Prompt engineering for foundation models - Amazon SageMaker AI
Zero-shot learningFew-shot learningSupported inference parameters

Prompt engineering for foundation models

Prompt engineering is the process of designing and refining the prompts or input stimuli for a language model to generate specific types of output. Prompt engineering involves selecting appropriate keywords, providing context, and shaping the input in a way that encourages the model to produce the desired response and is a vital technique to actively shape the behavior and output of foundation models.

Effective prompt engineering is crucial for directing model behavior and achieving desired responses. Through prompt engineering, you can control a model’s tone, style, and domain expertise without more involved customization measures like fine-tuning. We recommend dedicating time to prompt engineering before you consider fine-tuning a model on additional data. The goal is to provide sufficient context and guidance to the model so that it can generalize and perform well on unseen or limited data scenarios.

Zero-shot learning

Zero-shot learning involves training a model to generalize and make predictions on unseen classes or tasks. To perform prompt engineering in zero-shot learning environments, we recommend constructing prompts that explicitly provide information about the target task and the desired output format. For example, if you want to use a foundation model for zero-shot text classification on a set of classes that the model did not see during training, a well-engineered prompt could be: "Classify the following text as either sports, politics, or entertainment: [input text]." By explicitly specifying the target classes and the expected output format, you can guide the model to make accurate predictions even on unseen classes.

Few-shot learning

Few-shot learning involves training a model with a limited amount of data for new classes or tasks. Prompt engineering in few-shot learning environments focuses on designing prompts that effectively use the limited available training data. For example, if you use a foundation model for an image classification task and only have a few examples of a new image class, you can engineer a prompt that includes the available labeled examples with a placeholder for the target class. For example, the prompt could be: "[image 1], [image 2], and [image 3] are examples of [target class]. Classify the following image as [target class]". By incorporating the limited labeled examples and explicitly specifying the target class, you can guide the model to generalize and make accurate predictions even with minimal training data.

Supported inference parameters

Changing inference parameters might also affect the responses to your prompts. While you can try to add as much specificity and context as possible to your prompts, you can also experiment with supported inference parameters. The following are examples of some commonly supported inference parameters:

Inference Parameter Description

max_new_tokens

The maximum output length of a foundation model response. Valid values: integer, range: Positive integer.

temperature

Controls the randomness in the output. Higher temperature results in an output sequence with low-probability words and lower temperature results in output sequence with high-probability words. If temperature=0, the response is made up of only the highest probability words (greedy decoding). Valid values: float, range: Positive float.

top_p

In each step of text generation, the model samples from the smallest possible set of words with a cumulative probability of top_p. Valid values: float, range: 0.0, 1.0.

return_full_text

If True, then the input text is part of the generated output text. Valid values: boolean, default: False.

For more information on foundation model inference, see Deploy publicly available foundation models with the JumpStartModel class.

If prompt engineering is not sufficient to adapt your foundation model to specific business needs, domain-specific language, target tasks, or other requirements, you can consider fine-tuning your model on additional data or using Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) to augment your model architecture with enhanced context from archived knowledge sources. For more information, see Foundation models and hyperparameters for fine-tuning or Retrieval Augmented Generation.