使用适用于 Python 的 SDK（Boto3）的 Amazon SES API v2 示例

def hello_sesv2(sesv2_client):
    """
    Use the AWS SDK for Python (Boto3) to create an Amazon SESv2 client and
    list the email identities in your account. This example uses the default
    settings specified in your shared credentials and config files.

    :param sesv2_client: A Boto3 SESv2 client object.
    """
    print("Hello, Amazon SESv2. Let's list up to 5 email identities:\n")

    try:
        response = sesv2_client.list_email_identities(PageSize=5)
        identities = response["EmailIdentities"]

        if not identities:
            print(
                "No email identities found. "
                "Use CreateEmailIdentity to add one."
            )
        else:
            for identity in identities:
                print(
                    f"  Identity: {identity['IdentityName']}"
                    f"  Type: {identity['IdentityType']}"
                    f"  Status: {identity['VerificationStatus']}"
                    f"  Sending: {'Enabled' if identity['SendingEnabled'] else 'Disabled'}"
                )
            print(f"\nShowing {len(identities)} email identity(ies).")

    except ClientError as err:
        logger.error(
            "Couldn't list email identities. Here's why: %s: %s",
            err.response["Error"]["Code"],
            err.response["Error"]["Message"],
        )
        raise

def main():
    """
    The main function that orchestrates the execution of the workflow.
    """
    print(INTRO)
    ses_client = boto3.client("sesv2")
    workflow = SESv2Workflow(ses_client)
    try:
        workflow.prepare_application()
        workflow.gather_subscriber_email_addresses()
        workflow.send_coupon_newsletter()
        workflow.monitor_and_review()
    except ClientError as e:
        print_error(e)
    workflow.clean_up()



class SESv2Workflow:
    """
    A class to manage the SES v2 Coupon Newsletter Workflow.
    """

    def __init__(self, ses_client, sleep=True):
        self.ses_client = ses_client
        self.sleep = sleep


            try:
                # Create a new contact
                self.ses_client.create_contact(
                    ContactListName=CONTACT_LIST_NAME, EmailAddress=email
                )
                print(f"Contact with email '{email}' created successfully.")

                # Send the welcome email
                self.ses_client.send_email(
                    FromEmailAddress=self.verified_email,
                    Destination={"ToAddresses": [email]},
                    Content={
                        "Simple": {
                            "Subject": {
                                "Data": "Welcome to the Weekly Coupons Newsletter"
                            },
                            "Body": {
                                "Text": {"Data": welcome_text},
                                "Html": {"Data": welcome_html},
                            },
                        }
                    },
                )
                print(f"Welcome email sent to '{email}'.")
                if self.sleep:
                    # 1 email per second in sandbox mode, remove in production.
                    sleep(1.1)
            except ClientError as e:
                # If the contact already exists, skip and proceed
                if e.response["Error"]["Code"] == "AlreadyExistsException":
                    print(f"Contact with email '{email}' already exists. Skipping...")
                else:
                    raise e

def main():
    """
    The main function that orchestrates the execution of the workflow.
    """
    print(INTRO)
    ses_client = boto3.client("sesv2")
    workflow = SESv2Workflow(ses_client)
    try:
        workflow.prepare_application()
        workflow.gather_subscriber_email_addresses()
        workflow.send_coupon_newsletter()
        workflow.monitor_and_review()
    except ClientError as e:
        print_error(e)
    workflow.clean_up()



class SESv2Workflow:
    """
    A class to manage the SES v2 Coupon Newsletter Workflow.
    """

    def __init__(self, ses_client, sleep=True):
        self.ses_client = ses_client
        self.sleep = sleep


        try:
            self.ses_client.create_contact_list(ContactListName=CONTACT_LIST_NAME)
            print(f"Contact list '{CONTACT_LIST_NAME}' created successfully.")
        except ClientError as e:
            # If the contact list already exists, skip and proceed
            if e.response["Error"]["Code"] == "AlreadyExistsException":
                print(f"Contact list '{CONTACT_LIST_NAME}' already exists.")
            else:
                raise e

def main():
    """
    The main function that orchestrates the execution of the workflow.
    """
    print(INTRO)
    ses_client = boto3.client("sesv2")
    workflow = SESv2Workflow(ses_client)
    try:
        workflow.prepare_application()
        workflow.gather_subscriber_email_addresses()
        workflow.send_coupon_newsletter()
        workflow.monitor_and_review()
    except ClientError as e:
        print_error(e)
    workflow.clean_up()



class SESv2Workflow:
    """
    A class to manage the SES v2 Coupon Newsletter Workflow.
    """

    def __init__(self, ses_client, sleep=True):
        self.ses_client = ses_client
        self.sleep = sleep


        try:
            self.ses_client.create_email_identity(EmailIdentity=self.verified_email)
            print(f"Email identity '{self.verified_email}' created successfully.")
        except ClientError as e:
            # If the email identity already exists, skip and proceed
            if e.response["Error"]["Code"] == "AlreadyExistsException":
                print(f"Email identity '{self.verified_email}' already exists.")
            else:
                raise e

def main():
    """
    The main function that orchestrates the execution of the workflow.
    """
    print(INTRO)
    ses_client = boto3.client("sesv2")
    workflow = SESv2Workflow(ses_client)
    try:
        workflow.prepare_application()
        workflow.gather_subscriber_email_addresses()
        workflow.send_coupon_newsletter()
        workflow.monitor_and_review()
    except ClientError as e:
        print_error(e)
    workflow.clean_up()



class SESv2Workflow:
    """
    A class to manage the SES v2 Coupon Newsletter Workflow.
    """

    def __init__(self, ses_client, sleep=True):
        self.ses_client = ses_client
        self.sleep = sleep


        try:
            template_content = {
                "Subject": "Weekly Coupons Newsletter",
                "Html": load_file_content("coupon-newsletter.html"),
                "Text": load_file_content("coupon-newsletter.txt"),
            }
            self.ses_client.create_email_template(
                TemplateName=TEMPLATE_NAME, TemplateContent=template_content
            )
            print(f"Email template '{TEMPLATE_NAME}' created successfully.")
        except ClientError as e:
            # If the template already exists, skip and proceed
            if e.response["Error"]["Code"] == "AlreadyExistsException":
                print(f"Email template '{TEMPLATE_NAME}' already exists.")
            else:
                raise e

def main():
    """
    The main function that orchestrates the execution of the workflow.
    """
    print(INTRO)
    ses_client = boto3.client("sesv2")
    workflow = SESv2Workflow(ses_client)
    try:
        workflow.prepare_application()
        workflow.gather_subscriber_email_addresses()
        workflow.send_coupon_newsletter()
        workflow.monitor_and_review()
    except ClientError as e:
        print_error(e)
    workflow.clean_up()



class SESv2Workflow:
    """
    A class to manage the SES v2 Coupon Newsletter Workflow.
    """

    def __init__(self, ses_client, sleep=True):
        self.ses_client = ses_client
        self.sleep = sleep


        try:
            self.ses_client.delete_contact_list(ContactListName=CONTACT_LIST_NAME)
            print(f"Contact list '{CONTACT_LIST_NAME}' deleted successfully.")
        except ClientError as e:
            # If the contact list doesn't exist, skip and proceed
            if e.response["Error"]["Code"] == "NotFoundException":
                print(f"Contact list '{CONTACT_LIST_NAME}' does not exist.")
            else:
                print(e)

def main():
    """
    The main function that orchestrates the execution of the workflow.
    """
    print(INTRO)
    ses_client = boto3.client("sesv2")
    workflow = SESv2Workflow(ses_client)
    try:
        workflow.prepare_application()
        workflow.gather_subscriber_email_addresses()
        workflow.send_coupon_newsletter()
        workflow.monitor_and_review()
    except ClientError as e:
        print_error(e)
    workflow.clean_up()



class SESv2Workflow:
    """
    A class to manage the SES v2 Coupon Newsletter Workflow.
    """

    def __init__(self, ses_client, sleep=True):
        self.ses_client = ses_client
        self.sleep = sleep


            try:
                self.ses_client.delete_email_identity(EmailIdentity=self.verified_email)
                print(f"Email identity '{self.verified_email}' deleted successfully.")
            except ClientError as e:
                # If the email identity doesn't exist, skip and proceed
                if e.response["Error"]["Code"] == "NotFoundException":
                    print(f"Email identity '{self.verified_email}' does not exist.")
                else:
                    print(e)

def main():
    """
    The main function that orchestrates the execution of the workflow.
    """
    print(INTRO)
    ses_client = boto3.client("sesv2")
    workflow = SESv2Workflow(ses_client)
    try:
        workflow.prepare_application()
        workflow.gather_subscriber_email_addresses()
        workflow.send_coupon_newsletter()
        workflow.monitor_and_review()
    except ClientError as e:
        print_error(e)
    workflow.clean_up()



class SESv2Workflow:
    """
    A class to manage the SES v2 Coupon Newsletter Workflow.
    """

    def __init__(self, ses_client, sleep=True):
        self.ses_client = ses_client
        self.sleep = sleep


        try:
            self.ses_client.delete_email_template(TemplateName=TEMPLATE_NAME)
            print(f"Email template '{TEMPLATE_NAME}' deleted successfully.")
        except ClientError as e:
            # If the email template doesn't exist, skip and proceed
            if e.response["Error"]["Code"] == "NotFoundException":
                print(f"Email template '{TEMPLATE_NAME}' does not exist.")
            else:
                print(e)

class SESv2Wrapper:
    """Encapsulates Amazon SESv2 email sending actions."""

    def __init__(self, sesv2_client: Any) -> None:
        """
        Initializes the SESv2Wrapper with an SESv2 client.

        :param sesv2_client: A Boto3 SESv2 client.
        """
        self.sesv2_client = sesv2_client

    @classmethod
    def from_client(cls) -> "SESv2Wrapper":
        """
        Creates an SESv2Wrapper instance with a default Boto3 SESv2 client.

        :return: A new SESv2Wrapper instance.
        """
        sesv2_client = boto3.client("sesv2")
        return cls(sesv2_client)


    def get_email_identity(self, email_address: str) -> Dict[str, Any]:
        """
        Gets information about an email identity, including its verification status.

        :param email_address: The email address or domain to look up.
        :return: A dictionary with identity information including verification status.
        :raises ClientError: If the identity is not found (NotFoundException).
        """
        try:
            response = self.sesv2_client.get_email_identity(
                EmailIdentity=email_address
            )
            logger.info("Got email identity for %s.", email_address)
            return response
        except ClientError as err:
            if err.response["Error"]["Code"] == "NotFoundException":
                logger.info(
                    "Email identity %s not found.", email_address
                )
            else:
                logger.error(
                    "Couldn't get email identity %s. Here's why: %s: %s",
                    email_address,
                    err.response["Error"]["Code"],
                    err.response["Error"]["Message"],
                )
            raise

def main():
    """
    The main function that orchestrates the execution of the workflow.
    """
    print(INTRO)
    ses_client = boto3.client("sesv2")
    workflow = SESv2Workflow(ses_client)
    try:
        workflow.prepare_application()
        workflow.gather_subscriber_email_addresses()
        workflow.send_coupon_newsletter()
        workflow.monitor_and_review()
    except ClientError as e:
        print_error(e)
    workflow.clean_up()



class SESv2Workflow:
    """
    A class to manage the SES v2 Coupon Newsletter Workflow.
    """

    def __init__(self, ses_client, sleep=True):
        self.ses_client = ses_client
        self.sleep = sleep


        try:
            contacts_response = self.ses_client.list_contacts(
                ContactListName=CONTACT_LIST_NAME
            )
        except ClientError as e:
            if e.response["Error"]["Code"] == "NotFoundException":
                print(f"Contact list '{CONTACT_LIST_NAME}' does not exist.")
                return
            else:
                raise e

class SESv2Wrapper:
    """Encapsulates Amazon SESv2 email sending actions."""

    def __init__(self, sesv2_client: Any) -> None:
        """
        Initializes the SESv2Wrapper with an SESv2 client.

        :param sesv2_client: A Boto3 SESv2 client.
        """
        self.sesv2_client = sesv2_client

    @classmethod
    def from_client(cls) -> "SESv2Wrapper":
        """
        Creates an SESv2Wrapper instance with a default Boto3 SESv2 client.

        :return: A new SESv2Wrapper instance.
        """
        sesv2_client = boto3.client("sesv2")
        return cls(sesv2_client)


    def send_bulk_email(
        self,
        from_address: str,
        template_name: str,
        default_template_data: str,
        bulk_entries: List[Dict[str, Any]],
        attachments: Optional[List[Dict[str, Any]]] = None,
    ) -> List[Dict[str, Any]]:
        """
        Sends a templated email to multiple recipients in a single API call.

        All recipients receive the same attachment(s) defined in the default
        content, while template data can be personalized per recipient.

        :param from_address: The verified sender email address.
        :param template_name: The name of an existing email template.
        :param default_template_data: Default JSON template data string.
        :param bulk_entries: A list of BulkEmailEntry dicts, each containing
            'Destination' and optionally 'ReplacementEmailContent'.
        :param attachments: An optional list of attachment dicts for all
            recipients.
        :return: A list of BulkEmailEntryResult dicts with status and MessageId.
        :raises ClientError: If the message is rejected (MessageRejected).
        """
        try:
            template_content: Dict[str, Any] = {
                "TemplateName": template_name,
                "TemplateData": default_template_data,
            }

            if attachments:
                template_content["Attachments"] = attachments

            response = self.sesv2_client.send_bulk_email(
                FromEmailAddress=from_address,
                DefaultContent={"Template": template_content},
                BulkEmailEntries=bulk_entries,
            )
            results = response.get("BulkEmailEntryResults", [])
            logger.info(
                "Sent bulk email from %s to %d recipients.",
                from_address,
                len(bulk_entries),
            )
            return results
        except ClientError as err:
            if err.response["Error"]["Code"] == "MessageRejected":
                logger.error(
                    "Bulk message was rejected. Check that the template "
                    "exists, attachment file types are supported, and "
                    "total message size is within limits. Details: %s",
                    err.response["Error"]["Message"],
                )
            else:
                logger.error(
                    "Couldn't send bulk email. Here's why: %s: %s",
                    err.response["Error"]["Code"],
                    err.response["Error"]["Message"],
                )
            raise

向联系人列表中的所有成员发送消息。

def main():
    """
    The main function that orchestrates the execution of the workflow.
    """
    print(INTRO)
    ses_client = boto3.client("sesv2")
    workflow = SESv2Workflow(ses_client)
    try:
        workflow.prepare_application()
        workflow.gather_subscriber_email_addresses()
        workflow.send_coupon_newsletter()
        workflow.monitor_and_review()
    except ClientError as e:
        print_error(e)
    workflow.clean_up()



class SESv2Workflow:
    """
    A class to manage the SES v2 Coupon Newsletter Workflow.
    """

    def __init__(self, ses_client, sleep=True):
        self.ses_client = ses_client
        self.sleep = sleep


                self.ses_client.send_email(
                    FromEmailAddress=self.verified_email,
                    Destination={"ToAddresses": [email]},
                    Content={
                        "Simple": {
                            "Subject": {
                                "Data": "Welcome to the Weekly Coupons Newsletter"
                            },
                            "Body": {
                                "Text": {"Data": welcome_text},
                                "Html": {"Data": welcome_html},
                            },
                        }
                    },
                )
                print(f"Welcome email sent to '{email}'.")

使用模板向联系人列表中的所有成员发送消息。

def main():
    """
    The main function that orchestrates the execution of the workflow.
    """
    print(INTRO)
    ses_client = boto3.client("sesv2")
    workflow = SESv2Workflow(ses_client)
    try:
        workflow.prepare_application()
        workflow.gather_subscriber_email_addresses()
        workflow.send_coupon_newsletter()
        workflow.monitor_and_review()
    except ClientError as e:
        print_error(e)
    workflow.clean_up()



class SESv2Workflow:
    """
    A class to manage the SES v2 Coupon Newsletter Workflow.
    """

    def __init__(self, ses_client, sleep=True):
        self.ses_client = ses_client
        self.sleep = sleep


                self.ses_client.send_email(
                    FromEmailAddress=self.verified_email,
                    Destination={"ToAddresses": [email_address]},
                    Content={
                        "Template": {
                            "TemplateName": TEMPLATE_NAME,
                            "TemplateData": coupon_items,
                        }
                    },
                    ListManagementOptions={"ContactListName": CONTACT_LIST_NAME},
                )

运行演示电子邮件附件的交互式场景。

class SESv2EmailAttachmentsScenario:
    """
    Demonstrates sending emails with attachments using Amazon SESv2.

    This scenario demonstrates:
    1. Setting up an email identity and template.
    2. Sending a simple email with a file attachment.
    3. Sending a simple email with an inline image.
    4. Sending bulk templated emails with attachments.
    5. Cleaning up created resources.
    """

    TEMPLATE_NAME = "AttachmentDemoTemplate"

    def __init__(self, sesv2_wrapper: SESv2Wrapper) -> None:
        """
        :param sesv2_wrapper: An instance of the SESv2Wrapper class.
        """
        self.sesv2_wrapper = sesv2_wrapper
        self.sender_email = ""
        self.recipient_emails: list = []
        self.identity_was_created = False

    def run_scenario(self) -> None:
        """Runs the SESv2 email attachments scenario."""
        print("-" * 88)
        print("Welcome to the Amazon SESv2 Email Attachments Scenario.")
        print("-" * 88)
        print(
            "This scenario demonstrates how to send emails with attachments\n"
            "using SESv2 attachment support. SES handles MIME\n"
            "construction automatically, so you don't need to build raw\n"
            "MIME messages.\n"
        )

        try:
            self._setup()
            self._step1_send_email_with_attachment()
            self._step2_send_email_with_inline_image()
            self._step3_send_bulk_email_with_attachments()
        except Exception as e:
            logger.error("Scenario failed: %s", e)
            print(f"\nThe scenario encountered an error: {e}")
        finally:
            self._cleanup()

    # ---------- Setup ----------

    def _setup(self) -> None:
        """
        Prompts for configuration, verifies the sender identity, prepares a
        sample attachment, and creates an email template.
        """
        print("\n--- Setup ---\n")

        # Prompt for sender and recipient addresses.
        print(
            "Both sender and recipient addresses must be verified if your\n"
            "account is in the SES sandbox.\n"
        )
        self.sender_email = q.ask(
            "Enter a verified sender email address: "
        )
        recipient_input = q.ask(
            "Enter one or more recipient email addresses (comma-separated): "
        )
        self.recipient_emails = [
            addr.strip() for addr in recipient_input.split(",") if addr.strip()
        ]

        # Verify the sender identity.
        print(f"\nChecking identity for {self.sender_email}...")
        try:
            identity_info = self.sesv2_wrapper.get_email_identity(
                self.sender_email
            )
            verified = identity_info.get("VerifiedForSendingStatus", False)
            if verified:
                print(f"  {self.sender_email} is verified and ready to send.")
            else:
                print(
                    f"  {self.sender_email} exists but is not yet verified."
                )
        except ClientError as err:
            if err.response["Error"]["Code"] == "NotFoundException":
                print(
                    f"  Identity {self.sender_email} not found. "
                    "Creating it now..."
                )
                result = self.sesv2_wrapper.create_email_identity(
                    self.sender_email
                )
                self.identity_was_created = True
                print(
                    f"  Identity created. Verification status: "
                    f"{result.get('VerifiedForSendingStatus', False)}"
                )
                print(
                    "  Check your inbox and click the verification link "
                    "before continuing."
                )
                q.ask("Press Enter when you have verified the address...")
            else:
                raise

        # Create the email template for the bulk-send step.
        print("\nCreating email template for the bulk email step...")
        try:
            self.sesv2_wrapper.create_email_template(
                template_name=self.TEMPLATE_NAME,
                subject="Bulk Email with Attachment for {{name}}",
                html_body=(
                    "<h1>Hello {{name}}</h1>"
                    "<p>Please find the attached document.</p>"
                ),
                text_body=(
                    "Hello {{name}}, Please find the attached document."
                ),
            )
            print(f"  Template '{self.TEMPLATE_NAME}' created.\n")
        except ClientError as err:
            if err.response["Error"]["Code"] == "AlreadyExistsException":
                print(
                    f"  Template '{self.TEMPLATE_NAME}' already exists. "
                    "Using it.\n"
                )
            else:
                raise

    # ---------- Step 1: Simple email with file attachment ----------

    def _step1_send_email_with_attachment(self) -> None:
        """Sends a simple email with a text file attachment."""
        print("\n--- Step 1: Send a Simple Email with a File Attachment ---\n")
        print(
            "Creating a sample text file attachment and sending it with\n"
            "the Simple email content type. SES constructs the MIME message\n"
            "automatically.\n"
        )

        # Prepare a sample text file as bytes.
        sample_content = b"This is a sample report attachment."

        attachment = {
            "RawContent": sample_content,
            "FileName": "sample-report.txt",
            "ContentType": "text/plain",
            "ContentDisposition": "ATTACHMENT",
            "ContentDescription": "Sample report text file",
            "ContentTransferEncoding": "BASE64",
        }

        print(
            "Note: When using an AWS SDK, the SDK handles base64 encoding\n"
            "automatically. Direct API callers must encode content themselves.\n"
        )

        message_id = self.sesv2_wrapper.send_email(
            from_address=self.sender_email,
            to_addresses=self.recipient_emails,
            subject="SESv2 Attachment Demo - Simple Email with Attachment",
            html_body=(
                "<h1>Attachment Demo</h1>"
                "<p>Please see the attached <b>report document</b>.</p>"
            ),
            text_body="Please see the attached report document.",
            attachments=[attachment],
        )

        print(f"  Email sent. MessageId: {message_id}")
        print(
            "  SES automatically constructed the MIME message with the "
            "attachment.\n"
        )

    # ---------- Step 2: Simple email with inline image ----------

    def _step2_send_email_with_inline_image(self) -> None:
        """Sends a simple email with an inline image that renders in HTML."""
        print("\n--- Step 2: Send a Simple Email with an Inline Image ---\n")
        print(
            "This step demonstrates INLINE disposition. The image renders\n"
            "directly in the HTML body using a 'cid:' reference instead of\n"
            "appearing as a downloadable attachment.\n"
        )

        # Create a minimal 1x1 red PNG (valid PNG file).
        sample_image = (
            b"\x89PNG\r\n\x1a\n"  # PNG signature
            b"\x00\x00\x00\rIHDR\x00\x00\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x01"
            b"\x08\x02\x00\x00\x00\x90wS\xde"  # 1x1 RGB
            b"\x00\x00\x00\x0cIDATx\x9cc\xf8\x0f\x00\x00\x01\x01"
            b"\x00\x05\x18\xd8N"  # compressed data
            b"\x00\x00\x00\x00IEND\xaeB`\x82"  # IEND
        )

        attachment = {
            "RawContent": sample_image,
            "FileName": "logo.png",
            "ContentType": "image/png",
            "ContentDisposition": "INLINE",
            "ContentId": "logo123",
            "ContentDescription": "Company logo",
            "ContentTransferEncoding": "BASE64",
        }

        html_body = (
            "<html><body>"
            "<h1>Inline Image Demo</h1>"
            "<p>Here is our logo:</p>"
            '<img src="cid:logo123" alt="Company Logo">'
            "</body></html>"
        )

        message_id = self.sesv2_wrapper.send_email(
            from_address=self.sender_email,
            to_addresses=self.recipient_emails,
            subject="SESv2 Attachment Demo - Inline Image",
            html_body=html_body,
            text_body=(
                "Inline Image Demo - Please view this email in an "
                "HTML-capable client to see the embedded image."
            ),
            attachments=[attachment],
        )

        print(f"  Email sent. MessageId: {message_id}")
        print(
            "  The ContentId 'logo123' is referenced in the HTML body via\n"
            "  'cid:logo123', which lets the image render inline.\n"
        )

    # ---------- Step 3: Bulk templated email with attachments ----------

    def _step3_send_bulk_email_with_attachments(self) -> None:
        """Sends bulk templated emails with attachments to multiple recipients."""
        print("\n--- Step 3: Send Bulk Templated Emails with Attachments ---\n")
        print(
            "Using SendBulkEmail to send a templated email with an attachment\n"
            "to multiple recipients in a single API call. Each recipient gets\n"
            "personalized content via template data.\n"
        )

        sample_content = b"This is a sample report attachment."

        attachment = {
            "RawContent": sample_content,
            "FileName": "sample-report.txt",
            "ContentType": "text/plain",
            "ContentDisposition": "ATTACHMENT",
            "ContentDescription": "Sample report for bulk recipients",
            "ContentTransferEncoding": "BASE64",
        }

        # Build one entry per recipient with personalized names.
        names = ["Alice", "Bob", "Charlie", "Diana", "Eve"]
        bulk_entries = []
        for i, email in enumerate(self.recipient_emails):
            name = names[i] if i < len(names) else f"Recipient{i + 1}"
            bulk_entries.append(
                {
                    "Destination": {"ToAddresses": [email]},
                    "ReplacementEmailContent": {
                        "ReplacementTemplate": {
                            "ReplacementTemplateData": json.dumps(
                                {"name": name}
                            )
                        }
                    },
                }
            )

        results = self.sesv2_wrapper.send_bulk_email(
            from_address=self.sender_email,
            template_name=self.TEMPLATE_NAME,
            default_template_data='{"name": "Valued Customer"}',
            bulk_entries=bulk_entries,
            attachments=[attachment],
        )

        print("  Bulk email results:")
        for idx, result in enumerate(results):
            status = result.get("Status", "Unknown")
            msg_id = result.get("MessageId", "N/A")
            error = result.get("Error", "")
            recipient = (
                self.recipient_emails[idx]
                if idx < len(self.recipient_emails)
                else "Unknown"
            )
            print(f"    {recipient}: Status={status}, MessageId={msg_id}")
            if error:
                print(f"      Error: {error}")

        print(
            "\n  All recipients receive the same attachment(s) defined in\n"
            "  DefaultContent. Template data is personalized per recipient.\n"
        )

    # ---------- Cleanup ----------

    def _cleanup(self) -> None:
        """Deletes the email template and optionally the email identity."""
        print("\n--- Cleanup ---\n")

        # Delete the email template.
        try:
            self.sesv2_wrapper.delete_email_template(self.TEMPLATE_NAME)
            print(f"  Template '{self.TEMPLATE_NAME}' deleted.")
        except ClientError as err:
            if err.response["Error"]["Code"] == "NotFoundException":
                print(
                    f"  Template '{self.TEMPLATE_NAME}' was already deleted."
                )
            else:
                logger.error("Failed to delete template: %s", err)

        # Optionally delete the email identity.
        if self.identity_was_created and self.sender_email:
            delete_identity = q.ask(
                f"Delete the email identity '{self.sender_email}'? (y/n) ",
                q.is_yesno,
            )
            if delete_identity:
                try:
                    self.sesv2_wrapper.delete_email_identity(
                        self.sender_email
                    )
                    print(
                        f"  Email identity '{self.sender_email}' deleted."
                    )
                except ClientError as err:
                    if err.response["Error"]["Code"] == "NotFoundException":
                        print(
                            f"  Identity '{self.sender_email}' was "
                            "already deleted."
                        )
                    else:
                        logger.error(
                            "Failed to delete identity: %s", err
                        )
            else:
                print(
                    f"  Skipping identity deletion for {self.sender_email}."
                )
        else:
            print(
                "  Sender identity was pre-existing. Skipping deletion."
            )

        print("\nAll resources have been cleaned up.")
        print("-" * 88)

创建一个 SESv2 包装类来管理操作。

class SESv2Wrapper:
    """Encapsulates Amazon SESv2 email sending actions."""

    def __init__(self, sesv2_client: Any) -> None:
        """
        Initializes the SESv2Wrapper with an SESv2 client.

        :param sesv2_client: A Boto3 SESv2 client.
        """
        self.sesv2_client = sesv2_client

    @classmethod
    def from_client(cls) -> "SESv2Wrapper":
        """
        Creates an SESv2Wrapper instance with a default Boto3 SESv2 client.

        :return: A new SESv2Wrapper instance.
        """
        sesv2_client = boto3.client("sesv2")
        return cls(sesv2_client)


    def get_email_identity(self, email_address: str) -> Dict[str, Any]:
        """
        Gets information about an email identity, including its verification status.

        :param email_address: The email address or domain to look up.
        :return: A dictionary with identity information including verification status.
        :raises ClientError: If the identity is not found (NotFoundException).
        """
        try:
            response = self.sesv2_client.get_email_identity(
                EmailIdentity=email_address
            )
            logger.info("Got email identity for %s.", email_address)
            return response
        except ClientError as err:
            if err.response["Error"]["Code"] == "NotFoundException":
                logger.info(
                    "Email identity %s not found.", email_address
                )
            else:
                logger.error(
                    "Couldn't get email identity %s. Here's why: %s: %s",
                    email_address,
                    err.response["Error"]["Code"],
                    err.response["Error"]["Message"],
                )
            raise


    def create_email_identity(self, email_address: str) -> Dict[str, Any]:
        """
        Starts the process of verifying an email identity (email address or domain).

        :param email_address: The email address or domain to verify.
        :return: A dictionary with the identity type and verification status.
        :raises ClientError: If the limit is exceeded (LimitExceededException).
        """
        try:
            response = self.sesv2_client.create_email_identity(
                EmailIdentity=email_address
            )
            logger.info(
                "Started verification for email identity %s.", email_address
            )
            return response
        except ClientError as err:
            if err.response["Error"]["Code"] == "LimitExceededException":
                logger.error(
                    "Couldn't create email identity %s. You have exceeded "
                    "the maximum number of email identities. "
                    "Use an existing verified identity.",
                    email_address,
                )
            else:
                logger.error(
                    "Couldn't create email identity %s. Here's why: %s: %s",
                    email_address,
                    err.response["Error"]["Code"],
                    err.response["Error"]["Message"],
                )
            raise


    def create_email_template(
        self,
        template_name: str,
        subject: str,
        html_body: str,
        text_body: str,
    ) -> None:
        """
        Creates an email template for use with templated and bulk email sends.

        :param template_name: The name for the new template.
        :param subject: The subject line of the template. May include {{placeholders}}.
        :param html_body: The HTML body of the template.
        :param text_body: The plain text body of the template.
        :raises ClientError: If the template limit is exceeded (LimitExceededException).
        """
        try:
            self.sesv2_client.create_email_template(
                TemplateName=template_name,
                TemplateContent={
                    "Subject": subject,
                    "Html": html_body,
                    "Text": text_body,
                },
            )
            logger.info("Created email template %s.", template_name)
        except ClientError as err:
            if err.response["Error"]["Code"] == "LimitExceededException":
                logger.error(
                    "Couldn't create email template %s. You have exceeded "
                    "the maximum number of email templates. "
                    "Delete unused templates first.",
                    template_name,
                )
            else:
                logger.error(
                    "Couldn't create email template %s. Here's why: %s: %s",
                    template_name,
                    err.response["Error"]["Code"],
                    err.response["Error"]["Message"],
                )
            raise


    def send_email(
        self,
        from_address: str,
        to_addresses: List[str],
        subject: str,
        html_body: str,
        text_body: str,
        attachments: Optional[List[Dict[str, Any]]] = None,
    ) -> str:
        """
        Sends a simple email message with optional attachments.

        SES handles MIME construction automatically when using attachments
        with the Simple content type, so developers don't need to build
        raw MIME messages.

        :param from_address: The verified sender email address.
        :param to_addresses: A list of recipient email addresses.
        :param subject: The subject line of the email.
        :param html_body: The HTML body content.
        :param text_body: The plain text body content.
        :param attachments: An optional list of attachment dictionaries. Each
            attachment should contain 'RawContent' (bytes), 'FileName' (str),
            and optionally 'ContentType', 'ContentDisposition', 'ContentId',
            'ContentDescription', and 'ContentTransferEncoding'.
        :return: The MessageId of the sent email.
        :raises ClientError: If the message is rejected (MessageRejected).
        """
        try:
            simple_message: Dict[str, Any] = {
                "Subject": {"Data": subject},
                "Body": {
                    "Html": {"Data": html_body},
                    "Text": {"Data": text_body},
                },
            }

            if attachments:
                simple_message["Attachments"] = attachments

            response = self.sesv2_client.send_email(
                FromEmailAddress=from_address,
                Destination={"ToAddresses": to_addresses},
                Content={"Simple": simple_message},
            )
            message_id = response["MessageId"]
            logger.info(
                "Sent email from %s to %s. MessageId: %s",
                from_address,
                to_addresses,
                message_id,
            )
            return message_id
        except ClientError as err:
            if err.response["Error"]["Code"] == "MessageRejected":
                logger.error(
                    "Message was rejected. Check that attachments use "
                    "supported file types and total message size is "
                    "under 40 MB. Details: %s",
                    err.response["Error"]["Message"],
                )
            else:
                logger.error(
                    "Couldn't send email. Here's why: %s: %s",
                    err.response["Error"]["Code"],
                    err.response["Error"]["Message"],
                )
            raise


    def send_bulk_email(
        self,
        from_address: str,
        template_name: str,
        default_template_data: str,
        bulk_entries: List[Dict[str, Any]],
        attachments: Optional[List[Dict[str, Any]]] = None,
    ) -> List[Dict[str, Any]]:
        """
        Sends a templated email to multiple recipients in a single API call.

        All recipients receive the same attachment(s) defined in the default
        content, while template data can be personalized per recipient.

        :param from_address: The verified sender email address.
        :param template_name: The name of an existing email template.
        :param default_template_data: Default JSON template data string.
        :param bulk_entries: A list of BulkEmailEntry dicts, each containing
            'Destination' and optionally 'ReplacementEmailContent'.
        :param attachments: An optional list of attachment dicts for all
            recipients.
        :return: A list of BulkEmailEntryResult dicts with status and MessageId.
        :raises ClientError: If the message is rejected (MessageRejected).
        """
        try:
            template_content: Dict[str, Any] = {
                "TemplateName": template_name,
                "TemplateData": default_template_data,
            }

            if attachments:
                template_content["Attachments"] = attachments

            response = self.sesv2_client.send_bulk_email(
                FromEmailAddress=from_address,
                DefaultContent={"Template": template_content},
                BulkEmailEntries=bulk_entries,
            )
            results = response.get("BulkEmailEntryResults", [])
            logger.info(
                "Sent bulk email from %s to %d recipients.",
                from_address,
                len(bulk_entries),
            )
            return results
        except ClientError as err:
            if err.response["Error"]["Code"] == "MessageRejected":
                logger.error(
                    "Bulk message was rejected. Check that the template "
                    "exists, attachment file types are supported, and "
                    "total message size is within limits. Details: %s",
                    err.response["Error"]["Message"],
                )
            else:
                logger.error(
                    "Couldn't send bulk email. Here's why: %s: %s",
                    err.response["Error"]["Code"],
                    err.response["Error"]["Message"],
                )
            raise


    def delete_email_template(self, template_name: str) -> None:
        """
        Deletes an email template.

        :param template_name: The name of the template to delete.
        :raises ClientError: If the template is not found (NotFoundException).
        """
        try:
            self.sesv2_client.delete_email_template(
                TemplateName=template_name
            )
            logger.info("Deleted email template %s.", template_name)
        except ClientError as err:
            if err.response["Error"]["Code"] == "NotFoundException":
                logger.info(
                    "Email template %s not found or already deleted.",
                    template_name,
                )
            else:
                logger.error(
                    "Couldn't delete email template %s. Here's why: %s: %s",
                    template_name,
                    err.response["Error"]["Code"],
                    err.response["Error"]["Message"],
                )
            raise


    def delete_email_identity(self, email_address: str) -> None:
        """
        Deletes an email identity.

        :param email_address: The email address or domain to delete.
        :raises ClientError: If the identity is not found (NotFoundException).
        """
        try:
            self.sesv2_client.delete_email_identity(
                EmailIdentity=email_address
            )
            logger.info("Deleted email identity %s.", email_address)
        except ClientError as err:
            if err.response["Error"]["Code"] == "NotFoundException":
                logger.info(
                    "Email identity %s not found or already deleted.",
                    email_address,
                )
            else:
                logger.error(
                    "Couldn't delete email identity %s. Here's why: %s: %s",
                    email_address,
                    err.response["Error"]["Code"],
                    err.response["Error"]["Message"],
                )
            raise

def main():
    """
    The main function that orchestrates the execution of the workflow.
    """
    print(INTRO)
    ses_client = boto3.client("sesv2")
    workflow = SESv2Workflow(ses_client)
    try:
        workflow.prepare_application()
        workflow.gather_subscriber_email_addresses()
        workflow.send_coupon_newsletter()
        workflow.monitor_and_review()
    except ClientError as e:
        print_error(e)
    workflow.clean_up()



class SESv2Workflow:
    """
    A class to manage the SES v2 Coupon Newsletter Workflow.
    """

    def __init__(self, ses_client, sleep=True):
        self.ses_client = ses_client
        self.sleep = sleep


        try:
            self.ses_client.create_contact_list(ContactListName=CONTACT_LIST_NAME)
            print(f"Contact list '{CONTACT_LIST_NAME}' created successfully.")
        except ClientError as e:
            # If the contact list already exists, skip and proceed
            if e.response["Error"]["Code"] == "AlreadyExistsException":
                print(f"Contact list '{CONTACT_LIST_NAME}' already exists.")
            else:
                raise e

            try:
                # Create a new contact
                self.ses_client.create_contact(
                    ContactListName=CONTACT_LIST_NAME, EmailAddress=email
                )
                print(f"Contact with email '{email}' created successfully.")

                # Send the welcome email
                self.ses_client.send_email(
                    FromEmailAddress=self.verified_email,
                    Destination={"ToAddresses": [email]},
                    Content={
                        "Simple": {
                            "Subject": {
                                "Data": "Welcome to the Weekly Coupons Newsletter"
                            },
                            "Body": {
                                "Text": {"Data": welcome_text},
                                "Html": {"Data": welcome_html},
                            },
                        }
                    },
                )
                print(f"Welcome email sent to '{email}'.")
                if self.sleep:
                    # 1 email per second in sandbox mode, remove in production.
                    sleep(1.1)
            except ClientError as e:
                # If the contact already exists, skip and proceed
                if e.response["Error"]["Code"] == "AlreadyExistsException":
                    print(f"Contact with email '{email}' already exists. Skipping...")
                else:
                    raise e

        try:
            contacts_response = self.ses_client.list_contacts(
                ContactListName=CONTACT_LIST_NAME
            )
        except ClientError as e:
            if e.response["Error"]["Code"] == "NotFoundException":
                print(f"Contact list '{CONTACT_LIST_NAME}' does not exist.")
                return
            else:
                raise e

                self.ses_client.send_email(
                    FromEmailAddress=self.verified_email,
                    Destination={"ToAddresses": [email]},
                    Content={
                        "Simple": {
                            "Subject": {
                                "Data": "Welcome to the Weekly Coupons Newsletter"
                            },
                            "Body": {
                                "Text": {"Data": welcome_text},
                                "Html": {"Data": welcome_html},
                            },
                        }
                    },
                )
                print(f"Welcome email sent to '{email}'.")

                self.ses_client.send_email(
                    FromEmailAddress=self.verified_email,
                    Destination={"ToAddresses": [email_address]},
                    Content={
                        "Template": {
                            "TemplateName": TEMPLATE_NAME,
                            "TemplateData": coupon_items,
                        }
                    },
                    ListManagementOptions={"ContactListName": CONTACT_LIST_NAME},
                )

        try:
            self.ses_client.create_email_identity(EmailIdentity=self.verified_email)
            print(f"Email identity '{self.verified_email}' created successfully.")
        except ClientError as e:
            # If the email identity already exists, skip and proceed
            if e.response["Error"]["Code"] == "AlreadyExistsException":
                print(f"Email identity '{self.verified_email}' already exists.")
            else:
                raise e

        try:
            template_content = {
                "Subject": "Weekly Coupons Newsletter",
                "Html": load_file_content("coupon-newsletter.html"),
                "Text": load_file_content("coupon-newsletter.txt"),
            }
            self.ses_client.create_email_template(
                TemplateName=TEMPLATE_NAME, TemplateContent=template_content
            )
            print(f"Email template '{TEMPLATE_NAME}' created successfully.")
        except ClientError as e:
            # If the template already exists, skip and proceed
            if e.response["Error"]["Code"] == "AlreadyExistsException":
                print(f"Email template '{TEMPLATE_NAME}' already exists.")
            else:
                raise e

        try:
            self.ses_client.delete_contact_list(ContactListName=CONTACT_LIST_NAME)
            print(f"Contact list '{CONTACT_LIST_NAME}' deleted successfully.")
        except ClientError as e:
            # If the contact list doesn't exist, skip and proceed
            if e.response["Error"]["Code"] == "NotFoundException":
                print(f"Contact list '{CONTACT_LIST_NAME}' does not exist.")
            else:
                print(e)

            try:
                self.ses_client.delete_email_identity(EmailIdentity=self.verified_email)
                print(f"Email identity '{self.verified_email}' deleted successfully.")
            except ClientError as e:
                # If the email identity doesn't exist, skip and proceed
                if e.response["Error"]["Code"] == "NotFoundException":
                    print(f"Email identity '{self.verified_email}' does not exist.")
                else:
                    print(e)

        try:
            self.ses_client.delete_email_template(TemplateName=TEMPLATE_NAME)
            print(f"Email template '{TEMPLATE_NAME}' deleted successfully.")
        except ClientError as e:
            # If the email template doesn't exist, skip and proceed
            if e.response["Error"]["Code"] == "NotFoundException":
                print(f"Email template '{TEMPLATE_NAME}' does not exist.")
            else:
                print(e)