本文為英文版的機器翻譯版本,如內容有任何歧義或不一致之處,概以英文版為準。
邏輯條件
邏輯條件會合併兩個條件的結果,來產生單一結果。所有的邏輯條件都是二元運算子,具有 Boolean 傳回類型。
語法
expression { AND | OR } expression NOT expression
邏輯條件使用三種值的布林邏輯,其中 null 值代表未知的關係。下表說明邏輯條件的結果,其中 E1
和 E2
表示表達式:
E1 | E2 | E1 AND E2 | E1 OR E2 | NOT E2 |
---|---|---|---|---|
TRUE | TRUE | TRUE | TRUE | FALSE |
TRUE | FALSE | FALSE | TRUE | TRUE |
TRUE | UNKNOWN (不明) | UNKNOWN (不明) | TRUE | UNKNOWN (不明) |
FALSE | TRUE | FALSE | TRUE | |
FALSE | FALSE | FALSE | FALSE | |
FALSE | UNKNOWN (不明) | FALSE | UNKNOWN (不明) | |
UNKNOWN (不明) | TRUE | UNKNOWN (不明) | TRUE | |
UNKNOWN (不明) | FALSE | FALSE | UNKNOWN (不明) | |
UNKNOWN (不明) | UNKNOWN (不明) | UNKNOWN (不明) | UNKNOWN (不明) |
NOT 運算子會在 AND 之前評估,而 AND 運算子會在 OR 運算子之前評估。如果使用任何括號,就可以覆蓋這個預設的評估順序。
範例
下列的範例會從 USERS 資料表,針對其中同時喜歡拉斯維加斯和運動的使用者,傳回其 USERID 和 USERNAME:
select userid, username from users where likevegas = 1 and likesports = 1 order by userid; userid | username --------+---------- 1 | JSG99FHE 67 | TWU10MZT 87 | DUF19VXU 92 | HYP36WEQ 109 | FPL38HZK 120 | DMJ24GUZ 123 | QZR22XGQ 130 | ZQC82ALK 133 | LBN45WCH 144 | UCX04JKN 165 | TEY68OEB 169 | AYQ83HGO 184 | TVX65AZX ... (2128 rows)
下一個範例會從 USERS 資料表,針對其中喜歡拉斯維加斯或運動,或是這兩者的使用者,傳回其 USERID 和 USERNAME。此查詢會傳回前一個範例的所有輸出資料,加上只喜歡拉斯維加斯或運動的使用者。
select userid, username from users where likevegas = 1 or likesports = 1 order by userid; userid | username --------+---------- 1 | JSG99FHE 2 | PGL08LJI 3 | IFT66TXU 5 | AEB55QTM 6 | NDQ15VBM 9 | MSD36KVR 10 | WKW41AIW 13 | QTF33MCG 15 | OWU78MTR 16 | ZMG93CDD 22 | RHT62AGI 27 | KOY02CVE 29 | HUH27PKK ... (18968 rows)
下列的查詢在 OR
條件周圍加上括號,以找出在紐約或加州上演「馬克白」的場地:
select distinct venuename, venuecity from venue join event on venue.venueid=event.venueid where (venuestate = 'NY' or venuestate = 'CA') and eventname='Macbeth' order by 2,1; venuename | venuecity ----------------------------------------+--------------- Geffen Playhouse | Los Angeles Greek Theatre | Los Angeles Royce Hall | Los Angeles American Airlines Theatre | New York City August Wilson Theatre | New York City Belasco Theatre | New York City Bernard B. Jacobs Theatre | New York City ...
如果移除此範例中的括號,將會改變查詢的邏輯和結果。
下列的範例使用 NOT
運算子:
select * from category where not catid=1 order by 1; catid | catgroup | catname | catdesc -------+----------+-----------+-------------------------------------------- 2 | Sports | NHL | National Hockey League 3 | Sports | NFL | National Football League 4 | Sports | NBA | National Basketball Association 5 | Sports | MLS | Major League Soccer ...
下列範例使用 NOT
條件,後接 AND
條件:
select * from category where (not catid=1) and catgroup='Sports' order by catid; catid | catgroup | catname | catdesc -------+----------+---------+--------------------------------- 2 | Sports | NHL | National Hockey League 3 | Sports | NFL | National Football League 4 | Sports | NBA | National Basketball Association 5 | Sports | MLS | Major League Soccer (4 rows)