Automating AWS Device Farm - AWS Device Farm

Automating AWS Device Farm

Programmatic access to Device Farm is a powerful way to automate the common tasks that you need to accomplish, such as scheduling a run or downloading the artifacts for a run, suite, or test. The AWS SDK and AWS CLI provide means to do so.

The AWS SDK provides access to every AWS service, including Device Farm, Amazon S3, and more. For more information, see

Example: Using the AWS CLI or SDK to upload an app or test to Device Farm

The following examples show how to create an upload on Device Farm using the AWS CLI or using the AWS SDK in various languages. Uploads are the core building blocks for scheduling test runs on Device Farm, and include the following:

Uploads are created using the CreateUpload API. This API returns an S3 presigned URL that you can push your upload to using an HTTP PUT request. The URL expires after 24 hours.

AWS CLI

Note: this example uses the command-line tool curl to push the app to Device Farm.

First, create a project if you haven't already done so.

$ aws devicefarm create-project --name MyProjectName

This will show output such as the following:

{ "project": { "name": "MyProjectName", "arn": "arn:aws:devicefarm:us-west-2:123456789101:project:5e01a8c7-c861-4c0a-b1d5-12345EXAMPLE", "created": 1535675814.414 } }

Then, do the following to create your upload and push it to Device Farm. In this example, we'll be creating an Android app upload using a local APK file. For more upload type information, including details about iOS app upload types, please see our API documentation for creating an Upload.

$ export APP_PATH="/local/path/to/my_sample_app.apk" $ export APP_TYPE="ANDROID_APP"

First, we create the upload in Device Farm:

$ aws devicefarm create-upload \ --project-arn "arn:aws:devicefarm:us-west-2:123456789101:project:5e01a8c7-c861-4c0a-b1d5-12345EXAMPLE" \ --name "$(basename "$APP_PATH")" \ --type "$APP_TYPE"

This will show output such as the following:

{ "upload": { "arn": "arn:aws:devicefarm:us-west-2:385076942068:upload:490a6350-0ba3-43e5-83f5-d2896b069a34/a120e848-c57b-4e8d-a720-d750a0c4d936", "name": "my_sample_app.apk", "created": 1760747318.266, "type": "ANDROID_APP", "status": "INITIALIZED", "url": "https://prod-us-west-2-uploads.s3.dualstack.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/arn%3Aaws%3Adevicefarm%3Aus-west-2...", "category": "PRIVATE" } }

Then, do a PUT call using curl to push the app to Device Farm's S3 bucket:

$ curl -T "$APP_PATH" "https://prod-us-west-2-uploads.s3.dualstack.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/arn%3Aaws%3Adevicefarm%3Aus-west-2..."

Finally, wait for the app to be in "succeeded" status:

$ aws devicefarm get-upload --arn "arn:aws:devicefarm:us-west-2:385076942068:upload:490a6350-0ba3-43e5-83f5-d2896b069a34/a120e848-c57b-4e8d-a720-d750a0c4d936"

This will show output such as the following:

{ "upload": { "arn": "arn:aws:devicefarm:us-west-2:385076942068:upload:490a6350-0ba3-43e5-83f5-d2896b069a34/a120e848-c57b-4e8d-a720-d750a0c4d936", "name": "my_sample_app.apk", "created": 1760747318.266, "type": "ANDROID_APP", "status": "SUCCEEDED", "url": "https://prod-us-west-2-uploads.s3.dualstack.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/arn%3Aaws%3Adevicefarm%3Aus-west-2...", "metadata": "{\"activity_name\":\"com.amazonaws.devicefarm.android.referenceapp.Activities.MainActivity\",\"package_name\":\"com.amazonaws.devicefarm.android.referenceapp\",...}", "category": "PRIVATE" } }
Python

Note: this example uses the third-party requests package to push the app to Device Farm, as well as the AWS SDK for Python boto3.

First, create a project if you haven't already done so.

import boto3 client = boto3.client("devicefarm", region_name="us-west-2") resp = client.create_project(name="MyProjectName") print(resp) # Response will be something like: # { # "project": { # "name": "MyProjectName", # "arn": "arn:aws:devicefarm:us-west-2:123456789101:project:5e01a8c7-c861-4c0a-b1d5-12345EXAMPLE", # "created": 1535675814.414 # } # }

Then, do the following to create your upload and push it to Device Farm. In this example, we'll be creating an Android app upload using a local APK file. For more upload type information, including details about iOS app upload types, please see our API documentation for creating an Upload.

import os import time import datetime import requests from pathlib import Path import boto3 def upload_device_farm_file(): project_arn = "arn:aws:devicefarm:us-west-2:123456789101:project:5e01a8c7-c861-4c0a-b1d5-12345EXAMPLE" app_path = Path("/local/path/to/my_sample_app.apk") file_type = "ANDROID_APP" if not app_path.is_file(): raise RuntimeError(f"{app_path} is not a valid app file path") client = boto3.client("devicefarm", region_name="us-west-2") # 1) Create the upload in Device Farm create = client.create_upload( projectArn=project_arn, name=app_path.name, type=file_type, contentType="application/octet-stream", ) upload = create["upload"] upload_arn = upload["arn"] upload_url = upload["url"] # This will show output such as the following: # { "upload": { "arn": "...", "name": "my_sample_app.apk", "type": "ANDROID_APP", "status": "INITIALIZED", "url": "https://..." } } # 2) Do an HTTP PUT command to push the file to the pre-signed S3 URL with app_path.open("rb") as fh: print(f"Uploading {app_path.name} to Device Farm...") put_resp = requests.put(upload_url, data=fh, headers={"Content-Type": "application/octet-stream"}) put_resp.raise_for_status() # 3) Wait for the app to be in "SUCCEEDED" status (or fail/timeout) timeout_seconds = 30 start = time.time() while True: get_resp = client.get_upload(arn=upload_arn) status = get_resp["upload"]["status"] msg = get_resp["upload"].get("message") or get_resp["upload"].get("metadata") or "" elapsed = datetime.timedelta(seconds=int(time.time() - start)) print(f"[{elapsed}] status={status}{' - ' + msg if msg else ''}") if status == "SUCCEEDED": print(f"Upload complete: {upload_arn}") return upload_arn if status == "FAILED": raise RuntimeError(f"Device Farm failed to process upload: {msg}") if (time.time() - start) > timeout_seconds: raise RuntimeError(f"Timed out after {timeout_seconds}s waiting for upload to process (last status={status}).") time.sleep(1) upload_device_farm_file()
Java

Note: this example uses the AWS SDK for Java v2 and HttpClient to push the app to Device Farm, and is compatible with JDK versions 11 and higher.

First, create a project if you haven't already done so.

import software.amazon.awssdk.regions.Region; import software.amazon.awssdk.services.devicefarm.DeviceFarmClient; import software.amazon.awssdk.services.devicefarm.model.CreateProjectRequest; import software.amazon.awssdk.services.devicefarm.model.CreateProjectResponse; try (DeviceFarmClient client = DeviceFarmClient.builder() .region(Region.US_WEST_2) .build()) { CreateProjectResponse resp = client.createProject( CreateProjectRequest.builder().name("MyProjectName").build()); System.out.println(resp.project()); // Response will be something like: // Project{name=MyProjectName, arn=arn:aws:devicefarm:us-west-2:123456789101:project:5e01a8c7-..., created=...} }

Then, do the following to create your upload and push it to Device Farm. In this example, we'll be creating an Android app upload using a local APK file. For more upload type information, including details about iOS app upload types, please see our API documentation for creating an Upload.

import java.io.IOException; import java.net.URI; import java.net.http.HttpClient; import java.net.http.HttpRequest; import java.net.http.HttpResponse; import java.nio.file.Files; import java.nio.file.Path; import java.nio.file.Paths; import java.time.Duration; import java.time.Instant; import software.amazon.awssdk.regions.Region; import software.amazon.awssdk.services.devicefarm.DeviceFarmClient; import software.amazon.awssdk.services.devicefarm.model.CreateUploadRequest; import software.amazon.awssdk.services.devicefarm.model.CreateUploadResponse; import software.amazon.awssdk.services.devicefarm.model.GetUploadRequest; import software.amazon.awssdk.services.devicefarm.model.GetUploadResponse; import software.amazon.awssdk.services.devicefarm.model.Upload; import software.amazon.awssdk.services.devicefarm.model.UploadType; public class DeviceFarmUploader { public static String upload(String projectArn, Path appPath) throws Exception { if (projectArn == null || projectArn.isEmpty()) { throw new IllegalArgumentException("Missing projectArn"); } if (!Files.isRegularFile(appPath)) { throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid app path: " + appPath); } String fileName = appPath.getFileName().toString().trim(); UploadType type = UploadType.ANDROID_APP; // Build a reusable HttpClient HttpClient http = HttpClient.newBuilder() .version(HttpClient.Version.HTTP_1_1) .connectTimeout(Duration.ofSeconds(10)) .build(); try (DeviceFarmClient client = DeviceFarmClient.builder() .region(Region.US_WEST_2) .build()) { // 1) Create the upload in Device Farm CreateUploadResponse create = client.createUpload(CreateUploadRequest.builder() .projectArn(projectArn) .name(fileName) .type(type) .contentType("application/octet-stream") .build()); Upload upload = create.upload(); String uploadArn = upload.arn(); String url = upload.url(); // This will show output such as the following: // { "upload": { "arn": "...", "name": "my_sample_app.apk", "type": "ANDROID_APP", "status": "INITIALIZED", "url": "https://..." } } // 2) PUT file to pre-signed URL using HttpClient HttpRequest put = HttpRequest.newBuilder(URI.create(url)) .timeout(Duration.ofMinutes(15)) .header("Content-Type", "application/octet-stream") .PUT(HttpRequest.BodyPublishers.ofFile(appPath)) .build(); HttpResponse<Void> resp = http.send(put, HttpResponse.BodyHandlers.discarding()); int code = resp.statusCode(); if (code / 100 != 2) { throw new IOException("Failed PUT to S3 pre-signed URL, HTTP " + code); } // 3) Wait for the app to be in "SUCCEEDED" status (or fail/timeout) Instant deadline = Instant.now().plusSeconds(30); // 30-second timeout while (true) { GetUploadResponse got = client.getUpload(GetUploadRequest.builder() .arn(uploadArn) .build()); String status = got.upload().statusAsString(); String msg = got.upload().metadata(); System.out.println("status=" + status + (msg != null ? " - " + msg : "")); if ("SUCCEEDED".equals(status)) return uploadArn; if ("FAILED".equals(status)) throw new RuntimeException("Upload failed: " + msg); if (Instant.now().isAfter(deadline)) { throw new RuntimeException("Timeout waiting for processing, last status=" + status); } Thread.sleep(2000); } } } public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { String projectArn = "arn:aws:devicefarm:us-west-2:123456789101:project:5e01a8c7-c861-4c0a-b1d5-12345EXAMPLE"; Path appPath = Paths.get("/local/path/to/my_sample_app.apk"); String result = upload(projectArn, appPath); System.out.println("Upload ARN: " + result); } }
JavaScript

Note: this example uses AWS SDK for JavaScript (v3) and Node 18+ fetch to push the app to Device Farm.

First, create a project if you haven't already done so.

import { DeviceFarmClient, CreateProjectCommand } from "@aws-sdk/client-device-farm"; const df = new DeviceFarmClient({ region: "us-west-2" }); const resp = await df.send(new CreateProjectCommand({ name: "MyProjectName" })); console.log(resp); // Response will be something like: // { project: { name: 'MyProjectName', arn: 'arn:aws:devicefarm:us-west-2:123456789101:project:5e01a8c7-...', created: 1535675814.414 } }

Then, do the following to create your upload and push it to Device Farm. In this example, we'll be creating an Android app upload using a local APK file. For more upload type information, including details about iOS app upload types, please see our API documentation for creating an Upload.

import { DeviceFarmClient, CreateUploadCommand, GetUploadCommand } from "@aws-sdk/client-device-farm"; import { createReadStream } from "fs"; import { basename } from "path"; const projectArn = "arn:aws:devicefarm:us-west-2:123456789101:project:5e01a8c7-c861-4c0a-b1d5-12345EXAMPLE"; const appPath = "/local/path/to/my_sample_app.apk"; const name = basename(appPath).trim(); const type = "ANDROID_APP"; const client = new DeviceFarmClient({ region: "us-west-2" }); // 1) Create the upload in Device Farm const create = await client.send(new CreateUploadCommand({ projectArn, name, type, contentType: "application/octet-stream", })); const uploadArn = create.upload.arn; const url = create.upload.url; // This will show output such as the following: // { upload: { arn: '...', name: 'my_sample_app.apk', type: 'ANDROID_APP', status: 'INITIALIZED', url: 'https://...' } } // 2) PUT to pre-signed URL const putResp = await fetch(url, { method: "PUT", headers: { "Content-Type": "application/octet-stream" }, body: createReadStream(appPath), }); if (!putResp.ok) { throw new Error(`Failed PUT to pre-signed URL: ${putResp.status} ${await putResp.text().catch(()=>"")}`); } // 3) Wait for the app to be in "SUCCEEDED" status (or fail/timeout) const deadline = Date.now() + (30 * 1000); // 30-second timeout while (true) { const response = await client.send(new GetUploadCommand({ arn: uploadArn })); const { status, message, metadata } = response.upload; console.log(`status=${status}${message ? " - " + message : metadata ? " - " + metadata : ""}`); if (status === "SUCCEEDED") { console.log("Upload complete:", uploadArn); break; } if (status === "FAILED") { throw new Error(`Upload failed: ${message || metadata || "unknown"}`); } if (Date.now() > deadline) throw new Error(`Timeout waiting for processing (last status=${status})`); await new Promise(r => setTimeout(r, 2000)); }
C#

Note: this example uses the AWS SDK for .NET and HttpClient to push the app to Device Farm.

First, create a project if you haven't already done so.

using System; using Amazon; using Amazon.DeviceFarm; using Amazon.DeviceFarm.Model; using var client = new AmazonDeviceFarmClient(RegionEndpoint.USWest2); var resp = await client.CreateProjectAsync(new CreateProjectRequest { Name = "MyProjectName" }); Console.WriteLine(resp.Project); // Response will be something like: // { Name = MyProjectName, Arn = arn:aws:devicefarm:us-west-2:123456789101:project:5e01a8c7-..., Created = ... }

Then, do the following to create your upload and push it to Device Farm. In this example, we'll be creating an Android app upload using a local APK file. For more upload type information, including details about iOS app upload types, please see our API documentation for creating an Upload.

using System; using System.IO; using System.Net.Http; using System.Threading.Tasks; using System.Net.Http.Headers; using Amazon; using Amazon.DeviceFarm; using Amazon.DeviceFarm.Model; class DeviceFarmUploader { public static async Task<string> UploadAsync(string projectArn, string appPath) { if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(projectArn)) throw new ArgumentException("Missing projectArn"); if (!File.Exists(appPath)) throw new ArgumentException($"Invalid app path: {appPath}"); var type = UploadType.ANDROID_APP; using var client = new AmazonDeviceFarmClient(RegionEndpoint.USWest2); // 1) Create the upload in Device Farm var create = await client.CreateUploadAsync(new CreateUploadRequest { ProjectArn = projectArn, Name = Path.GetFileName(appPath), Type = type, ContentType = "application/octet-stream" }); var uploadArn = create.Upload.Arn; var url = create.Upload.Url; // This will show output such as the following: // { Upload: { Arn = ..., Name = my_sample_app.apk, Type = ANDROID_APP, Status = INITIALIZED, Url = https://... } } // 2) PUT file to pre-signed URL using (var http = new HttpClient()) using (var fs = File.OpenRead(appPath)) using (var content = new StreamContent(fs)) { content.Headers.Add("Content-Type", "application/octet-stream"); var resp = await http.PutAsync(url, content); if (!resp.IsSuccessStatusCode) throw new Exception($"Failed PUT to pre-signed URL: {(int)resp.StatusCode} {await resp.Content.ReadAsStringAsync()}"); } // 3) Wait for the app to be in "SUCCEEDED" status (or fail/timeout) var deadline = DateTime.UtcNow.AddSeconds(30); // 30-second timeout while (true) { var got = await client.GetUploadAsync(new GetUploadRequest { Arn = uploadArn }); var status = got.Upload.Status.Value; var msg = got.Upload.Message ?? got.Upload.Metadata; Console.WriteLine($"status={status}{(string.IsNullOrEmpty(msg) ? "" : " - " + msg)}"); if (status == UploadStatus.SUCCEEDED.Value) return uploadArn; if (status == UploadStatus.FAILED.Value) throw new Exception($"Upload failed: {msg}"); if (DateTime.UtcNow > deadline) throw new TimeoutException($"Timeout waiting for processing (last status={status})"); await Task.Delay(2000); } } static async Task Main() { var projectArn = "arn:aws:devicefarm:us-west-2:123456789101:project:5e01a8c7-c861-4c0a-b1d5-12345EXAMPLE"; var appPath = "/local/path/to/my_sample_app.apk"; var result = await UploadAsync(projectArn!, appPath!); Console.WriteLine("Upload ARN: " + result); } }
Ruby

Note: this example uses the AWS SDK for Ruby and Net::HTTP to push the app to Device Farm.

First, create a project if you haven't already done so.

require "aws-sdk-devicefarm" client = Aws::DeviceFarm::Client.new(region: "us-west-2") resp = client.create_project(name: "MyProjectName") puts resp.project.inspect # Response will be something like: # #<struct Aws::DeviceFarm::Types::Project name="MyProjectName", arn="arn:aws:devicefarm:us-west-2:123456789101:project:5e01a8c7-...", created=1535675814.414>

Then, do the following to create your upload and push it to Device Farm. In this example, we'll be creating an Android app upload using a local APK file. For more upload type information, including details about iOS app upload types, please see our API documentation for creating an Upload.

require "aws-sdk-devicefarm" require "net/http" require "uri" project_arn = "arn:aws:devicefarm:us-west-2:123456789101:project:5e01a8c7-c861-4c0a-b1d5-12345EXAMPLE" app_path = "/local/path/to/my_sample_app.apk" raise "Invalid APP_PATH: #{app_path}" unless File.file?(app_path) type = "ANDROID_APP" client = Aws::DeviceFarm::Client.new(region: "us-west-2") # 1) Create the upload in Device Farm create = client.create_upload( project_arn: project_arn, name: File.basename(app_path), type: type, content_type: "application/octet-stream" ) upload_arn = create.upload.arn url = create.upload.url # This will show output such as the following: # #<Upload arn="...", name="my_sample_app.apk", type="ANDROID_APP", status="INITIALIZED", url="https://..."> # 2) PUT the file to the pre-signed URL uri = URI.parse(url) Net::HTTP.start(uri.host, uri.port, use_ssl: (uri.scheme == "https")) do |http| req = Net::HTTP::Put.new(uri) req["Content-Type"] = "application/octet-stream" req.body_stream = File.open(app_path, "rb") req.content_length = File.size(app_path) resp = http.request(req) raise "Failed PUT: #{resp.code} #{resp.body}" unless resp.code.to_i / 100 == 2 end # 3) Wait for the app to be in "SUCCEEDED" status (or fail/timeout) deadline = Time.now + 30 # 30-second timeout loop do got = client.get_upload(arn: upload_arn) status = got.upload.status msg = got.upload.message || got.upload.metadata puts "status=#{status}#{msg ? " - #{msg}" : ""}" case status when "SUCCEEDED" then puts "Upload complete: #{upload_arn}"; break when "FAILED" then raise "Upload failed: #{msg}" end raise "Timeout waiting for processing (last status=#{status})" if Time.now > deadline sleep 2 end

Example: Using the AWS SDK to start a Device Farm run and collect artifacts

The following example provides a beginning-to-end demonstration of how you can use the AWS SDK to work with Device Farm. This example does the following:

  • Uploads a test and application packages to Device Farm

  • Starts a test run and waits for its completion (or failure)

  • Downloads all artifacts produced by the test suites

This example depends on the third-party requests package to interact with HTTP.

import boto3 import os import requests import string import random import time import datetime import time import json # The following script runs a test through Device Farm # # Things you have to change: config = { # This is our app under test. "appFilePath":"app-debug.apk", "projectArn": "arn:aws:devicefarm:us-west-2:111122223333:project:1b99bcff-1111-2222-ab2f-8c3c733c55ed", # Since we care about the most popular devices, we'll use a curated pool. "testSpecArn":"arn:aws:devicefarm:us-west-2::upload:101e31e8-12ac-11e9-ab14-d663bd873e83", "poolArn":"arn:aws:devicefarm:us-west-2::devicepool:082d10e5-d7d7-48a5-ba5c-b33d66efa1f5", "namePrefix":"MyAppTest", # This is our test package. This tutorial won't go into how to make these. "testPackage":"tests.zip" } client = boto3.client('devicefarm') unique = config['namePrefix']+"-"+(datetime.date.today().isoformat())+(''.join(random.sample(string.ascii_letters,8))) print(f"The unique identifier for this run is going to be {unique} -- all uploads will be prefixed with this.") def upload_df_file(filename, type_, mime='application/octet-stream'): response = client.create_upload(projectArn=config['projectArn'], name = (unique)+"_"+os.path.basename(filename), type=type_, contentType=mime ) # Get the upload ARN, which we'll return later. upload_arn = response['upload']['arn'] # We're going to extract the URL of the upload and use Requests to upload it upload_url = response['upload']['url'] with open(filename, 'rb') as file_stream: print(f"Uploading {filename} to Device Farm as {response['upload']['name']}... ",end='') put_req = requests.put(upload_url, data=file_stream, headers={"content-type":mime}) print(' done') if not put_req.ok: raise Exception("Couldn't upload, requests said we're not ok. Requests says: "+put_req.reason) started = datetime.datetime.now() while True: print(f"Upload of {filename} in state {response['upload']['status']} after "+str(datetime.datetime.now() - started)) if response['upload']['status'] == 'FAILED': raise Exception("The upload failed processing. DeviceFarm says reason is: \n"+(response['upload']['message'] if 'message' in response['upload'] else response['upload']['metadata'])) if response['upload']['status'] == 'SUCCEEDED': break time.sleep(5) response = client.get_upload(arn=upload_arn) print("") return upload_arn our_upload_arn = upload_df_file(config['appFilePath'], "ANDROID_APP") our_test_package_arn = upload_df_file(config['testPackage'], 'APPIUM_PYTHON_TEST_PACKAGE') print(our_upload_arn, our_test_package_arn) # Now that we have those out of the way, we can start the test run... response = client.schedule_run( projectArn = config["projectArn"], appArn = our_upload_arn, devicePoolArn = config["poolArn"], name=unique, test = { "type":"APPIUM_PYTHON", "testSpecArn": config["testSpecArn"], "testPackageArn": our_test_package_arn } ) run_arn = response['run']['arn'] start_time = datetime.datetime.now() print(f"Run {unique} is scheduled as arn {run_arn} ") try: while True: response = client.get_run(arn=run_arn) state = response['run']['status'] if state == 'COMPLETED' or state == 'ERRORED': break else: print(f" Run {unique} in state {state}, total time "+str(datetime.datetime.now()-start_time)) time.sleep(10) except: # If something goes wrong in this process, we stop the run and exit. client.stop_run(arn=run_arn) exit(1) print(f"Tests finished in state {state} after "+str(datetime.datetime.now() - start_time)) # now, we pull all the logs. jobs_response = client.list_jobs(arn=run_arn) # Save the output somewhere. We're using the unique value, but you could use something else save_path = os.path.join(os.getcwd(), unique) os.mkdir(save_path) # Save the last run information for job in jobs_response['jobs'] : # Make a directory for our information job_name = job['name'] os.makedirs(os.path.join(save_path, job_name), exist_ok=True) # Get each suite within the job suites = client.list_suites(arn=job['arn'])['suites'] for suite in suites: for test in client.list_tests(arn=suite['arn'])['tests']: # Get the artifacts for artifact_type in ['FILE','SCREENSHOT','LOG']: artifacts = client.list_artifacts( type=artifact_type, arn = test['arn'] )['artifacts'] for artifact in artifacts: # We replace : because it has a special meaning in Windows & macos path_to = os.path.join(save_path, job_name, suite['name'], test['name'].replace(':','_') ) os.makedirs(path_to, exist_ok=True) filename = artifact['type']+"_"+artifact['name']+"."+artifact['extension'] artifact_save_path = os.path.join(path_to, filename) print("Downloading "+artifact_save_path) with open(artifact_save_path, 'wb') as fn, requests.get(artifact['url'],allow_redirects=True) as request: fn.write(request.content) #/for artifact in artifacts #/for artifact type in [] #/ for test in ()[] #/ for suite in suites #/ for job in _[] # done print("Finished")