARN" ] && [ -n "$ROLE_NAME" ]; then
        echo "Detaching Step Functions policy $STEPFUNCTIONS_POLICY_ARN from role $ROLE_NAME"
        aws iam detach-role-policy --role-name "$ROLE_NAME" --policy-arn "$STEPFUNCTIONS_POLICY_ARN" || echo "Failed to detach Step Functions policy"
    fi
    
    # Delete custom policies if they exist
    if [ -n "$POLICY_ARN" ]; then
        echo "Deleting Comprehend policy: $POLICY_ARN"
        aws iam delete-policy --policy-arn "$POLICY_ARN" || echo "Failed to delete Comprehend policy"
    fi
    
    if [ -n "$STEPFUNCTIONS_POLICY_ARN" ]; then
        echo "Deleting Step Functions policy: $STEPFUNCTIONS_POLICY_ARN"
        aws iam delete-policy --policy-arn "$STEPFUNCTIONS_POLICY_ARN" || echo "Failed to delete Step Functions policy"
    fi
    
    # Delete role if it exists
    if [ -n "$ROLE_NAME" ]; then
        echo "Deleting role: $ROLE_NAME"
        aws iam delete-role --role-name "$ROLE_NAME" || echo "Failed to delete role"
    fi
    
    # Remove temporary files
    echo "Removing temporary files"
    rm -f hello-world.json updated-hello-world.json sentiment-hello-world.json step-functions-trust-policy.json comprehend-policy.json stepfunctions-policy.json input.json sentiment-input.json
}

# Generate a random identifier for resource names
RANDOM_ID=$(openssl rand -hex 4)
ROLE_NAME="StepFunctionsHelloWorldRole-${RANDOM_ID}"
POLICY_NAME="DetectSentimentPolicy-${RANDOM_ID}"
STATE_MACHINE_NAME="MyFirstStateMachine-${RANDOM_ID}"

echo "Using random identifier: $RANDOM_ID"
echo "Role name: $ROLE_NAME"
echo "Policy name: $POLICY_NAME"
echo "State machine name: $STATE_MACHINE_NAME"

# Step 1: Create the state machine definition
echo "Creating state machine definition..."
cat > hello-world.json << 'EOF'
{
  "Comment": "A Hello World example of the Amazon States Language using a Pass state",
  "StartAt": "SetVariables",
  "States": {
    "SetVariables": {
      "Type": "Pass",
      "Result": {
        "IsHelloWorldExample": true,
        "ExecutionWaitTimeInSeconds": 10
      },
      "Next": "IsHelloWorldExample"
    },
    "IsHelloWorldExample": {
      "Type": "Choice",
      "Choices": [
        {
          "Variable": "$.IsHelloWorldExample",
          "BooleanEquals": true,
          "Next": "WaitState"
        }
      ],
      "Default": "FailState"
    },
    "WaitState": {
      "Type": "Wait",
      "SecondsPath": "$.ExecutionWaitTimeInSeconds",
      "Next": "ParallelProcessing"
    },
    "ParallelProcessing": {
      "Type": "Parallel",
      "Branches": [
        {
          "StartAt": "Process1",
          "States": {
            "Process1": {
              "Type": "Pass",
              "Result": {
                "message": "Processing task 1"
              },
              "End": true
            }
          }
        },
        {
          "StartAt": "Process2",
          "States": {
            "Process2": {
              "Type": "Pass",
              "Result": {
                "message": "Processing task 2"
              },
              "End": true
            }
          }
        }
      ],
      "Next": "CheckpointState"
    },
    "CheckpointState": {
      "Type": "Pass",
      "Result": {
        "CheckpointMessage": "Workflow completed successfully!"
      },
      "Next": "SuccessState"
    },
    "SuccessState": {
      "Type": "Succeed"
    },
    "FailState": {
      "Type": "Fail",
      "Error": "NotHelloWorldExample",
      "Cause": "The IsHelloWorldExample value was false"
    }
  }
}
EOF

# Create IAM role trust policy
echo "Creating IAM role trust policy..."
cat > step-functions-trust-policy.json << 'EOF'
{
  "Version":"2012-10-17",		 	 	 
  "Statement": [
    {
      "Effect": "Allow",
      "Principal": {
        "Service": "states.amazonaws.com"
      },
      "Action": "sts:AssumeRole"
    }
  ]
}
EOF

# Create IAM role
echo "Creating IAM role: $ROLE_NAME"
ROLE_RESULT=$(aws iam create-role \
  --role-name "$ROLE_NAME" \
  --assume-role-policy-document file://step-functions-trust-policy.json)

check_api_error "$ROLE_RESULT" "Create IAM role"
echo "Role created successfully"

# Get the role ARN
if [[ "$USE_JQ" == "true" ]]; then
    ROLE_ARN=$(echo "$ROLE_RESULT" | jq -r '.Role.Arn')
else
    ROLE_ARN=$(echo "$ROLE_RESULT" | grep "Arn" | cut -d'"' -f4)
fi

if [ -z "$ROLE_ARN" ]; then
    handle_error "Failed to extract role ARN"
fi
echo "Role ARN: $ROLE_ARN"

# Create a custom policy for Step Functions
echo "Creating custom policy for Step Functions..."
cat > stepfunctions-policy.json << 'EOF'
{
  "Version":"2012-10-17",		 	 	 
  "Statement": [
    {
      "Effect": "Allow",
      "Action": [
        "states:*"
      ],
      "Resource": "*"
    }
  ]
}
EOF

# Create the policy
echo "Creating Step Functions policy..."
STEPFUNCTIONS_POLICY_RESULT=$(aws iam create-policy \
  --policy-name "StepFunctionsPolicy-${RANDOM_ID}" \
  --policy-document file://stepfunctions-policy.json)

check_api_error "$STEPFUNCTIONS_POLICY_RESULT" "Create Step Functions policy"
echo "Step Functions policy created successfully"

# Get the policy ARN
if [[ "$USE_JQ" == "true" ]]; then
    STEPFUNCTIONS_POLICY_ARN=$(echo "$STEPFUNCTIONS_POLICY_RESULT" | jq -r '.Policy.Arn')
else
    STEPFUNCTIONS_POLICY_ARN=$(echo "$STEPFUNCTIONS_POLICY_RESULT" | grep "Arn" | cut -d'"' -f4)
fi

if [ -z "$STEPFUNCTIONS_POLICY_ARN" ]; then
    handle_error "Failed to extract Step Functions policy ARN"
fi
echo "Step Functions policy ARN: $STEPFUNCTIONS_POLICY_ARN"

# Attach policy to the role
echo "Attaching Step Functions policy to role..."
ATTACH_RESULT=$(aws iam attach-role-policy \
  --role-name "$ROLE_NAME" \
  --policy-arn "$STEPFUNCTIONS_POLICY_ARN")

if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
    handle_error "Failed to attach Step Functions policy to role"
fi

# Wait for role to propagate (IAM changes can take time to propagate)
wait_for_propagation "IAM role" 10

# Create state machine
echo "Creating state machine: $STATE_MACHINE_NAME"
SM_RESULT=$(aws stepfunctions create-state-machine \
  --name "$STATE_MACHINE_NAME" \
  --definition file://hello-world.json \
  --role-arn "$ROLE_ARN" \
  --type STANDARD)

check_api_error "$SM_RESULT" "Create state machine"
echo "State machine created successfully"

# Get the state machine ARN
if [[ "$USE_JQ" == "true" ]]; then
    STATE_MACHINE_ARN=$(echo "$SM_RESULT" | jq -r '.stateMachineArn')
else
    STATE_MACHINE_ARN=$(echo "$SM_RESULT" | grep "stateMachineArn" | cut -d'"' -f4)
fi

if [ -z "$STATE_MACHINE_ARN" ]; then
    handle_error "Failed to extract state machine ARN"
fi
echo "State machine ARN: $STATE_MACHINE_ARN"

# Step 2: Start the state machine execution
echo "Starting state machine execution..."
EXEC_RESULT=$(aws stepfunctions start-execution \
  --state-machine-arn "$STATE_MACHINE_ARN" \
  --name "hello001-${RANDOM_ID}")

check_api_error "$EXEC_RESULT" "Start execution"
echo "Execution started successfully"

# Get the execution ARN
if [[ "$USE_JQ" == "true" ]]; then
    EXECUTION_ARN=$(echo "$EXEC_RESULT" | jq -r '.executionArn')
else
    EXECUTION_ARN=$(echo "$EXEC_RESULT" | grep "executionArn" | cut -d'"' -f4)
fi

if [ -z "$EXECUTION_ARN" ]; then
    handle_error "Failed to extract execution ARN"
fi
echo "Execution ARN: $EXECUTION_ARN"

# Wait for execution to complete (the workflow has a 10-second wait state)
echo "Waiting for execution to complete (15 seconds)..."
sleep 15

# Check execution status
echo "Checking execution status..."
EXEC_STATUS=$(aws stepfunctions describe-execution \
  --execution-arn "$EXECUTION_ARN")

echo "Execution status: $EXEC_STATUS"

# Step 3: Update state machine to process external input
echo "Updating state machine to process external input..."
cat > updated-hello-world.json << 'EOF'
{
  "Comment": "A Hello World example of the Amazon States Language using a Pass state",
  "StartAt": "SetVariables",
  "States": {
    "SetVariables": {
      "Type": "Pass",
      "Parameters": {
        "IsHelloWorldExample.$": "$.hello_world",
        "ExecutionWaitTimeInSeconds.$": "$.wait"
      },
      "Next": "IsHelloWorldExample"
    },
    "IsHelloWorldExample": {
      "Type": "Choice",
      "Choices": [
        {
          "Variable": "$.IsHelloWorldExample",
          "BooleanEquals": true,
          "Next": "WaitState"
        }
      ],
      "Default": "FailState"
    },
    "WaitState": {
      "Type": "Wait",
      "SecondsPath": "$.ExecutionWaitTimeInSeconds",
      "Next": "ParallelProcessing"
    },
    "ParallelProcessing": {
      "Type": "Parallel",
      "Branches": [
        {
          "StartAt": "Process1",
          "States": {
            "Process1": {
              "Type": "Pass",
              "Result": {
                "message": "Processing task 1"
              },
              "End": true
            }
          }
        },
        {
          "StartAt": "Process2",
          "States": {
            "Process2": {
              "Type": "Pass",
              "Result": {
                "message": "Processing task 2"
              },
              "End": true
            }
          }
        }
      ],
      "Next": "CheckpointState"
    },
    "CheckpointState": {
      "Type": "Pass",
      "Result": {
        "CheckpointMessage": "Workflow completed successfully!"
      },
      "Next": "SuccessState"
    },
    "SuccessState": {
      "Type": "Succeed"
    },
    "FailState": {
      "Type": "Fail",
      "Error": "NotHelloWorldExample",
      "Cause": "The IsHelloWorldExample value was false"
    }
  }
}
EOF

# Update state machine
echo "Updating state machine..."
UPDATE_RESULT=$(aws stepfunctions update-state-machine \
  --state-machine-arn "$STATE_MACHINE_ARN" \
  --definition file://updated-hello-world.json \
  --role-arn "$ROLE_ARN")

check_api_error "$UPDATE_RESULT" "Update state machine"
echo "State machine updated successfully"

# Create input file
echo "Creating input file..."
cat > input.json << 'EOF'
{
  "wait": 5,
  "hello_world": true
}
EOF

# Start execution with input
echo "Starting execution with input..."
EXEC2_RESULT=$(aws stepfunctions start-execution \
  --state-machine-arn "$STATE_MACHINE_ARN" \
  --name "hello002-${RANDOM_ID}" \
  --input file://input.json)

check_api_error "$EXEC2_RESULT" "Start execution with input"
echo "Execution with input started successfully"

# Get the execution ARN
if [[ "$USE_JQ" == "true" ]]; then
    EXECUTION2_ARN=$(echo "$EXEC2_RESULT" | jq -r '.executionArn')
else
    EXECUTION2_ARN=$(echo "$EXEC2_RESULT" | grep "executionArn" | cut -d'"' -f4)
fi

if [ -z "$EXECUTION2_ARN" ]; then
    handle_error "Failed to extract execution ARN"
fi
echo "Execution ARN: $EXECUTION2_ARN"

# Wait for execution to complete (the workflow has a 5-second wait state)
echo "Waiting for execution to complete (10 seconds)..."
sleep 10

# Check execution status
echo "Checking execution status..."
EXEC2_STATUS=$(aws stepfunctions describe-execution \
  --execution-arn "$EXECUTION2_ARN")

echo "Execution status: $EXEC2_STATUS"

# Step 4: Integrate Amazon Comprehend for sentiment analysis (if available)
if [[ "$SKIP_COMPREHEND" == "false" ]]; then
    echo "Creating policy for Amazon Comprehend access..."
    cat > comprehend-policy.json << 'EOF'
{
  "Version":"2012-10-17",		 	 	 
  "Statement": [
    {
      "Effect": "Allow",
      "Action": [
        "comprehend:DetectSentiment"
      ],
      "Resource": "*"
    }
  ]
}
EOF

    # Create policy
    echo "Creating IAM policy: $POLICY_NAME"
    POLICY_RESULT=$(aws iam create-policy \
      --policy-name "$POLICY_NAME" \
      --policy-document file://comprehend-policy.json)

    check_api_error "$POLICY_RESULT" "Create Comprehend policy"
    echo "Comprehend policy created successfully"

    # Get policy ARN
    if [[ "$USE_JQ" == "true" ]]; then
        POLICY_ARN=$(echo "$POLICY_RESULT" | jq -r '.Policy.Arn')
    else
        POLICY_ARN=$(echo "$POLICY_RESULT" | grep "Arn" | cut -d'"' -f4)
    fi

    if [ -z "$POLICY_ARN" ]; then
        handle_error "Failed to extract policy ARN"
    fi
    echo "Policy ARN: $POLICY_ARN"

    # Attach policy to role
    echo "Attaching policy to role..."
    ATTACH2_RESULT=$(aws iam attach-role-policy \
      --role-name "$ROLE_NAME" \
      --policy-arn "$POLICY_ARN")

    if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
        handle_error "Failed to attach policy to role"
    fi

    # Create updated state machine definition with sentiment analysis
    echo "Creating updated state machine definition with sentiment analysis..."
    cat > sentiment-hello-world.json << 'EOF'
{
  "Comment": "A Hello World example with sentiment analysis",
  "StartAt": "SetVariables",
  "States": {
    "SetVariables": {
      "Type": "Pass",
      "Parameters": {
        "IsHelloWorldExample.$": "$.hello_world",
        "ExecutionWaitTimeInSeconds.$": "$.wait",
        "FeedbackComment.$": "$.feedback_comment"
      },
      "Next": "IsHelloWorldExample"
    },
    "IsHelloWorldExample": {
      "Type": "Choice",
      "Choices": [
        {
          "Variable": "$.IsHelloWorldExample",
          "BooleanEquals": true,
          "Next": "WaitState"
        }
      ],
      "Default": "DetectSentiment"
    },
    "WaitState": {
      "Type": "Wait",
      "SecondsPath": "$.ExecutionWaitTimeInSeconds",
      "Next": "ParallelProcessing"
    },
    "ParallelProcessing": {
      "Type": "Parallel",
      "Branches": [
        {
          "StartAt": "Process1",
          "States": {
            "Process1": {
              "Type": "Pass",
              "Result": {
                "message": "Processing task 1"
              },
              "End": true
            }
          }
        },
        {
          "StartAt": "Process2",
          "States": {
            "Process2": {
              "Type": "Pass",
              "Result": {
                "message": "Processing task 2"
              },
              "End": true
            }
          }
        }
      ],
      "Next": "CheckpointState"
    },
    "CheckpointState": {
      "Type": "Pass",
      "Result": {
        "CheckpointMessage": "Workflow completed successfully!"
      },
      "Next": "SuccessState"
    },
    "DetectSentiment": {
      "Type": "Task",
      "Resource": "arn:aws:states:::aws-sdk:comprehend:detectSentiment",
      "Parameters": {
        "LanguageCode": "en",
        "Text.$": "$.FeedbackComment"
      },
      "Next": "SuccessState"
    },
    "SuccessState": {
      "Type": "Succeed"
    }
  }
}
EOF

    # Wait for IAM changes to propagate
    wait_for_propagation "IAM changes" 10

    # Update state machine
    echo "Updating state machine with sentiment analysis..."
    UPDATE2_RESULT=$(aws stepfunctions update-state-machine \
      --state-machine-arn "$STATE_MACHINE_ARN" \
      --definition file://sentiment-hello-world.json \
      --role-arn "$ROLE_ARN")

    check_api_error "$UPDATE2_RESULT" "Update state machine with sentiment analysis"
    echo "State machine updated with sentiment analysis successfully"

    # Create input file with feedback comment
    echo "Creating input file with feedback comment..."
    cat > sentiment-input.json << 'EOF'
{
  "hello_world": false,
  "wait": 5,
  "feedback_comment": "This getting started with Step Functions workshop is a challenge!"
}
EOF

    # Start execution with sentiment analysis input
    echo "Starting execution with sentiment analysis input..."
    EXEC3_RESULT=$(aws stepfunctions start-execution \
      --state-machine-arn "$STATE_MACHINE_ARN" \
      --name "hello003-${RANDOM_ID}" \
      --input file://sentiment-input.json)

    check_api_error "$EXEC3_RESULT" "Start execution with sentiment analysis"
    echo "Execution with sentiment analysis started successfully"

    # Get the execution ARN
    if [[ "$USE_JQ" == "true" ]]; then
        EXECUTION3_ARN=$(echo "$EXEC3_RESULT" | jq -r '.executionArn')
    else
        EXECUTION3_ARN=$(echo "$EXEC3_RESULT" | grep "executionArn" | cut -d'"' -f4)
    fi

    if [ -z "$EXECUTION3_ARN" ]; then
        handle_error "Failed to extract execution ARN"
    fi
    echo "Execution ARN: $EXECUTION3_ARN"

    # Wait for execution to complete
    echo "Waiting for execution to complete (5 seconds)..."
    sleep 5

    # Check execution status
    echo "Checking execution status..."
    EXEC3_STATUS=$(aws stepfunctions describe-execution \
      --execution-arn "$EXECUTION3_ARN")

    echo "Execution status: $EXEC3_STATUS"
else
    echo "Skipping Amazon Comprehend integration (not available in $CURRENT_REGION)"
    EXECUTION3_ARN=""
fi

# Display summary of resources created
echo ""
echo "==========================================="
echo "RESOURCES CREATED"
echo "==========================================="
echo "State Machine: $STATE_MACHINE_ARN"
echo "IAM Role: $ROLE_NAME"
echo "Step Functions Policy: StepFunctionsPolicy-${RANDOM_ID} ($STEPFUNCTIONS_POLICY_ARN)"
if [[ "$SKIP_COMPREHEND" == "false" ]]; then
    echo "Comprehend Policy: $POLICY_NAME ($POLICY_ARN)"
fi
echo "Executions:"
echo "  - hello001-${RANDOM_ID}: $EXECUTION_ARN"
echo "  - hello002-${RANDOM_ID}: $EXECUTION2_ARN"
if [[ "$SKIP_COMPREHEND" == "false" ]]; then
    echo "  - hello003-${RANDOM_ID}: $EXECUTION3_ARN"
fi
echo "==========================================="

# Prompt for cleanup
echo ""
echo "==========================================="
echo "CLEANUP CONFIRMATION"
echo "==========================================="

if [[ "$AUTO_CLEANUP" == "true" ]]; then
    echo "Auto-cleanup enabled. Cleaning up resources..."
    cleanup
    echo "All resources have been cleaned up."
else
    echo "Do you want to clean up all created resources? (y/n): "
    read -r CLEANUP_CHOICE

    if [[ "$CLEANUP_CHOICE" =~ ^[Yy]$ ]]; then
        cleanup
        echo "All resources have been cleaned up."
    else
        echo "Resources were not cleaned up. You can manually clean them up later."
        echo "To view the state machine in the AWS console, visit:"
        echo "https://console.aws.amazon.com/states/home?region=$CURRENT_REGION"
    fi
fi

echo "Script completed successfully!"
```
+ For API details, see the following topics in *AWS CLI Command Reference*.
  + [AttachRolePolicy](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/AttachRolePolicy)
  + [CreatePolicy](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/CreatePolicy)
  + [CreateRole](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/CreateRole)
  + [CreateStateMachine](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/states-2016-11-23/CreateStateMachine)
  + [DeletePolicy](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/DeletePolicy)
  + [DeleteRole](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/DeleteRole)
  + [DeleteStateMachine](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/states-2016-11-23/DeleteStateMachine)
  + [DescribeExecution](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/states-2016-11-23/DescribeExecution)
  + [DetachRolePolicy](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/DetachRolePolicy)
  + [StartExecution](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/states-2016-11-23/StartExecution)
  + [UpdateStateMachine](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/states-2016-11-23/UpdateStateMachine)

### Moving hardcoded secrets to Secrets Manager
<a name="secrets_manager_GettingStarted_073_bash_topic"></a>

The following code example shows how to:
+ Create IAM roles
+ Create a secret in Secrets Manager
+ Update your application code
+ Update the secret
+ Clean up resources

**AWS CLI with Bash script**  
 There's more on GitHub. Find the complete example and learn how to set up and run in the [Sample developer tutorials](https://github.com/aws-samples/sample-developer-tutorials/tree/main/tuts/073-aws-secrets-manager-gs) repository. 

```
#!/bin/bash

# Script to move hardcoded secrets to AWS Secrets Manager
# This script demonstrates how to create IAM roles, store a secret in AWS Secrets Manager,
# and set up appropriate permissions

# Set up logging
LOG_FILE="secrets_manager_tutorial.log"
exec > >(tee -a "$LOG_FILE") 2>&1

echo "Starting AWS Secrets Manager tutorial script at $(date)"
echo "======================================================"

# Function to check for errors in command output
check_error() {
    local output=$1
    local cmd=$2
    
    if echo "$output" | grep -i "error" > /dev/null; then
        echo "ERROR: Command failed: $cmd"
        echo "$output"
        cleanup_resources
        exit 1
    fi
}

# Function to generate a random identifier
generate_random_id() {
    echo "sm$(cat /dev/urandom | tr -dc 'a-z0-9' | fold -w 8 | head -n 1)"
}

# Function to clean up resources
cleanup_resources() {
    echo ""
    echo "==========================================="
    echo "RESOURCES CREATED"
    echo "==========================================="
    
    if [ -n "$SECRET_NAME" ]; then
        echo "Secret: $SECRET_NAME"
    fi
    
    if [ -n "$RUNTIME_ROLE_NAME" ]; then
        echo "IAM Role: $RUNTIME_ROLE_NAME"
    fi
    
    if [ -n "$ADMIN_ROLE_NAME" ]; then
        echo "IAM Role: $ADMIN_ROLE_NAME"
    fi
    
    echo ""
    echo "==========================================="
    echo "CLEANUP CONFIRMATION"
    echo "==========================================="
    echo "Do you want to clean up all created resources? (y/n): "
    read -r CLEANUP_CHOICE
    
    if [[ "$CLEANUP_CHOICE" =~ ^[Yy]$ ]]; then
        echo "Cleaning up resources..."
        
        # Delete secret if it exists
        if [ -n "$SECRET_NAME" ]; then
            echo "Deleting secret: $SECRET_NAME"
            aws secretsmanager delete-secret --secret-id "$SECRET_NAME" --force-delete-without-recovery
        fi
        
        # Detach policies and delete runtime role if it exists
        if [ -n "$RUNTIME_ROLE_NAME" ]; then
            echo "Deleting IAM role: $RUNTIME_ROLE_NAME"
            aws iam delete-role --role-name "$RUNTIME_ROLE_NAME"
        fi
        
        # Detach policies and delete admin role if it exists
        if [ -n "$ADMIN_ROLE_NAME" ]; then
            echo "Detaching policy from role: $ADMIN_ROLE_NAME"
            aws iam detach-role-policy --role-name "$ADMIN_ROLE_NAME" --policy-arn "arn:aws:iam::aws:policy/SecretsManagerReadWrite"
            
            echo "Deleting IAM role: $ADMIN_ROLE_NAME"
            aws iam delete-role --role-name "$ADMIN_ROLE_NAME"
        fi
        
        echo "Cleanup completed."
    else
        echo "Resources will not be deleted."
    fi
}

# Trap to ensure cleanup on script exit
trap 'echo "Script interrupted. Running cleanup..."; cleanup_resources' INT TERM

# Generate random identifiers for resources
ADMIN_ROLE_NAME="SecretsManagerAdmin-$(generate_random_id)"
RUNTIME_ROLE_NAME="RoleToRetrieveSecretAtRuntime-$(generate_random_id)"
SECRET_NAME="MyAPIKey-$(generate_random_id)"

echo "Using the following resource names:"
echo "Admin Role: $ADMIN_ROLE_NAME"
echo "Runtime Role: $RUNTIME_ROLE_NAME"
echo "Secret Name: $SECRET_NAME"
echo ""

# Step 1: Create IAM roles
echo "Creating IAM roles..."

# Create the SecretsManagerAdmin role
echo "Creating admin role: $ADMIN_ROLE_NAME"
ADMIN_ROLE_OUTPUT=$(aws iam create-role \
    --role-name "$ADMIN_ROLE_NAME" \
    --assume-role-policy-document '{
        "Version":"2012-10-17",		 	 	 
        "Statement": [
            {
                "Effect": "Allow",
                "Principal": {
                    "Service": "ec2.amazonaws.com"
                },
                "Action": "sts:AssumeRole"
            }
        ]
    }')

check_error "$ADMIN_ROLE_OUTPUT" "create-role for admin"
echo "$ADMIN_ROLE_OUTPUT"

# Attach the SecretsManagerReadWrite policy to the admin role
echo "Attaching SecretsManagerReadWrite policy to admin role"
ATTACH_POLICY_OUTPUT=$(aws iam attach-role-policy \
    --role-name "$ADMIN_ROLE_NAME" \
    --policy-arn "arn:aws:iam::aws:policy/SecretsManagerReadWrite")

check_error "$ATTACH_POLICY_OUTPUT" "attach-role-policy for admin"
echo "$ATTACH_POLICY_OUTPUT"

# Create the RoleToRetrieveSecretAtRuntime role
echo "Creating runtime role: $RUNTIME_ROLE_NAME"
RUNTIME_ROLE_OUTPUT=$(aws iam create-role \
    --role-name "$RUNTIME_ROLE_NAME" \
    --assume-role-policy-document '{
        "Version":"2012-10-17",		 	 	 
        "Statement": [
            {
                "Effect": "Allow",
                "Principal": {
                    "Service": "ec2.amazonaws.com"
                },
                "Action": "sts:AssumeRole"
            }
        ]
    }')

check_error "$RUNTIME_ROLE_OUTPUT" "create-role for runtime"
echo "$RUNTIME_ROLE_OUTPUT"

# Wait for roles to be fully created
echo "Waiting for IAM roles to be fully created..."
sleep 10

# Step 2: Create a secret in AWS Secrets Manager
echo "Creating secret in AWS Secrets Manager..."

CREATE_SECRET_OUTPUT=$(aws secretsmanager create-secret \
    --name "$SECRET_NAME" \
    --description "API key for my application" \
    --secret-string '{"ClientID":"my_client_id","ClientSecret":"wJalrXUtnFEMI/K7MDENG/bPxRfiCYEXAMPLEKEY"}')

check_error "$CREATE_SECRET_OUTPUT" "create-secret"
echo "$CREATE_SECRET_OUTPUT"

# Get AWS account ID
echo "Getting AWS account ID..."
ACCOUNT_ID_OUTPUT=$(aws sts get-caller-identity --query "Account" --output text)
check_error "$ACCOUNT_ID_OUTPUT" "get-caller-identity"
ACCOUNT_ID=$ACCOUNT_ID_OUTPUT
echo "Account ID: $ACCOUNT_ID"

# Add resource policy to the secret
echo "Adding resource policy to secret..."
RESOURCE_POLICY=$(cat <<EOF
{
    "Version":"2012-10-17",		 	 	 
    "Statement": [
        {
            "Effect": "Allow",
            "Principal": {
                "AWS": "arn:aws:iam::$ACCOUNT_ID:role/$RUNTIME_ROLE_NAME"
            },
            "Action": "secretsmanager:GetSecretValue",
            "Resource": "*"
        }
    ]
}
EOF
)

PUT_POLICY_OUTPUT=$(aws secretsmanager put-resource-policy \
    --secret-id "$SECRET_NAME" \
    --resource-policy "$RESOURCE_POLICY" \
    --block-public-policy)

check_error "$PUT_POLICY_OUTPUT" "put-resource-policy"
echo "$PUT_POLICY_OUTPUT"

# Step 3: Demonstrate retrieving the secret
echo "Retrieving the secret value (for demonstration purposes)..."
GET_SECRET_OUTPUT=$(aws secretsmanager get-secret-value \
    --secret-id "$SECRET_NAME")

check_error "$GET_SECRET_OUTPUT" "get-secret-value"
echo "Secret retrieved successfully. Secret metadata:"
echo "$GET_SECRET_OUTPUT" | grep -v "SecretString"

# Step 4: Update the secret with new values
echo "Updating the secret with new values..."
UPDATE_SECRET_OUTPUT=$(aws secretsmanager update-secret \
    --secret-id "$SECRET_NAME" \
    --secret-string '{"ClientID":"my_new_client_id","ClientSecret":"bPxRfiCYEXAMPLEKEY/wJalrXUtnFEMI/K7MDENG"}')

check_error "$UPDATE_SECRET_OUTPUT" "update-secret"
echo "$UPDATE_SECRET_OUTPUT"

# Step 5: Verify the updated secret
echo "Verifying the updated secret..."
VERIFY_SECRET_OUTPUT=$(aws secretsmanager get-secret-value \
    --secret-id "$SECRET_NAME")

check_error "$VERIFY_SECRET_OUTPUT" "get-secret-value for verification"
echo "Updated secret retrieved successfully. Secret metadata:"
echo "$VERIFY_SECRET_OUTPUT" | grep -v "SecretString"

echo ""
echo "======================================================"
echo "Tutorial completed successfully!"
echo ""
echo "Summary of what we did:"
echo "1. Created IAM roles for managing and retrieving secrets"
echo "2. Created a secret in AWS Secrets Manager"
echo "3. Added a resource policy to control access to the secret"
echo "4. Retrieved the secret value (simulating application access)"
echo "5. Updated the secret with new values"
echo ""
echo "Next steps you might want to consider:"
echo "- Implement secret caching in your application"
echo "- Set up automatic rotation for your secrets"
echo "- Use AWS CodeGuru Reviewer to find hardcoded secrets in your code"
echo "- For multi-region applications, replicate your secrets across regions"
echo ""

# Clean up resources
cleanup_resources

echo "Script completed at $(date)"
exit 0
```
+ For API details, see the following topics in *AWS CLI Command Reference*.
  + [AttachRolePolicy](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/AttachRolePolicy)
  + [CreateRole](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/CreateRole)
  + [CreateSecret](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/secretsmanager-2017-10-17/CreateSecret)
  + [DeleteRole](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/DeleteRole)
  + [DeleteSecret](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/secretsmanager-2017-10-17/DeleteSecret)
  + [DetachRolePolicy](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/DetachRolePolicy)
  + [GetCallerIdentity](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/sts-2011-06-15/GetCallerIdentity)
  + [GetSecretValue](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/secretsmanager-2017-10-17/GetSecretValue)
  + [PutResourcePolicy](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/secretsmanager-2017-10-17/PutResourcePolicy)
  + [UpdateSecret](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/secretsmanager-2017-10-17/UpdateSecret)

### Run CPU stress tests on EC2 instances using FIS
<a name="iam_GettingStarted_069_bash_topic"></a>

The following code example shows how to:
+ Create IAM roles
+ Create a CloudWatch alarm
+ Create an experiment template
+ Run the experiment
+ Verify the results
+ Clean up resources

**AWS CLI with Bash script**  
 There's more on GitHub. Find the complete example and learn how to set up and run in the [Sample developer tutorials](https://github.com/aws-samples/sample-developer-tutorials/tree/main/tuts/069-aws-fault-injection-service-gs) repository. 

```
#!/bin/bash

# AWS FIS CPU Stress Test Tutorial Script
# This script automates the steps in the AWS FIS CPU stress test tutorial

#    approach using epoch time calculations that work across all Linux distributions

# Set up logging
LOG_FILE="fis-tutorial-$(date +%Y%m%d-%H%M%S).log"
exec > >(tee -a "$LOG_FILE") 2>&1

echo "Starting AWS FIS CPU Stress Test Tutorial Script"
echo "Logging to $LOG_FILE"
echo "=============================================="

# Function to check for errors in command output
check_error() {
    local output=$1
    local cmd=$2
    
    if echo "$output" | grep -i "error" > /dev/null; then
        # Ignore specific expected errors
        if [[ "$cmd" == *"aws fis get-experiment"* ]] && [[ "$output" == *"ConfigurationFailure"* ]]; then
            echo "Note: Experiment failed due to configuration issue. This is expected in some cases."
            return 0
        fi
        
        echo "ERROR: Command failed: $cmd"
        echo "Output: $output"
        cleanup_on_error
        exit 1
    fi
}

# Function to clean up resources on error
cleanup_on_error() {
    echo "Error encountered. Cleaning up resources..."
    
    if [ -n "$EXPERIMENT_ID" ]; then
        echo "Stopping experiment $EXPERIMENT_ID if running..."
        aws fis stop-experiment --id "$EXPERIMENT_ID" 2>/dev/null || true
    fi
    
    if [ -n "$TEMPLATE_ID" ]; then
        echo "Deleting experiment template $TEMPLATE_ID..."
        aws fis delete-experiment-template --id "$TEMPLATE_ID" || true
    fi
    
    if [ -n "$INSTANCE_ID" ]; then
        echo "Terminating EC2 instance $INSTANCE_ID..."
        aws ec2 terminate-instances --instance-ids "$INSTANCE_ID" || true
    fi
    
    if [ -n "$ALARM_NAME" ]; then
        echo "Deleting CloudWatch alarm $ALARM_NAME..."
        aws cloudwatch delete-alarms --alarm-names "$ALARM_NAME" || true
    fi
    
    if [ -n "$INSTANCE_PROFILE_NAME" ]; then
        echo "Removing role from instance profile..."
        aws iam remove-role-from-instance-profile --instance-profile-name "$INSTANCE_PROFILE_NAME" --role-name "$EC2_ROLE_NAME" || true
        
        echo "Deleting instance profile..."
        aws iam delete-instance-profile --instance-profile-name "$INSTANCE_PROFILE_NAME" || true
    fi
    
    if [ -n "$FIS_ROLE_NAME" ]; then
        echo "Deleting FIS role policy..."
        aws iam delete-role-policy --role-name "$FIS_ROLE_NAME" --policy-name "$FIS_POLICY_NAME" || true
        
        echo "Deleting FIS role..."
        aws iam delete-role --role-name "$FIS_ROLE_NAME" || true
    fi
    
    if [ -n "$EC2_ROLE_NAME" ]; then
        echo "Detaching policy from EC2 role..."
        aws iam detach-role-policy --role-name "$EC2_ROLE_NAME" --policy-arn "arn:aws:iam::aws:policy/AmazonSSMManagedInstanceCore" || true
        
        echo "Deleting EC2 role..."
        aws iam delete-role --role-name "$EC2_ROLE_NAME" || true
    fi
    
    echo "Cleanup completed."
}

# Generate unique identifiers for resources
TIMESTAMP=$(date +%Y%m%d%H%M%S)
FIS_ROLE_NAME="FISRole-${TIMESTAMP}"
FIS_POLICY_NAME="FISPolicy-${TIMESTAMP}"
EC2_ROLE_NAME="EC2SSMRole-${TIMESTAMP}"
INSTANCE_PROFILE_NAME="EC2SSMProfile-${TIMESTAMP}"
ALARM_NAME="FIS-CPU-Alarm-${TIMESTAMP}"

# Track created resources
CREATED_RESOURCES=()

echo "Step 1: Creating IAM role for AWS FIS"
# Create trust policy file for AWS FIS
cat > fis-trust-policy.json << 'EOF'
{
  "Version":"2012-10-17",		 	 	 
  "Statement": [
    {
      "Effect": "Allow",
      "Principal": {
        "Service": "fis.amazonaws.com"
      },
      "Action": "sts:AssumeRole"
    }
  ]
}
EOF

# Create IAM role for FIS
echo "Creating IAM role $FIS_ROLE_NAME for AWS FIS..."
FIS_ROLE_OUTPUT=$(aws iam create-role \
  --role-name "$FIS_ROLE_NAME" \
  --assume-role-policy-document file://fis-trust-policy.json)
check_error "$FIS_ROLE_OUTPUT" "aws iam create-role"
CREATED_RESOURCES+=("IAM Role: $FIS_ROLE_NAME")

# Create policy document for SSM actions
cat > fis-ssm-policy.json << 'EOF'
{
  "Version":"2012-10-17",		 	 	 
  "Statement": [
    {
      "Effect": "Allow",
      "Action": [
        "ssm:SendCommand",
        "ssm:ListCommands",
        "ssm:ListCommandInvocations"
      ],
      "Resource": "*"
    }
  ]
}
EOF

# Attach policy to the role
echo "Attaching policy $FIS_POLICY_NAME to role $FIS_ROLE_NAME..."
FIS_POLICY_OUTPUT=$(aws iam put-role-policy \
  --role-name "$FIS_ROLE_NAME" \
  --policy-name "$FIS_POLICY_NAME" \
  --policy-document file://fis-ssm-policy.json)
check_error "$FIS_POLICY_OUTPUT" "aws iam put-role-policy"
CREATED_RESOURCES+=("IAM Policy: $FIS_POLICY_NAME attached to $FIS_ROLE_NAME")

echo "Step 2: Creating IAM role for EC2 instance with SSM permissions"
# Create trust policy file for EC2
cat > ec2-trust-policy.json << 'EOF'
{
  "Version":"2012-10-17",		 	 	 
  "Statement": [
    {
      "Effect": "Allow",
      "Principal": {
        "Service": "ec2.amazonaws.com"
      },
      "Action": "sts:AssumeRole"
    }
  ]
}
EOF

# Create IAM role for EC2
echo "Creating IAM role $EC2_ROLE_NAME for EC2 instance..."
EC2_ROLE_OUTPUT=$(aws iam create-role \
  --role-name "$EC2_ROLE_NAME" \
  --assume-role-policy-document file://ec2-trust-policy.json)
check_error "$EC2_ROLE_OUTPUT" "aws iam create-role"
CREATED_RESOURCES+=("IAM Role: $EC2_ROLE_NAME")

# Attach SSM policy to the EC2 role
echo "Attaching AmazonSSMManagedInstanceCore policy to role $EC2_ROLE_NAME..."
EC2_POLICY_OUTPUT=$(aws iam attach-role-policy \
  --role-name "$EC2_ROLE_NAME" \
  --policy-arn arn:aws:iam::aws:policy/AmazonSSMManagedInstanceCore)
check_error "$EC2_POLICY_OUTPUT" "aws iam attach-role-policy"
CREATED_RESOURCES+=("IAM Policy: AmazonSSMManagedInstanceCore attached to $EC2_ROLE_NAME")

# Create instance profile
echo "Creating instance profile $INSTANCE_PROFILE_NAME..."
PROFILE_OUTPUT=$(aws iam create-instance-profile \
  --instance-profile-name "$INSTANCE_PROFILE_NAME")
check_error "$PROFILE_OUTPUT" "aws iam create-instance-profile"
CREATED_RESOURCES+=("IAM Instance Profile: $INSTANCE_PROFILE_NAME")

# Add role to instance profile
echo "Adding role $EC2_ROLE_NAME to instance profile $INSTANCE_PROFILE_NAME..."
ADD_ROLE_OUTPUT=$(aws iam add-role-to-instance-profile \
  --instance-profile-name "$INSTANCE_PROFILE_NAME" \
  --role-name "$EC2_ROLE_NAME")
check_error "$ADD_ROLE_OUTPUT" "aws iam add-role-to-instance-profile"

# Wait for role to propagate
echo "Waiting for IAM role to propagate..."
sleep 10

echo "Step 3: Launching EC2 instance"
# Get the latest Amazon Linux 2 AMI ID
echo "Finding latest Amazon Linux 2 AMI..."
AMI_ID=$(aws ec2 describe-images \
  --owners amazon \
  --filters "Name=name,Values=amzn2-ami-hvm-*-x86_64-gp2" "Name=state,Values=available" \
  --query "sort_by(Images, &CreationDate)[-1].ImageId" \
  --output text)
check_error "$AMI_ID" "aws ec2 describe-images"
echo "Using AMI: $AMI_ID"

# Launch EC2 instance
echo "Launching EC2 instance with AMI $AMI_ID..."
INSTANCE_OUTPUT=$(aws ec2 run-instances \
  --image-id "$AMI_ID" \
  --instance-type t2.micro \
  --iam-instance-profile Name="$INSTANCE_PROFILE_NAME" \
  --tag-specifications 'ResourceType=instance,Tags=[{Key=Name,Value=FIS-Test-Instance}]')
check_error "$INSTANCE_OUTPUT" "aws ec2 run-instances"

# Get instance ID
INSTANCE_ID=$(echo "$INSTANCE_OUTPUT" | grep -i "InstanceId" | head -1 | awk -F'"' '{print $4}')
if [ -z "$INSTANCE_ID" ]; then
    echo "Failed to get instance ID"
    cleanup_on_error
    exit 1
fi
echo "Launched instance: $INSTANCE_ID"
CREATED_RESOURCES+=("EC2 Instance: $INSTANCE_ID")

# Enable detailed monitoring
echo "Enabling detailed monitoring for instance $INSTANCE_ID..."
MONITOR_OUTPUT=$(aws ec2 monitor-instances --instance-ids "$INSTANCE_ID")
check_error "$MONITOR_OUTPUT" "aws ec2 monitor-instances"

# Wait for instance to be running and status checks to pass
echo "Waiting for instance to be ready..."
aws ec2 wait instance-running --instance-ids "$INSTANCE_ID"
aws ec2 wait instance-status-ok --instance-ids "$INSTANCE_ID"
echo "Instance is ready"

echo "Step 4: Creating CloudWatch alarm for CPU utilization"
# Create CloudWatch alarm
echo "Creating CloudWatch alarm $ALARM_NAME..."
ALARM_OUTPUT=$(aws cloudwatch put-metric-alarm \
  --alarm-name "$ALARM_NAME" \
  --alarm-description "Alarm when CPU exceeds 50%" \
  --metric-name CPUUtilization \
  --namespace AWS/EC2 \
  --statistic Maximum \
  --period 60 \
  --threshold 50 \
  --comparison-operator GreaterThanOrEqualToThreshold \
  --dimensions "Name=InstanceId,Value=$INSTANCE_ID" \
  --evaluation-periods 1)
check_error "$ALARM_OUTPUT" "aws cloudwatch put-metric-alarm"
CREATED_RESOURCES+=("CloudWatch Alarm: $ALARM_NAME")

# Get the alarm ARN
echo "Getting CloudWatch alarm ARN..."
ALARM_ARN_OUTPUT=$(aws cloudwatch describe-alarms \
  --alarm-names "$ALARM_NAME")
check_error "$ALARM_ARN_OUTPUT" "aws cloudwatch describe-alarms"
ALARM_ARN=$(echo "$ALARM_ARN_OUTPUT" | grep -i "AlarmArn" | head -1 | awk -F'"' '{print $4}')
if [ -z "$ALARM_ARN" ]; then
    echo "Failed to get alarm ARN"
    cleanup_on_error
    exit 1
fi
echo "Alarm ARN: $ALARM_ARN"

# Wait for the alarm to initialize and reach OK state
echo "Waiting for CloudWatch alarm to initialize (60 seconds)..."
sleep 60

# Check alarm state
echo "Checking alarm state..."
ALARM_STATE_OUTPUT=$(aws cloudwatch describe-alarms \
  --alarm-names "$ALARM_NAME")
ALARM_STATE=$(echo "$ALARM_STATE_OUTPUT" | grep -i "StateValue" | head -1 | awk -F'"' '{print $4}')
echo "Current alarm state: $ALARM_STATE"

# If alarm is not in OK state, wait longer or generate some baseline metrics
if [ "$ALARM_STATE" != "OK" ]; then
    echo "Alarm not in OK state. Waiting for alarm to stabilize (additional 60 seconds)..."
    sleep 60
    
    # Check alarm state again
    ALARM_STATE_OUTPUT=$(aws cloudwatch describe-alarms \
      --alarm-names "$ALARM_NAME")
    ALARM_STATE=$(echo "$ALARM_STATE_OUTPUT" | grep -i "StateValue" | head -1 | awk -F'"' '{print $4}')
    echo "Updated alarm state: $ALARM_STATE"
    
    if [ "$ALARM_STATE" != "OK" ]; then
        echo "Warning: Alarm still not in OK state. Experiment may fail to start."
    fi
fi

echo "Step 5: Creating AWS FIS experiment template"
# Get the IAM role ARN
echo "Getting IAM role ARN for $FIS_ROLE_NAME..."
ROLE_ARN_OUTPUT=$(aws iam get-role \
  --role-name "$FIS_ROLE_NAME")
check_error "$ROLE_ARN_OUTPUT" "aws iam get-role"
ROLE_ARN=$(echo "$ROLE_ARN_OUTPUT" | grep -i "Arn" | head -1 | awk -F'"' '{print $4}')
if [ -z "$ROLE_ARN" ]; then
    echo "Failed to get role ARN"
    cleanup_on_error
    exit 1
fi
echo "Role ARN: $ROLE_ARN"

# Get account ID and region
ACCOUNT_ID=$(aws sts get-caller-identity --query "Account" --output text)
REGION=$(aws configure get region)
if [ -z "$REGION" ]; then
    REGION="us-east-1"  # Default to us-east-1 if region not set
fi
INSTANCE_ARN="arn:aws:ec2:${REGION}:${ACCOUNT_ID}:instance/${INSTANCE_ID}"
echo "Instance ARN: $INSTANCE_ARN"

# Create experiment template - Fixed JSON escaping issue
cat > experiment-template.json << EOF
{
  "description": "Test CPU stress predefined SSM document",
  "targets": {
    "testInstance": {
      "resourceType": "aws:ec2:instance",
      "resourceArns": ["$INSTANCE_ARN"],
      "selectionMode": "ALL"
    }
  },
  "actions": {
    "runCpuStress": {
      "actionId": "aws:ssm:send-command",
      "parameters": {
        "documentArn": "arn:aws:ssm:$REGION::document/AWSFIS-Run-CPU-Stress",
        "documentParameters": "{\"DurationSeconds\":\"120\"}",
        "duration": "PT5M"
      },
      "targets": {
        "Instances": "testInstance"
      }
    }
  },
  "stopConditions": [
    {
      "source": "aws:cloudwatch:alarm",
      "value": "$ALARM_ARN"
    }
  ],
  "roleArn": "$ROLE_ARN",
  "tags": {
    "Name": "FIS-CPU-Stress-Experiment"
  }
}
EOF

# Create experiment template
echo "Creating AWS FIS experiment template..."
TEMPLATE_OUTPUT=$(aws fis create-experiment-template --cli-input-json file://experiment-template.json)
check_error "$TEMPLATE_OUTPUT" "aws fis create-experiment-template"
TEMPLATE_ID=$(echo "$TEMPLATE_OUTPUT" | grep -i "id" | head -1 | awk -F'"' '{print $4}')
if [ -z "$TEMPLATE_ID" ]; then
    echo "Failed to get template ID"
    cleanup_on_error
    exit 1
fi
echo "Experiment template created with ID: $TEMPLATE_ID"
CREATED_RESOURCES+=("FIS Experiment Template: $TEMPLATE_ID")

echo "Step 6: Starting the experiment"
# Start the experiment
echo "Starting AWS FIS experiment using template $TEMPLATE_ID..."
EXPERIMENT_OUTPUT=$(aws fis start-experiment \
  --experiment-template-id "$TEMPLATE_ID" \
  --tags '{"Name": "FIS-CPU-Stress-Run"}')
check_error "$EXPERIMENT_OUTPUT" "aws fis start-experiment"
EXPERIMENT_ID=$(echo "$EXPERIMENT_OUTPUT" | grep -i "id" | head -1 | awk -F'"' '{print $4}')
if [ -z "$EXPERIMENT_ID" ]; then
    echo "Failed to get experiment ID"
    cleanup_on_error
    exit 1
fi
echo "Experiment started with ID: $EXPERIMENT_ID"
CREATED_RESOURCES+=("FIS Experiment: $EXPERIMENT_ID")

echo "Step 7: Tracking experiment progress"
# Track experiment progress
echo "Tracking experiment progress..."
MAX_CHECKS=30
CHECK_COUNT=0
EXPERIMENT_STATE=""

while [ $CHECK_COUNT -lt $MAX_CHECKS ]; do
    EXPERIMENT_INFO=$(aws fis get-experiment --id "$EXPERIMENT_ID")
    # Don't check for errors here, as we expect some experiments to fail
    
    EXPERIMENT_STATE=$(echo "$EXPERIMENT_INFO" | grep -i "status" | head -1 | awk -F'"' '{print $4}')
    echo "Experiment state: $EXPERIMENT_STATE"
    
    if [ "$EXPERIMENT_STATE" == "completed" ] || [ "$EXPERIMENT_STATE" == "stopped" ] || [ "$EXPERIMENT_STATE" == "failed" ]; then
        # Show the reason for the state
        REASON=$(echo "$EXPERIMENT_INFO" | grep -i "reason" | head -1 | awk -F'"' '{print $4}')
        if [ -n "$REASON" ]; then
            echo "Reason: $REASON"
        fi
        break
    fi
    
    echo "Waiting 10 seconds before checking again..."
    sleep 10
    CHECK_COUNT=$((CHECK_COUNT + 1))
done

if [ $CHECK_COUNT -eq $MAX_CHECKS ]; then
    echo "Experiment is taking longer than expected. You can check its status later using:"
    echo "aws fis get-experiment --id $EXPERIMENT_ID"
fi

echo "Step 8: Verifying experiment results"
# Check CloudWatch alarm state
echo "Checking CloudWatch alarm state..."
ALARM_STATE_OUTPUT=$(aws cloudwatch describe-alarms --alarm-names "$ALARM_NAME")
check_error "$ALARM_STATE_OUTPUT" "aws cloudwatch describe-alarms"
echo "$ALARM_STATE_OUTPUT"

# Get CPU utilization metrics
echo "Getting CPU utilization metrics..."
END_TIME=$(date -u +"%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ")

# FIXED: Cross-platform compatible way to calculate time 10 minutes ago
# This approach uses epoch seconds and basic arithmetic which works on all Linux distributions
CURRENT_EPOCH=$(date +%s)
TEN_MINUTES_AGO_EPOCH=$((CURRENT_EPOCH - 600))
START_TIME=$(date -u -d "@$TEN_MINUTES_AGO_EPOCH" +"%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ" 2>/dev/null || date -u -r "$TEN_MINUTES_AGO_EPOCH" +"%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ")

# Create metric query file
cat > metric-query.json << EOF
[
  {
    "Id": "cpu",
    "MetricStat": {
      "Metric": {
        "Namespace": "AWS/EC2",
        "MetricName": "CPUUtilization",
        "Dimensions": [
          {
            "Name": "InstanceId",
            "Value": "$INSTANCE_ID"
          }
        ]
      },
      "Period": 60,
      "Stat": "Maximum"
    }
  }
]
EOF

METRICS_OUTPUT=$(aws cloudwatch get-metric-data \
  --start-time "$START_TIME" \
  --end-time "$END_TIME" \
  --metric-data-queries file://metric-query.json)
check_error "$METRICS_OUTPUT" "aws cloudwatch get-metric-data"
echo "CPU Utilization Metrics:"
echo "$METRICS_OUTPUT"

# Display summary of created resources
echo ""
echo "==========================================="
echo "RESOURCES CREATED"
echo "==========================================="
for resource in "${CREATED_RESOURCES[@]}"; do
    echo "- $resource"
done
echo "==========================================="

# Prompt for cleanup
echo ""
echo "==========================================="
echo "CLEANUP CONFIRMATION"
echo "==========================================="
echo "Do you want to clean up all created resources? (y/n): "
read -r CLEANUP_CHOICE

if [[ "$CLEANUP_CHOICE" =~ ^[Yy]$ ]]; then
    echo "Starting cleanup process..."
    
    # Stop experiment if still running
    if [ "$EXPERIMENT_STATE" != "completed" ] && [ "$EXPERIMENT_STATE" != "stopped" ] && [ "$EXPERIMENT_STATE" != "failed" ]; then
        echo "Stopping experiment $EXPERIMENT_ID..."
        STOP_OUTPUT=$(aws fis stop-experiment --id "$EXPERIMENT_ID")
        check_error "$STOP_OUTPUT" "aws fis stop-experiment"
        echo "Waiting for experiment to stop..."
        sleep 10
    fi
    
    # Delete experiment template
    echo "Deleting experiment template $TEMPLATE_ID..."
    DELETE_TEMPLATE_OUTPUT=$(aws fis delete-experiment-template --id "$TEMPLATE_ID")
    check_error "$DELETE_TEMPLATE_OUTPUT" "aws fis delete-experiment-template"
    
    # Delete CloudWatch alarm
    echo "Deleting CloudWatch alarm $ALARM_NAME..."
    DELETE_ALARM_OUTPUT=$(aws cloudwatch delete-alarms --alarm-names "$ALARM_NAME")
    check_error "$DELETE_ALARM_OUTPUT" "aws cloudwatch delete-alarms"
    
    # Terminate EC2 instance
    echo "Terminating EC2 instance $INSTANCE_ID..."
    TERMINATE_OUTPUT=$(aws ec2 terminate-instances --instance-ids "$INSTANCE_ID")
    check_error "$TERMINATE_OUTPUT" "aws ec2 terminate-instances"
    echo "Waiting for instance to terminate..."
    aws ec2 wait instance-terminated --instance-ids "$INSTANCE_ID"
    
    # Clean up IAM resources
    echo "Removing role from instance profile..."
    REMOVE_ROLE_OUTPUT=$(aws iam remove-role-from-instance-profile \
      --instance-profile-name "$INSTANCE_PROFILE_NAME" \
      --role-name "$EC2_ROLE_NAME")
    check_error "$REMOVE_ROLE_OUTPUT" "aws iam remove-role-from-instance-profile"
    
    echo "Deleting instance profile..."
    DELETE_PROFILE_OUTPUT=$(aws iam delete-instance-profile \
      --instance-profile-name "$INSTANCE_PROFILE_NAME")
    check_error "$DELETE_PROFILE_OUTPUT" "aws iam delete-instance-profile"
    
    echo "Deleting FIS role policy..."
    DELETE_POLICY_OUTPUT=$(aws iam delete-role-policy \
      --role-name "$FIS_ROLE_NAME" \
      --policy-name "$FIS_POLICY_NAME")
    check_error "$DELETE_POLICY_OUTPUT" "aws iam delete-role-policy"
    
    echo "Detaching policy from EC2 role..."
    DETACH_POLICY_OUTPUT=$(aws iam detach-role-policy \
      --role-name "$EC2_ROLE_NAME" \
      --policy-arn "arn:aws:iam::aws:policy/AmazonSSMManagedInstanceCore")
    check_error "$DETACH_POLICY_OUTPUT" "aws iam detach-role-policy"
    
    echo "Deleting FIS role..."
    DELETE_FIS_ROLE_OUTPUT=$(aws iam delete-role \
      --role-name "$FIS_ROLE_NAME")
    check_error "$DELETE_FIS_ROLE_OUTPUT" "aws iam delete-role"
    
    echo "Deleting EC2 role..."
    DELETE_EC2_ROLE_OUTPUT=$(aws iam delete-role \
      --role-name "$EC2_ROLE_NAME")
    check_error "$DELETE_EC2_ROLE_OUTPUT" "aws iam delete-role"
    
    # Clean up temporary files
    echo "Cleaning up temporary files..."
    rm -f fis-trust-policy.json ec2-trust-policy.json fis-ssm-policy.json experiment-template.json metric-query.json
    
    echo "Cleanup completed successfully."
else
    echo "Cleanup skipped. Resources will remain in your AWS account."
    echo "You can manually clean up the resources listed above."
fi

echo ""
echo "Script execution completed."
echo "Log file: $LOG_FILE"
```
+ For API details, see the following topics in *AWS CLI Command Reference*.
  + [AddRoleToInstanceProfile](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/AddRoleToInstanceProfile)
  + [AttachRolePolicy](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/AttachRolePolicy)
  + [CreateExperimentTemplate](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/fis-2020-12-01/CreateExperimentTemplate)
  + [CreateInstanceProfile](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/CreateInstanceProfile)
  + [CreateRole](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/CreateRole)
  + [DeleteAlarms](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/monitoring-2010-08-01/DeleteAlarms)
  + [DeleteExperimentTemplate](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/fis-2020-12-01/DeleteExperimentTemplate)
  + [DeleteInstanceProfile](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/DeleteInstanceProfile)
  + [DeleteRole](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/DeleteRole)
  + [DeleteRolePolicy](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/DeleteRolePolicy)
  + [DescribeAlarms](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/monitoring-2010-08-01/DescribeAlarms)
  + [DescribeImages](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/ec2-2016-11-15/DescribeImages)
  + [DetachRolePolicy](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/DetachRolePolicy)
  + [GetCallerIdentity](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/sts-2011-06-15/GetCallerIdentity)
  + [GetExperiment](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/fis-2020-12-01/GetExperiment)
  + [GetMetricData](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/monitoring-2010-08-01/GetMetricData)
  + [GetRole](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/GetRole)
  + [MonitorInstances](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/ec2-2016-11-15/MonitorInstances)
  + [PutMetricAlarm](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/monitoring-2010-08-01/PutMetricAlarm)
  + [PutRolePolicy](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/PutRolePolicy)
  + [RemoveRoleFromInstanceProfile](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/RemoveRoleFromInstanceProfile)
  + [RunInstances](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/ec2-2016-11-15/RunInstances)
  + [StartExperiment](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/fis-2020-12-01/StartExperiment)
  + [StopExperiment](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/fis-2020-12-01/StopExperiment)
  + [TerminateInstances](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/ec2-2016-11-15/TerminateInstances)
  + [Wait](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/ec2-2016-11-15/Wait)

### Set up Attribute-Based Access Control
<a name="dynamodb_Scenario_ABACSetup_bash_topic"></a>

The following code example shows how to implement Attribute-Based Access Control (ABAC) for DynamoDB.
+ Create an IAM policy for ABAC.
+ Create tables with tags for different departments.
+ List and filter tables based on tags.

**AWS CLI with Bash script**  
Create an IAM policy for ABAC.  

```
# Step 1: Create a policy document for ABAC
cat > abac-policy.json << 'EOF'
{
  "Version":"2012-10-17",		 	 	 
  "Statement": [
    {
      "Effect": "Allow",
      "Action": [
        "dynamodb:GetItem",
        "dynamodb:BatchGetItem",
        "dynamodb:Query",
        "dynamodb:Scan"
      ],
      "Resource": "arn:aws:dynamodb:*:*:table/*",
      "Condition": {
        "StringEquals": {
          "aws:ResourceTag/Department": "${aws:PrincipalTag/Department}"
        }
      }
    },
    {
      "Effect": "Allow",
      "Action": [
        "dynamodb:PutItem",
        "dynamodb:UpdateItem",
        "dynamodb:DeleteItem",
        "dynamodb:BatchWriteItem"
      ],
      "Resource": "arn:aws:dynamodb:*:*:table/*",
      "Condition": {
        "StringEquals": {
          "aws:ResourceTag/Department": "${aws:PrincipalTag/Department}",
          "aws:ResourceTag/Environment": "Development"
        }
      }
    }
  ]
}
EOF

# Step 2: Create the IAM policy
aws iam create-policy \
    --policy-name DynamoDBDepartmentBasedAccess \
    --policy-document file://abac-policy.json
```
Create tables with tags for different departments.  

```
# Create a DynamoDB table with tags for ABAC
aws dynamodb create-table \
    --table-name FinanceData \
    --attribute-definitions \
        AttributeName=RecordID,AttributeType=S \
    --key-schema \
        AttributeName=RecordID,KeyType=HASH \
    --billing-mode PAY_PER_REQUEST \
    --tags \
        Key=Department,Value=Finance \
        Key=Environment,Value=Development

# Create another table with different tags
aws dynamodb create-table \
    --table-name MarketingData \
    --attribute-definitions \
        AttributeName=RecordID,AttributeType=S \
    --key-schema \
        AttributeName=RecordID,KeyType=HASH \
    --billing-mode PAY_PER_REQUEST \
    --tags \
        Key=Department,Value=Marketing \
        Key=Environment,Value=Production
```
List and filter tables based on tags.  

```
# List all DynamoDB tables
echo "Listing all tables:"
aws dynamodb list-tables

# Get ARNs for all tables
echo -e "\nGetting ARNs for all tables:"
TABLE_ARNS=$(aws dynamodb list-tables --query "TableNames[*]" --output text | xargs -I {} aws dynamodb describe-table --table-name {} --query "Table.TableArn" --output text)

# For each table ARN, list its tags
echo -e "\nListing tags for each table:"
for ARN in $TABLE_ARNS; do
    TABLE_NAME=$(echo $ARN | awk -F/ '{print $2}')
    echo -e "\nTags for table: $TABLE_NAME"
    aws dynamodb list-tags-of-resource --resource-arn $ARN
done

# Example: Find tables with a specific tag
echo -e "\nFinding tables with Environment=Production tag:"
for ARN in $TABLE_ARNS; do
    TABLE_NAME=$(echo $ARN | awk -F/ '{print $2}')
    TAGS=$(aws dynamodb list-tags-of-resource --resource-arn $ARN --query "Tags[?Key=='Environment' && Value=='Production']" --output text)
    if [ ! -z "$TAGS" ]; then
        echo "Table with Production tag: $TABLE_NAME"
    fi
done
```
+ For API details, see the following topics in *AWS CLI Command Reference*.
  + [CreatePolicy](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/CreatePolicy)
  + [CreateTable](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/dynamodb-2012-08-10/CreateTable)
  + [ListTables](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/dynamodb-2012-08-10/ListTables)

### Setting up Systems Manager
<a name="iam_GettingStarted_046_bash_topic"></a>

The following code example shows how to:
+ Create IAM permissions for Systems Manager
+ Create an IAM role for Systems Manager
+ Configure Systems Manager
+ Verify the setup
+ Clean up resources

**AWS CLI with Bash script**  
 There's more on GitHub. Find the complete example and learn how to set up and run in the [Sample developer tutorials](https://github.com/aws-samples/sample-developer-tutorials/tree/main/tuts/046-aws-systems-manager-gs) repository. 

```
#!/bin/bash

# AWS Systems Manager Setup Script
# This script sets up AWS Systems Manager for a single account and region
#
# Version 17 fixes:
# 1. Added cloudformation.amazonaws.com to the IAM role trust policy
# 2. Systems Manager Quick Setup uses CloudFormation for deployments, so the role must trust CloudFormation service

# Initialize log file
LOG_FILE="ssm_setup_$(date +%Y%m%d_%H%M%S).log"
echo "Starting AWS Systems Manager setup at $(date)" > "$LOG_FILE"

# Function to log commands and their outputs with immediate terminal display
log_cmd() {
    echo "$(date): Running command: $1" | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"
    local output
    output=$(eval "$1" 2>&1)
    local status=$?
    echo "$output" | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"
    return $status
}

# Function to check for errors in command output
check_error() {
    local cmd_output="$1"
    local cmd_status="$2"
    local error_msg="$3"
    
    if [[ $cmd_status -ne 0 || "$cmd_output" =~ [Ee][Rr][Rr][Oo][Rr] ]]; then
        echo "ERROR: $error_msg" | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"
        echo "Command output: $cmd_output" | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"
        cleanup_on_error
        exit 1
    fi
}

# Array to track created resources for cleanup
declare -a CREATED_RESOURCES

# Function to add a resource to the tracking array
track_resource() {
    local resource_type="$1"
    local resource_id="$2"
    CREATED_RESOURCES+=("$resource_type:$resource_id")
    echo "Tracked resource: $resource_type:$resource_id" | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"
}

# Function to clean up resources on error
cleanup_on_error() {
    echo "" | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"
    echo "==========================================" | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"
    echo "ERROR OCCURRED - CLEANING UP RESOURCES" | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"
    echo "==========================================" | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"
    echo "The following resources were created:" | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"
    
    # Display resources in reverse order
    for ((i=${#CREATED_RESOURCES[@]}-1; i>=0; i--)); do
        echo "${CREATED_RESOURCES[$i]}" | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"
    done
    
    echo "" | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"
    echo "Attempting to clean up resources..." | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"
    
    # Clean up resources in reverse order
    cleanup_resources
}

# Function to clean up all created resources
cleanup_resources() {
    # Process resources in reverse order (last created, first deleted)
    for ((i=${#CREATED_RESOURCES[@]}-1; i>=0; i--)); do
        IFS=':' read -r resource_type resource_id <<< "${CREATED_RESOURCES[$i]}"
        
        echo "Deleting $resource_type: $resource_id" | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"
        
        case "$resource_type" in
            "IAM_POLICY")
                # Delete the policy (detachment should have been handled when the role was deleted)
                log_cmd "aws iam delete-policy --policy-arn $resource_id" || true
                ;;
            "IAM_ROLE")
                # Detach all policies from the role first
                if [[ -n "$POLICY_ARN" ]]; then
                    log_cmd "aws iam detach-role-policy --role-name $resource_id --policy-arn $POLICY_ARN" || true
                fi
                
                # Delete the role
                log_cmd "aws iam delete-role --role-name $resource_id" || true
                ;;
            "SSM_CONFIG_MANAGER")
                log_cmd "aws ssm-quicksetup delete-configuration-manager --manager-arn $resource_id" || true
                ;;
            *)
                echo "Unknown resource type: $resource_type, cannot delete automatically" | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"
                ;;
        esac
    done
    
    echo "Cleanup completed" | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"
    
    # Clean up temporary files
    rm -f ssm-onboarding-policy.json trust-policy.json ssm-config.json 2>/dev/null || true
}

# Main script execution
echo "AWS Systems Manager Setup Script"
echo "================================"
echo "This script will set up AWS Systems Manager for a single account and region."
echo "It will create IAM policies and roles, then enable Systems Manager features."
echo ""

# Get the current AWS region
CURRENT_REGION=$(aws configure get region)
if [[ -z "$CURRENT_REGION" ]]; then
    echo "No AWS region configured. Please specify a region:"
    read -r CURRENT_REGION
    if [[ -z "$CURRENT_REGION" ]]; then
        echo "ERROR: A region must be specified" | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"
        exit 1
    fi
fi

echo "Using AWS region: $CURRENT_REGION" | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"

# Step 1: Create IAM policy for Systems Manager onboarding
echo "Step 1: Creating IAM policy for Systems Manager onboarding..."

# Create policy document
cat > ssm-onboarding-policy.json << 'EOF'
{
   "Version":"2012-10-17",		 	 	 
   "Statement": [
     {
       "Sid": "QuickSetupActions",
       "Effect": "Allow",
       "Action": [
         "ssm-quicksetup:*"
       ],
       "Resource": "*"
     },
     {
       "Sid": "SsmReadOnly",
       "Effect": "Allow",
       "Action": [
         "ssm:DescribeAutomationExecutions",
         "ssm:GetAutomationExecution",
         "ssm:ListAssociations",
         "ssm:DescribeAssociation",
         "ssm:ListDocuments",
         "ssm:ListResourceDataSync",
         "ssm:DescribePatchBaselines",
         "ssm:GetPatchBaseline",
         "ssm:DescribeMaintenanceWindows",
         "ssm:DescribeMaintenanceWindowTasks"
       ],
       "Resource": "*"
     },
     {
       "Sid": "SsmDocument",
       "Effect": "Allow",
       "Action": [
         "ssm:GetDocument",
         "ssm:DescribeDocument"
       ],
       "Resource": [
         "arn:aws:ssm:*:*:document/AWSQuickSetupType-*",
         "arn:aws:ssm:*:*:document/AWS-EnableExplorer"
       ]
     },
     {
       "Sid": "SsmEnableExplorer",
       "Effect": "Allow",
       "Action": "ssm:StartAutomationExecution",
       "Resource": "arn:aws:ssm:*:*:automation-definition/AWS-EnableExplorer:*"
     },
     {
       "Sid": "SsmExplorerRds",
       "Effect": "Allow",
       "Action": [
         "ssm:GetOpsSummary",
         "ssm:CreateResourceDataSync",
         "ssm:UpdateResourceDataSync"
       ],
       "Resource": "arn:aws:ssm:*:*:resource-data-sync/AWS-QuickSetup-*"
     },
     {
       "Sid": "OrgsReadOnly",
       "Effect": "Allow",
       "Action": [
         "organizations:DescribeAccount",
         "organizations:DescribeOrganization",
         "organizations:ListDelegatedAdministrators",
         "organizations:ListRoots",
         "organizations:ListParents",
         "organizations:ListOrganizationalUnitsForParent",
         "organizations:DescribeOrganizationalUnit",
         "organizations:ListAWSServiceAccessForOrganization"
       ],
       "Resource": "*"
     },
     {
       "Sid": "OrgsAdministration",
       "Effect": "Allow",
       "Action": [
         "organizations:EnableAWSServiceAccess",
         "organizations:RegisterDelegatedAdministrator",
         "organizations:DeregisterDelegatedAdministrator"
       ],
       "Resource": "*",
       "Condition": {
         "StringEquals": {
           "organizations:ServicePrincipal": [
             "ssm.amazonaws.com",
             "ssm-quicksetup.amazonaws.com",
             "member.org.stacksets.cloudformation.amazonaws.com",
             "resource-explorer-2.amazonaws.com"
           ]
         }
       }
     },
     {
       "Sid": "CfnReadOnly",
       "Effect": "Allow",
       "Action": [
         "cloudformation:ListStacks",
         "cloudformation:DescribeStacks",
         "cloudformation:ListStackSets",
         "cloudformation:DescribeOrganizationsAccess"
       ],
       "Resource": "*"
     },
     {
       "Sid": "OrgCfnAccess",
       "Effect": "Allow",
       "Action": [
         "cloudformation:ActivateOrganizationsAccess"
       ],
       "Resource": "*"
     },
     {
       "Sid": "CfnStackActions",
       "Effect": "Allow",
       "Action": [
         "cloudformation:CreateStack",
         "cloudformation:DeleteStack",
         "cloudformation:DescribeStackResources",
         "cloudformation:DescribeStackEvents",
         "cloudformation:GetTemplate",
         "cloudformation:RollbackStack",
         "cloudformation:TagResource",
         "cloudformation:UntagResource",
         "cloudformation:UpdateStack"
       ],
       "Resource": [
         "arn:aws:cloudformation:*:*:stack/StackSet-AWS-QuickSetup-*",
         "arn:aws:cloudformation:*:*:stack/AWS-QuickSetup-*",
         "arn:aws:cloudformation:*:*:type/resource/*"
       ]
     },
     {
       "Sid": "CfnStackSetActions",
       "Effect": "Allow",
       "Action": [
         "cloudformation:CreateStackInstances",
         "cloudformation:CreateStackSet",
         "cloudformation:DeleteStackInstances",
         "cloudformation:DeleteStackSet",
         "cloudformation:DescribeStackInstance",
         "cloudformation:DetectStackSetDrift",
         "cloudformation:ListStackInstanceResourceDrifts",
         "cloudformation:DescribeStackSet",
         "cloudformation:DescribeStackSetOperation",
         "cloudformation:ListStackInstances",
         "cloudformation:ListStackSetOperations",
         "cloudformation:ListStackSetOperationResults",
         "cloudformation:TagResource",
         "cloudformation:UntagResource",
         "cloudformation:UpdateStackSet"
       ],
       "Resource": [
         "arn:aws:cloudformation:*:*:stackset/AWS-QuickSetup-*",
         "arn:aws:cloudformation:*:*:type/resource/*",
         "arn:aws:cloudformation:*:*:stackset-target/AWS-QuickSetup-*:*"
       ]
     },
     {
       "Sid": "ValidationReadonlyActions",
       "Effect": "Allow",
       "Action": [
         "iam:ListRoles",
         "iam:GetRole"
       ],
       "Resource": "*"
     },
     {
       "Sid": "IamRolesMgmt",
       "Effect": "Allow",
       "Action": [
         "iam:CreateRole",
         "iam:DeleteRole",
         "iam:GetRole",
         "iam:AttachRolePolicy",
         "iam:DetachRolePolicy",
         "iam:GetRolePolicy",
         "iam:ListRolePolicies"
       ],
       "Resource": [
         "arn:aws:iam::*:role/AWS-QuickSetup-*",
         "arn:aws:iam::*:role/service-role/AWS-QuickSetup-*"
       ]
     },
     {
       "Sid": "IamPassRole",
       "Effect": "Allow",
       "Action": [
         "iam:PassRole"
       ],
       "Resource": [
         "arn:aws:iam::*:role/AWS-QuickSetup-*",
         "arn:aws:iam::*:role/service-role/AWS-QuickSetup-*"
       ],
       "Condition": {
         "StringEquals": {
           "iam:PassedToService": [
             "ssm.amazonaws.com",
             "ssm-quicksetup.amazonaws.com",
             "cloudformation.amazonaws.com"
           ]
         }
       }
     },
     {
       "Sid": "IamRolesPoliciesMgmt",
       "Effect": "Allow",
       "Action": [
         "iam:AttachRolePolicy",
         "iam:DetachRolePolicy"
       ],
       "Resource": [
         "arn:aws:iam::*:role/AWS-QuickSetup-*",
         "arn:aws:iam::*:role/service-role/AWS-QuickSetup-*"
       ],
       "Condition": {
         "ArnEquals": {
           "iam:PolicyARN": [
             "arn:aws:iam::aws:policy/AWSSystemsManagerEnableExplorerExecutionPolicy",
             "arn:aws:iam::aws:policy/AWSQuickSetupSSMDeploymentRolePolicy"
           ]
         }
       }
     },
     {
       "Sid": "CfnStackSetsSLR",
       "Effect": "Allow",
       "Action": [
         "iam:CreateServiceLinkedRole"
       ],
       "Resource": [
         "arn:aws:iam::*:role/aws-service-role/stacksets.cloudformation.amazonaws.com/AWSServiceRoleForCloudFormationStackSetsOrgAdmin",
         "arn:aws:iam::*:role/aws-service-role/ssm.amazonaws.com/AWSServiceRoleForAmazonSSM",
         "arn:aws:iam::*:role/aws-service-role/accountdiscovery.ssm.amazonaws.com/AWSServiceRoleForAmazonSSM_AccountDiscovery",
         "arn:aws:iam::*:role/aws-service-role/ssm-quicksetup.amazonaws.com/AWSServiceRoleForSSMQuickSetup",
         "arn:aws:iam::*:role/aws-service-role/resource-explorer-2.amazonaws.com/AWSServiceRoleForResourceExplorer"
       ]
     }
   ]
}
EOF

# Create the IAM policy
POLICY_OUTPUT=$(log_cmd "aws iam create-policy --policy-name SSMOnboardingPolicy --policy-document file://ssm-onboarding-policy.json --output json")
POLICY_STATUS=$?
check_error "$POLICY_OUTPUT" $POLICY_STATUS "Failed to create IAM policy"

# Extract the policy ARN
POLICY_ARN=$(echo "$POLICY_OUTPUT" | grep -o 'arn:aws:iam::[0-9]*:policy/SSMOnboardingPolicy')
if [[ -z "$POLICY_ARN" ]]; then
    echo "ERROR: Failed to extract policy ARN" | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"
    exit 1
fi

# Track the created policy
track_resource "IAM_POLICY" "$POLICY_ARN"

echo "Created policy: $POLICY_ARN" | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"

# Step 2: Create and configure IAM role for Systems Manager
echo ""
echo "Step 2: Creating IAM role for Systems Manager..."

# Get current user name
USER_OUTPUT=$(log_cmd "aws sts get-caller-identity --output json")
USER_STATUS=$?
check_error "$USER_OUTPUT" $USER_STATUS "Failed to get caller identity"

# Extract account ID
ACCOUNT_ID=$(echo "$USER_OUTPUT" | grep -o '"Account": "[0-9]*"' | cut -d'"' -f4)
if [[ -z "$ACCOUNT_ID" ]]; then
    echo "ERROR: Failed to extract account ID" | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"
    exit 1
fi

# Generate a unique role name
ROLE_NAME="SSMTutorialRole-$(openssl rand -hex 4)"

# Create trust policy for the role - FIXED: Added cloudformation.amazonaws.com
cat > trust-policy.json << 'EOF'
{
    "Version":"2012-10-17",		 	 	 
    "Statement": [
        {
            "Effect": "Allow",
            "Principal": {
                "Service": [
                    "ssm.amazonaws.com",
                    "ssm-quicksetup.amazonaws.com",
                    "cloudformation.amazonaws.com"
                ]
            },
            "Action": "sts:AssumeRole"
        },
        {
            "Effect": "Allow",
            "Principal": {
                "AWS": "arn:aws:iam::ACCOUNT_ID:root"
            },
            "Action": "sts:AssumeRole"
        }
    ]
}
EOF

# Replace ACCOUNT_ID placeholder in trust policy
sed -i "s/ACCOUNT_ID/$ACCOUNT_ID/g" trust-policy.json

# Create the IAM role
ROLE_OUTPUT=$(log_cmd "aws iam create-role --role-name $ROLE_NAME --assume-role-policy-document file://trust-policy.json --description 'Role for Systems Manager tutorial' --output json")
ROLE_STATUS=$?
check_error "$ROLE_OUTPUT" $ROLE_STATUS "Failed to create IAM role"

# Extract the role ARN
ROLE_ARN=$(echo "$ROLE_OUTPUT" | grep -o 'arn:aws:iam::[0-9]*:role/[^"]*')
if [[ -z "$ROLE_ARN" ]]; then
    echo "ERROR: Failed to extract role ARN" | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"
    cleanup_on_error
    exit 1
fi

# Track the created role
track_resource "IAM_ROLE" "$ROLE_NAME"

echo "Created IAM role: $ROLE_NAME" | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"
echo "Role ARN: $ROLE_ARN" | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"

# Set identity variables for cleanup
IDENTITY_TYPE="role"
IDENTITY_NAME="$ROLE_NAME"

# Attach the policy to the role
ATTACH_OUTPUT=$(log_cmd "aws iam attach-role-policy --role-name $ROLE_NAME --policy-arn $POLICY_ARN")
ATTACH_STATUS=$?
check_error "$ATTACH_OUTPUT" $ATTACH_STATUS "Failed to attach policy to role $ROLE_NAME"

echo "Policy attached to role: $ROLE_NAME" | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"

# Step 3: Create Systems Manager configuration using Host Management
echo ""
echo "Step 3: Creating Systems Manager configuration..."

# Generate a random identifier for the configuration name
CONFIG_NAME="SSMSetup-$(openssl rand -hex 4)"

# Create configuration file for Systems Manager setup using Host Management
# Added both required parameters for single account deployment based on CloudFormation documentation
cat > ssm-config.json << EOF
[
  {
    "Type": "AWSQuickSetupType-SSMHostMgmt",
    "LocalDeploymentAdministrationRoleArn": "$ROLE_ARN",
    "LocalDeploymentExecutionRoleName": "$ROLE_NAME",
    "Parameters": {
      "TargetAccounts": "$ACCOUNT_ID",
      "TargetRegions": "$CURRENT_REGION"
    }
  }
]
EOF

echo "Configuration file created:" | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"
cat ssm-config.json | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"

# Create the configuration manager
CONFIG_OUTPUT=$(log_cmd "aws ssm-quicksetup create-configuration-manager --name \"$CONFIG_NAME\" --configuration-definitions file://ssm-config.json --region $CURRENT_REGION")
CONFIG_STATUS=$?
check_error "$CONFIG_OUTPUT" $CONFIG_STATUS "Failed to create Systems Manager configuration"

# Extract the manager ARN
MANAGER_ARN=$(echo "$CONFIG_OUTPUT" | grep -o 'arn:aws:ssm-quicksetup:[^"]*')
if [[ -z "$MANAGER_ARN" ]]; then
    echo "ERROR: Failed to extract manager ARN" | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"
    exit 1
fi

# Track the created configuration manager
track_resource "SSM_CONFIG_MANAGER" "$MANAGER_ARN"

echo "Created Systems Manager configuration: $MANAGER_ARN" | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"

# Step 4: Verify the setup
echo ""
echo "Step 4: Verifying the setup..."

# Wait for the configuration to be fully deployed
echo "Waiting for the configuration to be deployed (this may take a few minutes)..."
sleep 30

# Check the configuration manager status
VERIFY_OUTPUT=$(log_cmd "aws ssm-quicksetup get-configuration-manager --manager-arn $MANAGER_ARN --region $CURRENT_REGION")
VERIFY_STATUS=$?
check_error "$VERIFY_OUTPUT" $VERIFY_STATUS "Failed to verify configuration manager"

echo "Systems Manager setup completed successfully!" | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"

# List the created resources
echo ""
echo "==========================================="
echo "CREATED RESOURCES"
echo "==========================================="
for resource in "${CREATED_RESOURCES[@]}"; do
    echo "$resource"
done

# Prompt for cleanup
echo ""
echo "==========================================="
echo "CLEANUP CONFIRMATION"
echo "==========================================="
echo "Do you want to clean up all created resources? (y/n): "
read -r CLEANUP_CHOICE

if [[ "$CLEANUP_CHOICE" =~ ^[Yy]$ ]]; then
    echo "Cleaning up resources..." | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"
    cleanup_resources
    echo "Cleanup completed." | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"
else
    echo "Resources will not be cleaned up. You can manually clean them up later." | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"
fi

echo ""
echo "Script execution completed. See $LOG_FILE for details."

# Clean up temporary files
rm -f ssm-onboarding-policy.json trust-policy.json ssm-config.json 2>/dev/null || true
```
+ For API details, see the following topics in *AWS CLI Command Reference*.
  + [AttachRolePolicy](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/AttachRolePolicy)
  + [CreateConfigurationManager](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/ssm-2014-11-06/CreateConfigurationManager)
  + [CreatePolicy](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/CreatePolicy)
  + [CreateRole](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/CreateRole)
  + [DeleteConfigurationManager](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/ssm-2014-11-06/DeleteConfigurationManager)
  + [DeletePolicy](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/DeletePolicy)
  + [DeleteRole](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/DeleteRole)
  + [DetachRolePolicy](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/DetachRolePolicy)
  + [GetCallerIdentity](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/sts-2011-06-15/GetCallerIdentity)
  + [GetConfigurationManager](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/ssm-2014-11-06/GetConfigurationManager)

### Using property variables in CloudWatch dashboards to monitor multiple Lambda functions
<a name="iam_GettingStarted_032_bash_topic"></a>

The following code example shows how to:
+ Create Lambda functions for monitoring
+ Create a CloudWatch dashboard
+ Add a property variable to the dashboard
+ Clean up resources

**AWS CLI with Bash script**  
 There's more on GitHub. Find the complete example and learn how to set up and run in the [Sample developer tutorials](https://github.com/aws-samples/sample-developer-tutorials/tree/main/tuts/032-cloudwatch-streams) repository. 

```
#!/bin/bash

# CloudWatch Dashboard with Lambda Function Variable Script
# This script creates a CloudWatch dashboard with a property variable for Lambda function names

# Set up logging
LOG_FILE="cloudwatch-dashboard-script-v4.log"
echo "Starting script execution at $(date)" > "$LOG_FILE"

# Function to log commands and their output
log_cmd() {
    echo "$(date): Running command: $1" >> "$LOG_FILE"
    eval "$1" 2>&1 | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"
    return ${PIPESTATUS[0]}
}

# Function to check for errors in command output
check_error() {
    local cmd_output="$1"
    local cmd_status="$2"
    local error_msg="$3"
    
    if [ $cmd_status -ne 0 ] || echo "$cmd_output" | grep -i "error" > /dev/null; then
        echo "ERROR: $error_msg" | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"
        echo "Command output: $cmd_output" | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"
        cleanup_resources
        exit 1
    fi
}

# Function to clean up resources
cleanup_resources() {
    echo "" | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"
    echo "==========================================" | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"
    echo "CLEANUP PROCESS" | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"
    echo "==========================================" | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"
    
    if [ -n "$DASHBOARD_NAME" ]; then
        echo "Deleting CloudWatch dashboard: $DASHBOARD_NAME" | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"
        log_cmd "aws cloudwatch delete-dashboards --dashboard-names \"$DASHBOARD_NAME\""
    fi
    
    if [ -n "$LAMBDA_FUNCTION1" ]; then
        echo "Deleting Lambda function: $LAMBDA_FUNCTION1" | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"
        log_cmd "aws lambda delete-function --function-name \"$LAMBDA_FUNCTION1\""
    fi
    
    if [ -n "$LAMBDA_FUNCTION2" ]; then
        echo "Deleting Lambda function: $LAMBDA_FUNCTION2" | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"
        log_cmd "aws lambda delete-function --function-name \"$LAMBDA_FUNCTION2\""
    fi
    
    if [ -n "$ROLE_NAME" ]; then
        echo "Detaching policy from role: $ROLE_NAME" | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"
        log_cmd "aws iam detach-role-policy --role-name \"$ROLE_NAME\" --policy-arn arn:aws:iam::aws:policy/service-role/AWSLambdaBasicExecutionRole"
        
        echo "Deleting IAM role: $ROLE_NAME" | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"
        log_cmd "aws iam delete-role --role-name \"$ROLE_NAME\""
    fi
    
    echo "Cleanup completed." | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"
}

# Function to prompt for cleanup confirmation
confirm_cleanup() {
    echo "" | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"
    echo "==========================================" | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"
    echo "CLEANUP CONFIRMATION" | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"
    echo "==========================================" | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"
    echo "The following resources were created:" | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"
    echo "- CloudWatch Dashboard: $DASHBOARD_NAME" | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"
    
    if [ -n "$LAMBDA_FUNCTION1" ]; then
        echo "- Lambda Function: $LAMBDA_FUNCTION1" | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"
    fi
    
    if [ -n "$LAMBDA_FUNCTION2" ]; then
        echo "- Lambda Function: $LAMBDA_FUNCTION2" | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"
    fi
    
    if [ -n "$ROLE_NAME" ]; then
        echo "- IAM Role: $ROLE_NAME" | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"
    fi
    
    echo "" | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"
    echo "Do you want to clean up all created resources? (y/n): " | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"
    read -r CLEANUP_CHOICE
    
    if [[ "$CLEANUP_CHOICE" =~ ^[Yy]$ ]]; then
        cleanup_resources
    else
        echo "Resources were not cleaned up. You can manually delete them later." | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"
    fi
}

# Get AWS region
AWS_REGION=$(aws configure get region)
if [ -z "$AWS_REGION" ]; then
    AWS_REGION="us-east-1"
    echo "No region found in AWS config, defaulting to $AWS_REGION" | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"
else
    echo "Using AWS region: $AWS_REGION" | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"
fi

# Generate unique identifiers
RANDOM_ID=$(openssl rand -hex 6)
DASHBOARD_NAME="LambdaMetricsDashboard-${RANDOM_ID}"
LAMBDA_FUNCTION1="TestFunction1-${RANDOM_ID}"
LAMBDA_FUNCTION2="TestFunction2-${RANDOM_ID}"
ROLE_NAME="LambdaExecutionRole-${RANDOM_ID}"

echo "Using random identifier: $RANDOM_ID" | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"
echo "Dashboard name: $DASHBOARD_NAME" | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"
echo "Lambda function names: $LAMBDA_FUNCTION1, $LAMBDA_FUNCTION2" | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"
echo "IAM role name: $ROLE_NAME" | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"

# Create IAM role for Lambda functions
echo "Creating IAM role for Lambda..." | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"
TRUST_POLICY='{
  "Version":"2012-10-17",		 	 	 
  "Statement": [
    {
      "Effect": "Allow",
      "Principal": {
        "Service": "lambda.amazonaws.com"
      },
      "Action": "sts:AssumeRole"
    }
  ]
}'

echo "$TRUST_POLICY" > trust-policy.json

ROLE_OUTPUT=$(log_cmd "aws iam create-role --role-name \"$ROLE_NAME\" --assume-role-policy-document file://trust-policy.json --output json")
check_error "$ROLE_OUTPUT" $? "Failed to create IAM role"

ROLE_ARN=$(echo "$ROLE_OUTPUT" | grep -o '"Arn": "[^"]*' | cut -d'"' -f4)
echo "Role ARN: $ROLE_ARN" | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"

# Attach Lambda basic execution policy to the role
echo "Attaching Lambda execution policy to role..." | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"
POLICY_OUTPUT=$(log_cmd "aws iam attach-role-policy --role-name \"$ROLE_NAME\" --policy-arn arn:aws:iam::aws:policy/service-role/AWSLambdaBasicExecutionRole")
check_error "$POLICY_OUTPUT" $? "Failed to attach policy to role"

# Wait for role to propagate
echo "Waiting for IAM role to propagate..." | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"
sleep 10

# Create simple Python Lambda function code
echo "Creating Lambda function code..." | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"
cat > lambda_function.py << 'EOF'
def handler(event, context):
    print("Lambda function executed successfully")
    return {
        'statusCode': 200,
        'body': 'Success'
    }
EOF

# Zip the Lambda function code
log_cmd "zip -j lambda_function.zip lambda_function.py"

# Create first Lambda function
echo "Creating first Lambda function: $LAMBDA_FUNCTION1..." | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"
LAMBDA1_OUTPUT=$(log_cmd "aws lambda create-function --function-name \"$LAMBDA_FUNCTION1\" --runtime python3.9 --role \"$ROLE_ARN\" --handler lambda_function.handler --zip-file fileb://lambda_function.zip")
check_error "$LAMBDA1_OUTPUT" $? "Failed to create first Lambda function"

# Create second Lambda function
echo "Creating second Lambda function: $LAMBDA_FUNCTION2..." | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"
LAMBDA2_OUTPUT=$(log_cmd "aws lambda create-function --function-name \"$LAMBDA_FUNCTION2\" --runtime python3.9 --role \"$ROLE_ARN\" --handler lambda_function.handler --zip-file fileb://lambda_function.zip")
check_error "$LAMBDA2_OUTPUT" $? "Failed to create second Lambda function"

# Invoke Lambda functions to generate some metrics
echo "Invoking Lambda functions to generate metrics..." | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"
log_cmd "aws lambda invoke --function-name \"$LAMBDA_FUNCTION1\" --payload '{}' /dev/null"
log_cmd "aws lambda invoke --function-name \"$LAMBDA_FUNCTION2\" --payload '{}' /dev/null"

# Create CloudWatch dashboard with property variable
echo "Creating CloudWatch dashboard with property variable..." | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"

# Create a simpler dashboard with a property variable
# This approach uses a more basic dashboard structure that's known to work with the CloudWatch API
DASHBOARD_BODY=$(cat <<EOF
{
  "widgets": [
    {
      "type": "metric",
      "x": 0,
      "y": 0,
      "width": 12,
      "height": 6,
      "properties": {
        "metrics": [
          [ "AWS/Lambda", "Invocations", "FunctionName", "$LAMBDA_FUNCTION1" ]
        ],
        "view": "timeSeries",
        "stacked": false,
        "region": "$AWS_REGION",
        "title": "Lambda Invocations",
        "period": 300,
        "stat": "Sum"
      }
    }
  ]
}
EOF
)

# First create a basic dashboard without variables
echo "Creating initial dashboard without variables..." | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"
DASHBOARD_OUTPUT=$(log_cmd "aws cloudwatch put-dashboard --dashboard-name \"$DASHBOARD_NAME\" --dashboard-body '$DASHBOARD_BODY'")
check_error "$DASHBOARD_OUTPUT" $? "Failed to create initial CloudWatch dashboard"

# Now let's try to add a property variable using the console instructions
echo "To complete the tutorial, please follow these steps in the CloudWatch console:" | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"
echo "1. Open the CloudWatch console at https://console.aws.amazon.com/cloudwatch/" | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"
echo "2. Navigate to Dashboards and select your dashboard: $DASHBOARD_NAME" | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"
echo "3. Choose Actions > Variables > Create a variable" | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"
echo "4. Choose Property variable" | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"
echo "5. For Property that the variable changes, choose FunctionName" | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"
echo "6. For Input type, choose Select menu (dropdown)" | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"
echo "7. Choose Use the results of a metric search" | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"
echo "8. Choose Pre-built queries > Lambda > Errors" | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"
echo "9. Choose By Function Name and then choose Search" | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"
echo "10. (Optional) Configure any secondary settings as desired" | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"
echo "11. Choose Add variable" | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"
echo "" | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"
echo "The dashboard has been created and can be accessed at:" | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"
echo "https://console.aws.amazon.com/cloudwatch/home#dashboards:name=$DASHBOARD_NAME" | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"

# Verify dashboard creation
echo "Verifying dashboard creation..." | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"
VERIFY_OUTPUT=$(log_cmd "aws cloudwatch get-dashboard --dashboard-name \"$DASHBOARD_NAME\"")
check_error "$VERIFY_OUTPUT" $? "Failed to verify dashboard creation"

echo "" | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"
echo "==========================================" | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"
echo "DASHBOARD CREATED SUCCESSFULLY" | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"
echo "==========================================" | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"
echo "Dashboard Name: $DASHBOARD_NAME" | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"
echo "Lambda Functions: $LAMBDA_FUNCTION1, $LAMBDA_FUNCTION2" | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"
echo "" | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"
echo "You can view your dashboard in the CloudWatch console:" | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"
echo "https://console.aws.amazon.com/cloudwatch/home#dashboards:name=$DASHBOARD_NAME" | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"
echo "" | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"

# Prompt for cleanup
confirm_cleanup

echo "Script completed successfully." | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"
exit 0
```
+ For API details, see the following topics in *AWS CLI Command Reference*.
  + [AttachRolePolicy](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/AttachRolePolicy)
  + [CreateFunction](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/lambda-2015-03-31/CreateFunction)
  + [CreateRole](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/CreateRole)
  + [DeleteDashboards](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/monitoring-2010-08-01/DeleteDashboards)
  + [DeleteFunction](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/lambda-2015-03-31/DeleteFunction)
  + [DeleteRole](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/DeleteRole)
  + [DetachRolePolicy](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/DetachRolePolicy)
  + [GetDashboard](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/monitoring-2010-08-01/GetDashboard)
  + [Invoke](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/lambda-2015-03-31/Invoke)
  + [PutDashboard](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/monitoring-2010-08-01/PutDashboard)

### Work with Streams and Time-to-Live
<a name="dynamodb_Scenario_StreamsAndTTL_bash_topic"></a>

The following code example shows how to manage DynamoDB Streams and Time-to-Live features.
+ Create a table with Streams enabled.
+ Describe Streams.
+ Create a Lambda function for processing Streams.
+ Enable TTL on a table.
+ Add items with TTL attributes.
+ Describe TTL settings.

**AWS CLI with Bash script**  
Create a table with Streams enabled.  

```
# Create a table with DynamoDB Streams enabled
aws dynamodb create-table \
    --table-name StreamsDemo \
    --attribute-definitions \
        AttributeName=ID,AttributeType=S \
    --key-schema \
        AttributeName=ID,KeyType=HASH \
    --billing-mode PAY_PER_REQUEST \
    --stream-specification StreamEnabled=true,StreamViewType=NEW_AND_OLD_IMAGES
```
Describe Streams.  

```
# Get information about the stream
aws dynamodb describe-table \
    --table-name StreamsDemo \
    --query "Table.StreamSpecification"

# Get the stream ARN
STREAM_ARN=$(aws dynamodb describe-table \
    --table-name StreamsDemo \
    --query "Table.LatestStreamArn" \
    --output text)

echo "Stream ARN: $STREAM_ARN"

# Describe the stream
aws dynamodbstreams describe-stream \
    --stream-arn $STREAM_ARN
```
Create a Lambda function for Streams.  

```
# Step 1: Create an IAM role for the Lambda function
cat > trust-policy.json << 'EOF'
{
  "Version":"2012-10-17",		 	 	 
  "Statement": [
    {
      "Effect": "Allow",
      "Principal": {
        "Service": "lambda.amazonaws.com"
      },
      "Action": "sts:AssumeRole"
    }
  ]
}
EOF

aws iam create-role \
    --role-name DynamoDBStreamsLambdaRole \
    --assume-role-policy-document file://trust-policy.json

# Step 2: Attach permissions to the role
aws iam attach-role-policy \
    --role-name DynamoDBStreamsLambdaRole \
    --policy-arn arn:aws:iam::aws:policy/service-role/AWSLambdaDynamoDBExecutionRole

# Step 3: Create a Lambda function (code would be in a separate file)
echo "Lambda function creation would be done separately with appropriate code"

# Step 4: Create an event source mapping
echo "Example command to create event source mapping:"
echo "aws lambda create-event-source-mapping \\"
echo "    --function-name ProcessDynamoDBRecords \\"
echo "    --event-source $STREAM_ARN \\"
echo "    --batch-size 100 \\"
echo "    --starting-position LATEST"
```
Enable TTL on a table.  

```
# Create a table for TTL demonstration
aws dynamodb create-table \
    --table-name TTLDemo \
    --attribute-definitions \
        AttributeName=ID,AttributeType=S \
    --key-schema \
        AttributeName=ID,KeyType=HASH \
    --billing-mode PAY_PER_REQUEST

# Wait for table to become active
aws dynamodb wait table-exists --table-name TTLDemo

# Enable TTL on the table
aws dynamodb update-time-to-live \
    --table-name TTLDemo \
    --time-to-live-specification "Enabled=true, AttributeName=ExpirationTime"
```
Add items with TTL attributes.  

```
# Calculate expiration time (current time + 1 day in seconds)
EXPIRATION_TIME=$(date -d "+1 day" +%s)

# Add an item with TTL attribute
aws dynamodb put-item \
    --table-name TTLDemo \
    --item '{
        "ID": {"S": "item1"},
        "Data": {"S": "This item will expire in 1 day"},
        "ExpirationTime": {"N": "'$EXPIRATION_TIME'"}
    }'

# Add an item that expires in 1 hour
EXPIRATION_TIME_HOUR=$(date -d "+1 hour" +%s)
aws dynamodb put-item \
    --table-name TTLDemo \
    --item '{
        "ID": {"S": "item2"},
        "Data": {"S": "This item will expire in 1 hour"},
        "ExpirationTime": {"N": "'$EXPIRATION_TIME_HOUR'"}
    }'
```
Describe TTL settings.  

```
# Describe TTL settings for a table
aws dynamodb describe-time-to-live \
    --table-name TTLDemo
```
+ For API details, see the following topics in *AWS CLI Command Reference*.
  + [AttachRolePolicy](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/AttachRolePolicy)
  + [CreateRole](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/iam-2010-05-08/CreateRole)
  + [CreateTable](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/dynamodb-2012-08-10/CreateTable)
  + [DescribeTable](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/dynamodb-2012-08-10/DescribeTable)
  + [DescribeTimeToLive](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/dynamodb-2012-08-10/DescribeTimeToLive)
  + [PutItem](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/dynamodb-2012-08-10/PutItem)
  + [UpdateTimeToLive](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/aws-cli/dynamodb-2012-08-10/UpdateTimeToLive)