# Security in Neptune Analytics Cloud security at AWS is the highest priority. As an AWS customer, you benefit from data centers and network architectures that are built to meet the requirements of the most security-sensitive organizations. Security is a shared responsibility between AWS and you. The [shared responsibility model](https://aws.amazon.com/compliance/shared-responsibility-model/) describes this as security *of* the cloud and security *in* the cloud: + **Security of the cloud** – AWS is responsible for protecting the infrastructure that runs AWS services in the AWS Cloud. AWS also provides you with services that you can use securely. Third-party auditors regularly test and verify the effectiveness of our security as part of the [AWS Compliance Programs](https://aws.amazon.com/compliance/programs/). To learn about the compliance programs that apply to Neptune Analytics, see [AWS Services in Scope by Compliance Program](https://aws.amazon.com/compliance/services-in-scope/). + **Security in the cloud** – Your responsibility is determined by the AWS service that you use. You are also responsible for other factors including the sensitivity of your data, your company’s requirements, and applicable laws and regulations. This documentation helps you understand how to apply the shared responsibility model when using Neptune Analytics. The following topics show you how to configure Neptune Analytics to meet your security and compliance objectives. You also learn how to use other AWS services that help you to monitor and secure your Neptune Analytics resources. **Topics** + [Data protection in Neptune Analytics](data-protection.md) + [Identity and access management for Neptune Analytics](security-iam.md) + [Compliance validation for Neptune Analytics](compliance-validation.md) + [Resilience in Neptune Analytics](disaster-recovery-resiliency.md) + [Infrastructure Security in Neptune Analytics](infrastructure-security.md) + [Cross-service confused deputy prevention](cross-service-confused-deputy-prevention.md) + [Using service-linked roles (SLRs) in Neptune Analytics](nan-service-linked-roles.md) + [Import/export permissions](import-export-permissions.md) # Data protection in Neptune Analytics The AWS [shared responsibility model](https://aws.amazon.com/compliance/shared-responsibility-model/) applies to data protection in Neptune Analytics. As described in this model, AWS is responsible for protecting the global infrastructure that runs all of the AWS Cloud. You are responsible for maintaining control over your content that is hosted on this infrastructure. You are also responsible for the security configuration and management tasks for the AWS services that you use. For more information about data privacy, see the [Data Privacy FAQ](https://aws.amazon.com/compliance/data-privacy-faq/). For information about data protection in Europe, see the [AWS Shared Responsibility Model and GDPR](https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/security/the-aws-shared-responsibility-model-and-gdpr/) blog post on the *AWS Security Blog*. For data protection purposes, we recommend that you protect AWS account credentials and set up individual users with AWS IAM Identity Center or AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM). That way, each user is given only the permissions necessary to fulfill their job duties. We also recommend that you secure your data in the following ways: + Use multi-factor authentication (MFA) with each account. + Use SSL/TLS to communicate with AWS resources. We require TLS 1.2 and recommend TLS 1.3. + Set up API and user activity logging with AWS CloudTrail. For information about using CloudTrail trails to capture AWS activities, see [Working with CloudTrail trails](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/awscloudtrail/latest/userguide/cloudtrail-trails.html) in the *AWS CloudTrail User Guide*. + Use AWS encryption solutions, along with all default security controls within AWS services. + Use advanced managed security services such as Amazon Macie, which assists in discovering and securing sensitive data that is stored in Amazon S3. + If you require FIPS 140-3 validated cryptographic modules when accessing AWS through a command line interface or an API, use a FIPS endpoint. For more information about the available FIPS endpoints, see [Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) 140-3](https://aws.amazon.com/compliance/fips/). We strongly recommend that you never put confidential or sensitive information, such as your customers' email addresses, into tags or free-form text fields such as a **Name** field. This includes when you work with Neptune Analytics or other AWS services using the console, API, AWS CLI, or AWS SDKs. Any data that you enter into tags or free-form text fields used for names may be used for billing or diagnostic logs. If you provide a URL to an external server, we strongly recommend that you do not include credentials information in the URL to validate your request to that server. # Identity and access management for Neptune Analytics AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM) is an AWS service that helps an administrator securely control access to AWS resources. IAM administrators control who can be *authenticated* (signed in) and *authorized* (have permissions) to use Neptune Analytics resources. IAM is an AWS service that you can use with no additional charge. **Topics** + [Audience](#security_iam_audience) + [Authenticating with identities](#security_iam_authentication) + [Managing access using policies](#security_iam_access-manage) + [How Neptune Analytics works with IAM](security_iam_service-with-iam.md) + [Identity-based policy examples for Neptune Analytics](security_iam_id-based-policy-examples.md) + [Troubleshooting Neptune Analytics identity and access](security_iam_troubleshoot.md) ## Audience How you use AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM) differs based on your role: + **Service user** - request permissions from your administrator if you cannot access features (see [Troubleshooting Neptune Analytics identity and access](security_iam_troubleshoot.md)) + **Service administrator** - determine user access and submit permission requests (see [How Neptune Analytics works with IAM](security_iam_service-with-iam.md)) + **IAM administrator** - write policies to manage access (see [Identity-based policy examples for Neptune Analytics](security_iam_id-based-policy-examples.md)) ## Authenticating with identities Authentication is how you sign in to AWS using your identity credentials. You must be authenticated as the AWS account root user, an IAM user, or by assuming an IAM role. You can sign in as a federated identity using credentials from an identity source like AWS IAM Identity Center (IAM Identity Center), single sign-on authentication, or Google/Facebook credentials. For more information about signing in, see [How to sign in to your AWS account](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/signin/latest/userguide/how-to-sign-in.html) in the *AWS Sign-In User Guide*. For programmatic access, AWS provides an SDK and CLI to cryptographically sign requests. For more information, see [AWS Signature Version 4 for API requests](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/reference_sigv.html) in the *IAM User Guide*. ### AWS account root user When you create an AWS account, you begin with one sign-in identity called the AWS account *root user* that has complete access to all AWS services and resources. We strongly recommend that you don't use the root user for everyday tasks. For tasks that require root user credentials, see [Tasks that require root user credentials](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/id_root-user.html#root-user-tasks) in the *IAM User Guide*. ### Federated identity As a best practice, require human users to use federation with an identity provider to access AWS services using temporary credentials. A *federated identity* is a user from your enterprise directory, web identity provider, or Directory Service that accesses AWS services using credentials from an identity source. Federated identities assume roles that provide temporary credentials. For centralized access management, we recommend AWS IAM Identity Center. For more information, see [What is IAM Identity Center?](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/singlesignon/latest/userguide/what-is.html) in the *AWS IAM Identity Center User Guide*. ### IAM users and groups An *[IAM user](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/id_users.html)* is an identity with specific permissions for a single person or application. We recommend using temporary credentials instead of IAM users with long-term credentials. For more information, see [Require human users to use federation with an identity provider to access AWS using temporary credentials](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/best-practices.html#bp-users-federation-idp) in the *IAM User Guide*. An [https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/id_groups.html](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/id_groups.html) specifies a collection of IAM users and makes permissions easier to manage for large sets of users. For more information, see [Use cases for IAM users](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/gs-identities-iam-users.html) in the *IAM User Guide*. ### IAM roles An *[IAM role](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/id_roles.html)* is an identity with specific permissions that provides temporary credentials. You can assume a role by [switching from a user to an IAM role (console)](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/id_roles_use_switch-role-console.html) or by calling an AWS CLI or AWS API operation. For more information, see [Methods to assume a role](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/id_roles_manage-assume.html) in the *IAM User Guide*. IAM roles are useful for federated user access, temporary IAM user permissions, cross-account access, cross-service access, and applications running on Amazon EC2. For more information, see [Cross account resource access in IAM](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/access_policies-cross-account-resource-access.html) in the *IAM User Guide*. ## Managing access using policies You control access in AWS by creating policies and attaching them to AWS identities or resources. A policy defines permissions when associated with an identity or resource. AWS evaluates these policies when a principal makes a request. Most policies are stored in AWS as JSON documents. For more information about JSON policy documents, see [Overview of JSON policies](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/access_policies.html#access_policies-json) in the *IAM User Guide*. Using policies, administrators specify who has access to what by defining which **principal** can perform **actions** on what **resources**, and under what **conditions**. By default, users and roles have no permissions. An IAM administrator creates IAM policies and adds them to roles, which users can then assume. IAM policies define permissions regardless of the method used to perform the operation. ### Identity-based policies Identity-based policies are JSON permissions policy documents that you attach to an identity (user, group, or role). These policies control what actions identities can perform, on which resources, and under what conditions. To learn how to create an identity-based policy, see [Define custom IAM permissions with customer managed policies](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/access_policies_create.html) in the *IAM User Guide*. Identity-based policies can be *inline policies* (embedded directly into a single identity) or *managed policies* (standalone policies attached to multiple identities). To learn how to choose between managed and inline policies, see [Choose between managed policies and inline policies](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/access_policies-choosing-managed-or-inline.html) in the *IAM User Guide*. ### Resource-based policies Resource-based policies are JSON policy documents that you attach to a resource. Examples include IAM *role trust policies* and Amazon S3 *bucket policies*. In services that support resource-based policies, service administrators can use them to control access to a specific resource. You must [specify a principal](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/reference_policies_elements_principal.html) in a resource-based policy. Resource-based policies are inline policies that are located in that service. You can't use AWS managed policies from IAM in a resource-based policy. ### Other policy types AWS supports additional policy types that can set the maximum permissions granted by more common policy types: + **Permissions boundaries** – Set the maximum permissions that an identity-based policy can grant to an IAM entity. For more information, see [Permissions boundaries for IAM entities](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/access_policies_boundaries.html) in the *IAM User Guide*. + **Service control policies (SCPs)** – Specify the maximum permissions for an organization or organizational unit in AWS Organizations. For more information, see [Service control policies](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/organizations/latest/userguide/orgs_manage_policies_scps.html) in the *AWS Organizations User Guide*. + **Resource control policies (RCPs)** – Set the maximum available permissions for resources in your accounts. For more information, see [Resource control policies (RCPs)](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/organizations/latest/userguide/orgs_manage_policies_rcps.html) in the *AWS Organizations User Guide*. + **Session policies** – Advanced policies passed as a parameter when creating a temporary session for a role or federated user. For more information, see [Session policies](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/access_policies.html#policies_session) in the *IAM User Guide*. ### Multiple policy types When multiple types of policies apply to a request, the resulting permissions are more complicated to understand. To learn how AWS determines whether to allow a request when multiple policy types are involved, see [Policy evaluation logic](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/reference_policies_evaluation-logic.html) in the *IAM User Guide*. # How Neptune Analytics works with IAM Before you use IAM to manage access to Neptune Analytics, learn what IAM features are available to use with Neptune Analytics. **IAM features you can use with Neptune Analytics** | IAM feature | Neptune Analytics support | | --- | --- | | [Identity-based policies](#security_iam_service-with-iam-id-based-policies) | Yes | | [Resource-based policies](#security_iam_service-with-iam-resource-based-policies) | No | | [Policy actions](#security_iam_service-with-iam-id-based-policies-actions) | Yes | | [Policy resources](#security_iam_service-with-iam-id-based-policies-resources) | Yes | | [Policy condition keys](#security_iam_service-with-iam-id-based-policies-conditionkeys) | Yes | | [ACLs](#security_iam_service-with-iam-acls) | No | | [ABAC (tags in policies)](#security_iam_service-with-iam-tags) | Partial | | [Temporary credentials](#security_iam_service-with-iam-roles-tempcreds) | Yes | | [Principal permissions](#security_iam_service-with-iam-principal-permissions) | Yes | | [Service roles](#security_iam_service-with-iam-roles-service) | Yes | | [Service-linked roles](#security_iam_service-with-iam-roles-service-linked) | Yes | To get a high-level view of how Neptune Analytics and other AWS services work with most IAM features, see [AWS services that work with IAM](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/reference_aws-services-that-work-with-iam.html) in the *IAM User Guide*. ## Identity-based policies for Neptune Analytics **Supports identity-based policies:** Yes Identity-based policies are JSON permissions policy documents that you can attach to an identity, such as an IAM user, group of users, or role. These policies control what actions users and roles can perform, on which resources, and under what conditions. To learn how to create an identity-based policy, see [Define custom IAM permissions with customer managed policies](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/access_policies_create.html) in the *IAM User Guide*. With IAM identity-based policies, you can specify allowed or denied actions and resources as well as the conditions under which actions are allowed or denied. To learn about all of the elements that you can use in a JSON policy, see [IAM JSON policy elements reference](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/reference_policies_elements.html) in the *IAM User Guide*. ### Identity-based policy examples for Neptune Analytics To view examples of Neptune Analytics identity-based policies, see [Identity-based policy examples for Neptune Analytics](security_iam_id-based-policy-examples.md). ## Resource-based policies within Neptune Analytics **Supports resource-based policies:** No Resource-based policies are JSON policy documents that you attach to a resource. Examples of resource-based policies are IAM *role trust policies* and Amazon S3 *bucket policies*. In services that support resource-based policies, service administrators can use them to control access to a specific resource. For the resource where the policy is attached, the policy defines what actions a specified principal can perform on that resource and under what conditions. You must [specify a principal](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/reference_policies_elements_principal.html) in a resource-based policy. Principals can include accounts, users, roles, federated users, or AWS services. To enable cross-account access, you can specify an entire account or IAM entities in another account as the principal in a resource-based policy. For more information, see [Cross account resource access in IAM](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/access_policies-cross-account-resource-access.html) in the *IAM User Guide*. ## Policy actions for Neptune Analytics **Supports policy actions:** Yes Administrators can use AWS JSON policies to specify who has access to what. That is, which **principal** can perform **actions** on what **resources**, and under what **conditions**. The `Action` element of a JSON policy describes the actions that you can use to allow or deny access in a policy. Include actions in a policy to grant permissions to perform the associated operation. To see a list of Neptune Analytics actions, see [Actions Defined by Neptune Analytics ](https://docs.aws.amazon.com//service-authorization/latest/reference/list_amazonneptuneanalytics.html) in the *Service Authorization Reference*. Policy actions in Neptune Analytics use the following prefix before the action: ``` neptune-graph ``` To specify multiple actions in a single statement, separate them with commas. ``` "Action": [ "neptune-graph:action1", "neptune-graph:action2" ] ``` To view examples of Neptune Analytics identity-based policies, see [Identity-based policy examples for Neptune Analytics](security_iam_id-based-policy-examples.md). ## Policy resources for Neptune Analytics **Supports policy resources:** Yes Administrators can use AWS JSON policies to specify who has access to what. That is, which **principal** can perform **actions** on what **resources**, and under what **conditions**. The `Resource` JSON policy element specifies the object or objects to which the action applies. As a best practice, specify a resource using its [Amazon Resource Name (ARN)](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/reference-arns.html). For actions that don't support resource-level permissions, use a wildcard (\$1) to indicate that the statement applies to all resources. ``` "Resource": "*" ``` To see a list of Neptune Analytics resource types and their ARNs, see [Resources Defined by Neptune Analytics ](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/list_your_service.html#your_service-resources-for-iam-policies) in the *Service Authorization Reference*. To learn with which actions you can specify the ARN of each resource, see [Actions Defined by Neptune Analytics ](https://docs.aws.amazon.com//service-authorization/latest/reference/list_amazonneptuneanalytics.html). To view examples of Neptune Analytics identity-based policies, see [Identity-based policy examples for Neptune Analytics](security_iam_id-based-policy-examples.md). ## Policy condition keys for Neptune Analytics **Supports service-specific policy condition keys:** Yes Administrators can use AWS JSON policies to specify who has access to what. That is, which **principal** can perform **actions** on what **resources**, and under what **conditions**. The `Condition` element specifies when statements execute based on defined criteria. You can create conditional expressions that use [condition operators](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/reference_policies_elements_condition_operators.html), such as equals or less than, to match the condition in the policy with values in the request. To see all AWS global condition keys, see [AWS global condition context keys](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/reference_policies_condition-keys.html) in the *IAM User Guide*. To see a list of Neptune Analytics condition keys, see [Condition Keys for Neptune Analytics ](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/list_your_service.html#your_service-policy-keys) in the *Service Authorization Reference*. To learn with which actions and resources you can use a condition key, see [Actions Defined by Neptune Analytics ](https://docs.aws.amazon.com//service-authorization/latest/reference/list_amazonneptuneanalytics.html). To view examples of Neptune Analytics identity-based policies, see [Identity-based policy examples for Neptune Analytics](security_iam_id-based-policy-examples.md). ## ACLs in Neptune Analytics **Supports ACLs:** No Access control lists (ACLs) control which principals (account members, users, or roles) have permissions to access a resource. ACLs are similar to resource-based policies, although they do not use the JSON policy document format. ## ABAC with Neptune Analytics **Supports ABAC (tags in policies):** Partial Attribute-based access control (ABAC) is an authorization strategy that defines permissions based on attributes called tags. You can attach tags to IAM entities and AWS resources, then design ABAC policies to allow operations when the principal's tag matches the tag on the resource. To control access based on tags, you provide tag information in the [condition element](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/reference_policies_elements_condition.html) of a policy using the `aws:ResourceTag/key-name`, `aws:RequestTag/key-name`, or `aws:TagKeys` condition keys. If a service supports all three condition keys for every resource type, then the value is **Yes** for the service. If a service supports all three condition keys for only some resource types, then the value is **Partial**. For more information about ABAC, see [Define permissions with ABAC authorization](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/introduction_attribute-based-access-control.html) in the *IAM User Guide*. To view a tutorial with steps for setting up ABAC, see [Use attribute-based access control (ABAC)](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/tutorial_attribute-based-access-control.html) in the *IAM User Guide*. ## Using temporary credentials with Neptune Analytics **Supports temporary credentials:** Yes Temporary credentials provide short-term access to AWS resources and are automatically created when you use federation or switch roles. AWS recommends that you dynamically generate temporary credentials instead of using long-term access keys. For more information, see [Temporary security credentials in IAM](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/id_credentials_temp.html) and [AWS services that work with IAM](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/reference_aws-services-that-work-with-iam.html) in the *IAM User Guide*. ## Cross-service principal permissions for Neptune Analytics **Supports forward access sessions (FAS):** Yes Forward access sessions (FAS) use the permissions of the principal calling an AWS service, combined with the requesting AWS service to make requests to downstream services. For policy details when making FAS requests, see [Forward access sessions](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/access_forward_access_sessions.html). ## Service roles for Neptune Analytics **Supports service roles:** Yes A service role is an [IAM role](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/id_roles.html) that a service assumes to perform actions on your behalf. An IAM administrator can create, modify, and delete a service role from within IAM. For more information, see [Create a role to delegate permissions to an AWS service](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/id_roles_create_for-service.html) in the *IAM User Guide*. **Warning** Changing the permissions for a service role might break Neptune Analytics functionality. Edit service roles only when Neptune Analytics provides guidance to do so. ## Service-linked roles for Neptune Analytics **Supports service-linked roles:** Yes A service-linked role is a type of service role that is linked to an AWS service. The service can assume the role to perform an action on your behalf. Service-linked roles appear in your AWS account and are owned by the service. An IAM administrator can view, but not edit the permissions for service-linked roles. For details about creating or managing Neptune Analytics service-linked roles, see [Using service-linked roles (SLRs) in Neptune Analytics](nan-service-linked-roles.md). For details about creating or managing service-linked roles for other services, see [AWS services that work with IAM](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/reference_aws-services-that-work-with-iam.html). Find a service in the table that includes a `Yes` in the **Service-linked role** column. Choose the **Yes** link to view the service-linked role documentation for that service. # Identity-based policy examples for Neptune Analytics By default, users and roles don't have permission to create or modify Neptune Analytics resources. To grant users permission to perform actions on the resources that they need, an IAM administrator can create IAM policies. To learn how to create an IAM identity-based policy by using these example JSON policy documents, see [Create IAM policies (console)](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/access_policies_create-console.html) in the *IAM User Guide*. For details about actions and resource types defined by Neptune Analytics, including the format of the ARNs for each of the resource types, see [Actions, Resources, and Condition Keys for Neptune Analytics ](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/list_your_service.html) in the *Service Authorization Reference*. **Topics** + [Policy best practices](#security_iam_service-with-iam-policy-best-practices) + [Using the Neptune Analytics console](#security_iam_id-based-policy-examples-console) + [Allow users to view their own permissions](#security_iam_id-based-policy-examples-view-own-permissions) ## Policy best practices Identity-based policies determine whether someone can create, access, or delete Neptune Analytics resources in your account. These actions can incur costs for your AWS account. When you create or edit identity-based policies, follow these guidelines and recommendations: + **Get started with AWS managed policies and move toward least-privilege permissions** – To get started granting permissions to your users and workloads, use the *AWS managed policies* that grant permissions for many common use cases. They are available in your AWS account. We recommend that you reduce permissions further by defining AWS customer managed policies that are specific to your use cases. For more information, see [AWS managed policies](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/access_policies_managed-vs-inline.html#aws-managed-policies) or [AWS managed policies for job functions](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/access_policies_job-functions.html) in the *IAM User Guide*. + **Apply least-privilege permissions** – When you set permissions with IAM policies, grant only the permissions required to perform a task. You do this by defining the actions that can be taken on specific resources under specific conditions, also known as *least-privilege permissions*. For more information about using IAM to apply permissions, see [ Policies and permissions in IAM](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/access_policies.html) in the *IAM User Guide*. + **Use conditions in IAM policies to further restrict access** – You can add a condition to your policies to limit access to actions and resources. For example, you can write a policy condition to specify that all requests must be sent using SSL. You can also use conditions to grant access to service actions if they are used through a specific AWS service, such as CloudFormation. For more information, see [ IAM JSON policy elements: Condition](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/reference_policies_elements_condition.html) in the *IAM User Guide*. + **Use IAM Access Analyzer to validate your IAM policies to ensure secure and functional permissions** – IAM Access Analyzer validates new and existing policies so that the policies adhere to the IAM policy language (JSON) and IAM best practices. IAM Access Analyzer provides more than 100 policy checks and actionable recommendations to help you author secure and functional policies. For more information, see [Validate policies with IAM Access Analyzer](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/access-analyzer-policy-validation.html) in the *IAM User Guide*. + **Require multi-factor authentication (MFA)** – If you have a scenario that requires IAM users or a root user in your AWS account, turn on MFA for additional security. To require MFA when API operations are called, add MFA conditions to your policies. For more information, see [ Secure API access with MFA](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/id_credentials_mfa_configure-api-require.html) in the *IAM User Guide*. For more information about best practices in IAM, see [Security best practices in IAM](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/best-practices.html) in the *IAM User Guide*. ## Using the Neptune Analytics console To access the Neptune Analytics console, you must have a minimum set of permissions. These permissions must allow you to list and view details about the Neptune Analytics resources in your AWS account. If you create an identity-based policy that is more restrictive than the minimum required permissions, the console won't function as intended for entities (users or roles) with that policy. You don't need to allow minimum console permissions for users that are making calls only to the AWS CLI or the AWS API. Instead, allow access to only the actions that match the API operation that they're trying to perform. To ensure that users and roles can still use the Neptune Analytics console, also attach the Neptune Analytics `ConsoleAccess` or `ReadOnly` AWS managed policy to the entities. For more information, see [Adding permissions to a user](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/id_users_change-permissions.html#users_change_permissions-add-console) in the *IAM User Guide*. ## Allow users to view their own permissions This example shows how you might create a policy that allows IAM users to view the inline and managed policies that are attached to their user identity. This policy includes permissions to complete this action on the console or programmatically using the AWS CLI or AWS API. ``` { "Version": "2012-10-17", "Statement": [ { "Sid": "ViewOwnUserInfo", "Effect": "Allow", "Action": [ "iam:GetUserPolicy", "iam:ListGroupsForUser", "iam:ListAttachedUserPolicies", "iam:ListUserPolicies", "iam:GetUser" ], "Resource": ["arn:aws:iam::*:user/${aws:username}"] }, { "Sid": "NavigateInConsole", "Effect": "Allow", "Action": [ "iam:GetGroupPolicy", "iam:GetPolicyVersion", "iam:GetPolicy", "iam:ListAttachedGroupPolicies", "iam:ListGroupPolicies", "iam:ListPolicyVersions", "iam:ListPolicies", "iam:ListUsers" ], "Resource": "*" } ] } ``` # Troubleshooting Neptune Analytics identity and access Use the following information to help you diagnose and fix common issues that you might encounter when working with Neptune Analytics and IAM. **Topics** + [I am not authorized to perform an action in Neptune Analytics](#security_iam_troubleshoot-no-permissions) + [I am not authorized to perform iam:PassRole](#security_iam_troubleshoot-passrole) + [I want to allow people outside of my AWS account to access my Neptune Analytics resources](#security_iam_troubleshoot-cross-account-access) ## I am not authorized to perform an action in Neptune Analytics If you receive an error that you're not authorized to perform an action, your policies must be updated to allow you to perform the action. The following example error occurs when the `mateojackson` IAM user tries to use the console to view details about a fictional `my-example-widget` resource but doesn't have the fictional `neptune-graph:GetWidget` permissions. ``` User: arn:aws:iam::123456789012:user/mateojackson is not authorized to perform: neptune-graph:GetWidget on resource: my-example-widget ``` In this case, the policy for the `mateojackson` user must be updated to allow access to the `my-example-widget` resource by using the `neptune-graph:GetWidget` action. If you need help, contact your AWS administrator. Your administrator is the person who provided you with your sign-in credentials. ## I am not authorized to perform iam:PassRole If you receive an error that you're not authorized to perform the `iam:PassRole` action, your policies must be updated to allow you to pass a role to Neptune Analytics. Some AWS services allow you to pass an existing role to that service instead of creating a new service role or service-linked role. To do this, you must have permissions to pass the role to the service. The following example error occurs when an IAM user named `marymajor` tries to use the console to perform an action in Neptune Analytics. However, the action requires the service to have permissions that are granted by a service role. Mary does not have permissions to pass the role to the service. ``` User: arn:aws:iam::123456789012:user/marymajor is not authorized to perform: iam:PassRole ``` In this case, Mary's policies must be updated to allow her to perform the `iam:PassRole` action. If you need help, contact your AWS administrator. Your administrator is the person who provided you with your sign-in credentials. ## I want to allow people outside of my AWS account to access my Neptune Analytics resources You can create a role that users in other accounts or people outside of your organization can use to access your resources. You can specify who is trusted to assume the role. For services that support resource-based policies or access control lists (ACLs), you can use those policies to grant people access to your resources. To learn more, consult the following: + To learn whether Neptune Analytics supports these features, see [How Neptune Analytics works with IAM](security_iam_service-with-iam.md). + To learn how to provide access to your resources across AWS accounts that you own, see [Providing access to an IAM user in another AWS account that you own](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/id_roles_common-scenarios_aws-accounts.html) in the *IAM User Guide*. + To learn how to provide access to your resources to third-party AWS accounts, see [Providing access to AWS accounts owned by third parties](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/id_roles_common-scenarios_third-party.html) in the *IAM User Guide*. + To learn how to provide access through identity federation, see [Providing access to externally authenticated users (identity federation)](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/id_roles_common-scenarios_federated-users.html) in the *IAM User Guide*. + To learn the difference between using roles and resource-based policies for cross-account access, see [Cross account resource access in IAM](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/access_policies-cross-account-resource-access.html) in the *IAM User Guide*. # Compliance validation for Neptune Analytics To learn whether an AWS service is within the scope of specific compliance programs, see [AWS services in Scope by Compliance Program](https://aws.amazon.com/compliance/services-in-scope/) and choose the compliance program that you are interested in. For general information, see [AWS Compliance Programs](https://aws.amazon.com/compliance/programs/). You can download third-party audit reports using AWS Artifact. For more information, see [Downloading Reports in AWS Artifact](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/artifact/latest/ug/downloading-documents.html). Your compliance responsibility when using AWS services is determined by the sensitivity of your data, your company's compliance objectives, and applicable laws and regulations. For more information about your compliance responsibility when using AWS services, see [AWS Security Documentation](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/security/). # Resilience in Neptune Analytics The AWS global infrastructure is built around AWS Regions and Availability Zones. AWS Regions provide multiple physically separated and isolated Availability Zones, which are connected with low-latency, high-throughput, and highly redundant networking. With Availability Zones, you can design and operate applications and databases that automatically fail over between zones without interruption. Availability Zones are more highly available, fault tolerant, and scalable than traditional single or multiple data center infrastructures. For more information about AWS Regions and Availability Zones, see [AWS Global Infrastructure](https://aws.amazon.com/about-aws/global-infrastructure/). In addition to the AWS global infrastructure, Neptune Analytics offers several features to help support your data resiliency and backup needs. # Infrastructure Security in Neptune Analytics As a managed service, Neptune Analytics is protected by the AWS global network security procedures that are described in the [Amazon Web Services: Overview of Security Processes](https://d0.awsstatic.com/whitepapers/Security/AWS_Security_Whitepaper.pdf) whitepaper. You use AWS published API calls to access Neptune Analytics through the network. Clients must support Transport Layer Security (TLS) 1.2 or later. Clients must also support cipher suites with perfect forward secrecy (PFS) such as DHE (Ephemeral Diffie-Hellman) or ECDHE (Elliptic Curve Ephemeral Diffie-Hellman). Most modern systems such as Java 7 and later support these modes. Additionally, requests must be signed by using an access key ID and a secret access key that is associated with an IAM principal. Or you can use the [AWS Security Token Service](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/STS/latest/APIReference/Welcome.html) (AWS STS) to generate temporary security credentials to sign requests. # Cross-service confused deputy prevention The confused deputy problem is a security issue where an entity that doesn't have permission to perform an action can coerce a more-privileged entity to perform the action. In AWS, cross-service impersonation can result in the confused deputy problem. Cross-service impersonation can occur when one service (the *calling service*) calls another service (the *called service*). The calling service can be manipulated to use its permissions to act on another customer's resources in a way it should not otherwise have permission to access. To prevent this, AWS provides tools that help you protect your data for all services with service principals that have been given access to resources in your account. We recommend using the [https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/reference_policies_condition-keys.html#condition-keys-sourcearn](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/reference_policies_condition-keys.html#condition-keys-sourcearn) and [https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/reference_policies_condition-keys.html#condition-keys-sourceaccount](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/reference_policies_condition-keys.html#condition-keys-sourceaccount) global condition context keys in resource policies to limit the permissions that ServiceNameLongEntity gives another service to the resource. Use `aws:SourceArn` if you want only one resource to be associated with the cross-service access. Use `aws:SourceAccount` if you want to allow any resource in that account to be associated with the cross-service use. The most effective way to protect against the confused deputy problem is to use the `aws:SourceArn` global condition context key with the full ARN of the resource. If you don't know the full ARN of the resource or if you are specifying multiple resources, use the `aws:SourceArn` global context condition key with wildcard characters (`*`) for the unknown portions of the ARN. For example, `arn:aws:servicename:*:123456789012:*`. If the `aws:SourceArn` value does not contain the account ID, such as an Amazon S3 bucket ARN, you must use both global condition context keys to limit permissions. The value of `aws:SourceArn` must be ResourceDescription. The following example shows how you can use the `aws:SourceArn` and `aws:SourceAccount` global condition context keys in ServiceNameEntity to prevent the confused deputy problem. ------ #### [ JSON ] **** ``` { "Version":"2012-10-17", "Statement": { "Sid": "ConfusedDeputyPreventionExamplePolicy", "Effect": "Allow", "Principal": { "Service": "neptune-graph.amazonaws.com" }, "Action": "neptune-graph:CreateGraph", "Resource": [ "arn:aws:neptune-graph:us-east-1:123456789012:graph/*" ], "Condition": { "ArnLike": { "aws:SourceArn": "arn:aws:neptune-graph:*:123456789012:*" }, "StringEquals": { "aws:SourceAccount": "123456789012" } } } } ``` ------ # Using service-linked roles (SLRs) in Neptune Analytics Neptune Analytics graphs use AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM) [service-linked roles](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/id_roles_terms-and-concepts.html#iam-term-service-linked-role). A service-linked role is a unique type of IAM role that is linked directly to Neptune Analytics graphs. Service-linked roles are predefined by Neptune Analytics graphs and include all the permissions that the service requires to call other AWS services on your behalf. A service-linked role makes using Neptune Analytics graphs easier because you don't have to add the necessary permissions manually. Neptune Analytics defines the permissions in its service-linked roles, and unless defined otherwise, only Neptune Analytics graphs can assume its roles. The defined permissions include the trust policy and the permissions policy, and that permissions policy cannot be attached to any other IAM entity. You can delete the roles only after first deleting their related resources. This protects your Neptune Analytics graph resources because you can't inadvertently remove the permissions to access the resources. For information about other services that support service-linked roles, see [AWS services that work with IAM](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/reference_aws-services-that-work-with-iam.html) and look for the services that are marked with **Yes** in the **Service-Linked Role** column. Choose a **Yes** with a link to view the service-linked role documentation for that service. ## Service-linked role permissions for Neptune Analytics Graphs Neptune Analytics graphs uses the service-linked role named `AWSServiceRoleForNeptuneGraph` to allow them to call AWS services on behalf of your DB clusters. This service-linked role has an IAM managed permissions policy attached to it named [AWSServiceRoleForNeptuneGraphPolicy](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/neptune/latest/userguide/aws-service-role-for-neptune-graph-policy.html) that grants it permissions to operate in your account. See [AWS managed policies for Amazon Neptune](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/neptune/latest/userguide/security-iam-access-managed-policies.html). This policy provides read-only access to all Amazon Neptune Analytics resources along with read-only permissions for dependent services, as follows: ------ #### [ JSON ] **** ``` { "Version":"2012-10-17", "Statement": [ { "Sid": "GraphMetrics", "Effect": "Allow", "Action": [ "cloudwatch:PutMetricData" ], "Resource": "*", "Condition": { "StringEquals": { "cloudwatch:namespace": [ "AWS/Neptune", "AWS/Usage" ] } } }, { "Sid": "GraphLogGroup", "Effect": "Allow", "Action": [ "logs:CreateLogGroup" ], "Resource": [ "arn:aws:logs:*:*:log-group:/aws/neptune/*" ], "Condition": { "StringEquals": { "aws:ResourceAccount": "${aws:PrincipalAccount}" } } }, { "Sid": "GraphLogEvents", "Effect": "Allow", "Action": [ "logs:CreateLogStream", "logs:PutLogEvents", "logs:DescribeLogStreams" ], "Resource": [ "arn:aws:logs:*:*:log-group:/aws/neptune/*:log-stream:*" ], "Condition": { "StringEquals": { "aws:ResourceAccount": "${aws:PrincipalAccount}" } } } ] } ``` ------ **Note** To allow an IAM entity such as a user, group, or role to be able to create, edit, or delete a service-linked role, you must set the appropriate permissions, like this: ``` { "Action": "iam:CreateServiceLinkedRole", "Effect": "Allow", "Resource": "arn:aws:iam::*:role/aws-service-role/neptune-graph.amazonaws.com/AWSServiceRoleForNeptuneGraph", "Condition": { "StringLike": { "iam:AWSServiceName":"neptune-graph.amazonaws.com" } } ``` If those permissions have not been set, or have not yet propagated, you may receive the following error message when you try to create a service-linked role: ``` Unable to create the resource. Verify that you have permission to create service linked role. Otherwise wait and try again later. ``` For more information, see [Service-linked role permissions](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/using-service-linked-roles.html#service-linked-role-permissions) in the [IAM User Guide](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/). ## Creating a service-linked role for Neptune Analytics You don't have to create a service-linked role manually for Neptune Analytics. When you create a graph, Neptune Analytics automatically creates the service-linked role for you. ## Editing a service-linked role for Neptune Analytics Neptune Analytics doesn't allow you to edit the `AWSServiceRoleForNeptuneGraph` service-linked role. After you create a service-linked role, you cannot change the name of the role because various entities might reference it. However, you can edi t the description of the role using IAM. For more information, see [Editing a service-linked role](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/using-service-linked-roles.html#edit-service-linked-role) in the [IAM User Guide](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/). ## Deleting a service-linked role If you no longer need to use a feature or service that requires a service-linked role, it's best to delete that role so you don't have an unused entity that is not actively monitored or maintained. However, before you can delete the service-linked role, you must first confirm that the role has no active sessions, and remove any resources that it uses. **To check whether a service-linked role has an active session in the IAM console** 1. Sign in to the AWS Management Console and open the IAM console at [https://console.aws.amazon.com/iam/](https://console.aws.amazon.com/iam/). 1. In the navigation pane of the IAM console, choose *Roles*. Then choose the name (not the check box) of the `AWSServiceRoleForNeptuneGraph` role. 1. On the **Summary** page for the chosen role, choose the **Access Advisor** tab. **Note** If you are unsure whether Neptune Analytics is using the `AWSServiceRoleForNeptuneGraph` role, you can try to delete the role. If the service is using the role, then the deletion fails and you can view the AWS Regions where the role is being used. If the role is being used, then you must wait for the session to end before you can delete the role. You cannot revoke the session for a service-linked role. **To delete your clusters so that you can delete `AWSServiceRoleForNeptuneGraph`** 1. Open the Neptune console at [https://console.aws.amazon.com/neptune/](https://console.aws.amazon.com/neptune/). 1. In the navigation pane, choose **Graphs**. 1. Choose a cluster that you want to delete. 1. For **Actions**, choose **Delete**. 1. If you are prompted to **Create final Snapshot?**, choose **Yes** or **No**. If you choose **Yes** enter the name of your final snapshot for **Final snapshot name**. 1. Choose **Delete**. You can use the IAM console, the IAM CLI, or the IAM API to delete the `AWSServiceRoleForNeptuneGraph` service-linked role. For more information, see [Deleting a service-linked role](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/using-service-linked-roles.html#delete-service-linked-role) in the [IAM User Guide](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/). # Import/export permissions Neptune Analytics Export writes data into customer-owned Amazon S3 buckets. To do that, you to provide an IAM role and AWS KMS policy to securely and successfully export data to the desired Amazon S3 destination. These two arguments are passed in via the following parameters in the `StartExportTask` API. + `--destination` - The target Amazon S3 destination that Neptune Analytics will export data into. + `--role-arn` will be assumed by the Neptune Analytics service, to upload data to your Amazon S3 bucket. The request will fail if this argument is missing. + `--kms-key-identifier` is required to encrypt your data into your Amazon S3 bucket. The request will fail if the argument is missing. ## Create and configure IAM role and AWS KMS key 1. Go to the AWS IAM service console. 1. Create an inline policy, it should have at least the following permissions: ------ #### [ JSON ] **** ``` { "Version":"2012-10-17", "Statement": [ { "Sid": "VisualEditor0", "Effect": "Allow", "Action": [ "kms:DescribeKey", "kms:Decrypt", "kms:GenerateDataKey" ], "Resource": "arn:aws:kms:us-east-1:111122223333:key/key-id" }, { "Sid": "VisualEditor1", "Effect": "Allow", "Action": [ "s3:PutObject", "s3:GetObject", "s3:ListBucket" ], "Resource": [ "arn:aws:s3:::amzn-s3-demo-bucket/", "arn:aws:s3:::amzn-s3-demo-bucket/*" ] } ] } ``` ------ + `kms:Decrypt`: To list and read the Amazon S3 objects when exporting data. The Neptune Analytics service requires this information to avoid duplicates during exports. + `kms:GenerateDataKey`: To encrypt the Amazon S3 objects when writing to the Amazon S3 location. + `kms:DescribeKey`: To validate if the customer-provided IAM role has permissions to access the AWS KMS key. + `s3:PutObject`: To put objects into the Amazon S3 location. + `s3:GetObject`: To get Amazon S3 objects for deduplication checks. + `s3:ListBucket`: To list Amazon S3 objects for deduplication checks. 1. Create an IAM role (choose custom trust policy), configure it's trust policy so that Neptune Analytics is able to assume this role: ------ #### [ JSON ] **** ``` { "Version":"2012-10-17", "Statement": [ { "Sid": "Statement1", "Effect": "Allow", "Principal": { "Service": [ "neptune-graph.amazonaws.com" ] }, "Action": "sts:AssumeRole" } ] } ``` ------ Use the policy created in step 2. 1. Go to the AWS KMS console page. 1. Create a new AWS KMS key policy, add following key policy. The following policy can be optional, if the key policy already grants root account the following actions. Root account ARN is like `"AWS": "arn:aws:iam::[YOUR_ACCOUNT]:root"`. ------ #### [ JSON ] **** ``` { "Version":"2012-10-17", "Id": "key-consolepolicy-3", "Statement": [ { "Sid": "Enable IAM User Permissions", "Effect": "Allow", "Principal": { "AWS": [ "# Use the Above IAM Role" ] }, "Action": [ "kms:DescribeKey" ], "Resource": "*" }, { "Sid": "Enable IAM User Permissions", "Effect": "Allow", "Principal": { "AWS": [ "# Use the Above IAM Role" ] }, "Action": [ "kms:Decrypt", "kms:GenerateDataKey" ], "Condition": { "ForAllValues:StringEquals": { "kms:EncryptionContextKeys": [ "aws:neptune-graph:graphId", "aws:neptune-graph:graphExportId" ] } }, "Resource": "*" } ] } ``` ------ 1. Go to the Amazon S3 bucket and choose the **Properties** page. 1. Navigate to the **Default encryption** section and choose **Edit**. 1. Input the AWS KMS key created in step 5, and choose **Save**.