Tutoriel : vérification des données à l'aide d'un AWS SDK

// Get a digest
GetDigestRequest digestRequest = new GetDigestRequest().withName(ledgerName);
GetDigestResult digestResult = client.getDigest(digestRequest);

java.nio.ByteBuffer digest = digestResult.getDigest();

// expectedDigest is the buffer we will use later to compare against our calculated digest
byte[] expectedDigest = new byte[digest.remaining()];
digest.get(expectedDigest);

// Get a digest
GetDigestRequest getDigestRequest = new GetDigestRequest
{
    Name = ledgerName
};
GetDigestResponse getDigestResponse = client.GetDigestAsync(getDigestRequest).Result;

// expectedDigest is the buffer we will use later to compare against our calculated digest
MemoryStream digest = getDigestResponse.Digest;
byte[] expectedDigest = digest.ToArray();

// Get a digest
currentLedgerName := ledgerName
input := qldb.GetDigestInput{Name: &currentLedgerName}
digestOutput, err := client.GetDigest(&input)
if err != nil {
    panic(err)
}

// expectedDigest is the buffer we will later use to compare against our calculated digest
expectedDigest := digestOutput.Digest

// Get a digest
const getDigestRequest: GetDigestRequest = {
    Name: ledgerName
};
const getDigestResponse: GetDigestResponse = await qldbClient.getDigest(getDigestRequest).promise();

// expectedDigest is the buffer we will later use to compare against our calculated digest
const expectedDigest: Uint8Array = <Uint8Array>getDigestResponse.Digest;

# Get a digest
get_digest_response = qldb_client.get_digest(Name=ledger_name)

# expected_digest is the buffer we will later use to compare against our calculated digest
expected_digest = get_digest_response.get('Digest')
digest_tip_address = get_digest_response.get('DigestTipAddress')

// Retrieve info for the given vin's document revisions
Result result = driver.execute(txn -> {
    final String query = String.format("SELECT blockAddress, hash, metadata.id FROM _ql_committed_%s WHERE data.VIN = '%s'", tableName, vin);
    return txn.execute(query);
});

// Retrieve info for the given vin's document revisions
var result = driver.Execute(txn => {
    string query = $"SELECT blockAddress, hash, metadata.id FROM _ql_committed_{tableName} WHERE data.VIN = '{vin}'";
    return txn.Execute(query);
});

// Retrieve info for the given vin's document revisions
result, err := driver.Execute(context.Background(), func(txn qldbdriver.Transaction) (interface{}, error) {
    statement := fmt.Sprintf(
            "SELECT blockAddress, hash, metadata.id FROM _ql_committed_%s WHERE data.VIN = '%s'",
            tableName,
            vin)
    result, err := txn.Execute(statement)
    if err != nil {
        return nil, err
    }

    results := make([]map[string]interface{}, 0)

    // Convert the result set into a map
    for result.Next(txn) {
        var doc map[string]interface{}
        err := ion.Unmarshal(result.GetCurrentData(), &doc)
        if err != nil {
            return nil, err
        }
        results = append(results, doc)
    }
    return results, nil
})
if err != nil {
    panic(err)
}
resultSlice := result.([]map[string]interface{})

const result: dom.Value[] = await driver.executeLambda(async (txn: TransactionExecutor): Promise<dom.Value[]> => {
    const query: string = `SELECT blockAddress, hash, metadata.id FROM _ql_committed_${tableName} WHERE data.VIN = '${vin}'`;
    const queryResult: Result = await txn.execute(query);
    return queryResult.getResultList();
});

def query_doc_revision(txn):
    query = "SELECT blockAddress, hash, metadata.id FROM _ql_committed_{} WHERE data.VIN = '{}'".format(table_name, vin)
    return txn.execute_statement(query)

# Retrieve info for the given vin's document revisions
result = qldb_driver.execute_lambda(query_doc_revision)

for (IonValue ionValue : result) {
    IonStruct ionStruct = (IonStruct)ionValue;

    // Get the requested fields
    IonValue blockAddress = ionStruct.get("blockAddress");
    IonBlob hash = (IonBlob)ionStruct.get("hash");
    String metadataId = ((IonString)ionStruct.get("id")).stringValue();

    System.out.printf("Verifying document revision for id '%s'%n", metadataId);

    String blockAddressText = blockAddress.toString();

    // Submit a request for the revision
    GetRevisionRequest revisionRequest = new GetRevisionRequest()
            .withName(ledgerName)
            .withBlockAddress(new ValueHolder().withIonText(blockAddressText))
            .withDocumentId(metadataId)
            .withDigestTipAddress(digestResult.getDigestTipAddress());

    // Get a result back
    GetRevisionResult revisionResult = client.getRevision(revisionRequest);

    ...
}

foreach (IIonValue ionValue in result)
{
    IIonStruct ionStruct = ionValue;

    // Get the requested fields
    IIonValue blockAddress = ionStruct.GetField("blockAddress");
    IIonBlob hash = ionStruct.GetField("hash");
    String metadataId = ionStruct.GetField("id").StringValue;

    Console.WriteLine($"Verifying document revision for id '{metadataId}'");

    // Use an Ion Reader to convert block address to text
    IIonReader reader = IonReaderBuilder.Build(blockAddress);
    StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
    IIonWriter textWriter = IonTextWriterBuilder.Build(sw);
    textWriter.WriteValues(reader);
    string blockAddressText = sw.ToString();

    // Submit a request for the revision
    GetRevisionRequest revisionRequest = new GetRevisionRequest
    {
        Name = ledgerName,
        BlockAddress = new ValueHolder
        {
            IonText = blockAddressText
        },
        DocumentId = metadataId,
        DigestTipAddress = getDigestResponse.DigestTipAddress
    };
    
    // Get a response back
    GetRevisionResponse revisionResponse = client.GetRevisionAsync(revisionRequest).Result;

    ...
}

for _, value := range resultSlice {
    // Get the requested fields
    ionBlockAddress, err := ion.MarshalText(value["blockAddress"])
    if err != nil {
        panic(err)
    }
    blockAddress := string(ionBlockAddress)
    metadataId := value["id"].(string)
    documentHash := value["hash"].([]byte)

    fmt.Printf("Verifying document revision for id '%s'\n", metadataId)

    // Submit a request for the revision
    revisionInput := qldb.GetRevisionInput{
        BlockAddress:     &qldb.ValueHolder{IonText: &blockAddress},
        DigestTipAddress: digestOutput.DigestTipAddress,
        DocumentId:       &metadataId,
        Name:             &currentLedgerName,
    }

    // Get a result back
    revisionOutput, err := client.GetRevision(&revisionInput)
    if err != nil {
        panic(err)
    }

    ...
}

for (let value of result) {
    // Get the requested fields
    const blockAddress: dom.Value = value.get("blockAddress");
    const hash: dom.Value = value.get("hash");
    const metadataId: string = value.get("id").stringValue();

    console.log(`Verifying document revision for id '${metadataId}'`);

    // Submit a request for the revision
    const revisionRequest: GetRevisionRequest = {
        Name: ledgerName,
        BlockAddress: {
            IonText: dumpText(blockAddress)
        },
        DocumentId: metadataId,
        DigestTipAddress: getDigestResponse.DigestTipAddress
    };

    // Get a response back
    const revisionResponse: GetRevisionResponse = await qldbClient.getRevision(revisionRequest).promise();

    ...
}

for value in result:
    # Get the requested fields
    block_address = value['blockAddress']
    document_hash = value['hash']
    metadata_id = value['id']

    print("Verifying document revision for id '{}'".format(metadata_id))

    # Submit a request for the revision and get a result back
    proof_response = qldb_client.get_revision(Name=ledger_name,
                                              BlockAddress=block_address_to_dictionary(block_address),
                                              DocumentId=metadata_id,
                                              DigestTipAddress=digest_tip_address)

Dans cet exemple, vous utilisez IonReader pour effectuer la conversion binaire.

String proofText = revisionResult.getProof().getIonText();

// Take the proof and convert it to a list of byte arrays
List<byte[]> internalHashes = new ArrayList<>();
IonReader reader = SYSTEM.newReader(proofText);
reader.next();
reader.stepIn();
while (reader.next() != null) {
    internalHashes.add(reader.newBytes());
}

Dans cet exemple, vous l'utilisez IonLoader pour charger la preuve dans un datagramme ionique.

string proofText = revisionResponse.Proof.IonText;
IIonDatagram proofValue = IonLoader.Default.Load(proofText);

Dans cet exemple, vous utilisez un lecteur Ion pour convertir la preuve en binaire et pour parcourir la liste des hachages de nœuds de la preuve.

proofText := revisionOutput.Proof.IonText

// Use ion.Reader to iterate over the proof's node hashes
reader := ion.NewReaderString(*proofText)
// Enter the struct containing node hashes
reader.Next()
if err := reader.StepIn(); err != nil {
    panic(err)
}

Dans cet exemple, vous utilisez la load fonction pour effectuer la conversion binaire.

let proofValue: dom.Value = load(revisionResponse.Proof.IonText);

Dans cet exemple, vous utilisez la loads fonction pour effectuer la conversion binaire.

proof_text = proof_response.get('Proof').get('IonText')
proof_hashes = loads(proof_text)

// Calculate digest
byte[] calculatedDigest = internalHashes.stream().reduce(hash.getBytes(), BlockHashVerification::dot);

boolean verified = Arrays.equals(expectedDigest, calculatedDigest);

if (verified) {
    System.out.printf("Successfully verified document revision for id '%s'!%n", metadataId);
} else {
    System.out.printf("Document revision for id '%s' verification failed!%n", metadataId);
    return;
}

byte[] documentHash = hash.Bytes().ToArray();
foreach (IIonValue proofHash in proofValue.GetElementAt(0))
{
    // Calculate the digest
    documentHash = Dot(documentHash, proofHash.Bytes().ToArray());
}

bool verified = expectedDigest.SequenceEqual(documentHash);

if (verified)
{
    Console.WriteLine($"Successfully verified document revision for id '{metadataId}'!");
}
else
{
    Console.WriteLine($"Document revision for id '{metadataId}' verification failed!");
    return;
}

// Going through nodes and calculate digest
for reader.Next() {
    val, _ := reader.ByteValue()
    documentHash, err = dot(documentHash, val)
}

// Compare documentHash with the expected digest
verified := reflect.DeepEqual(documentHash, expectedDigest)

if verified {
    fmt.Printf("Successfully verified document revision for id '%s'!\n", metadataId)
} else {
    fmt.Printf("Document revision for id '%s' verification failed!\n", metadataId)
    return
}

let documentHash: Uint8Array = hash.uInt8ArrayValue();
proofValue.elements().forEach((proofHash: dom.Value) => {
    // Calculate the digest
    documentHash = dot(documentHash, proofHash.uInt8ArrayValue());
});

let verified: boolean = isEqual(expectedDigest, documentHash);

if (verified) {
    console.log(`Successfully verified document revision for id '${metadataId}'!`);
} else {
    console.log(`Document revision for id '${metadataId}' verification failed!`);
    return;
}

# Calculate digest
calculated_digest = reduce(dot, proof_hashes, document_hash)

verified = calculated_digest == expected_digest
if verified:
    print("Successfully verified document revision for id '{}'!".format(metadata_id))
else:
    print("Document revision for id '{}' verification failed!".format(metadata_id))

// Submit a request for the block
GetBlockRequest getBlockRequest = new GetBlockRequest()
        .withName(ledgerName)
        .withBlockAddress(new ValueHolder().withIonText(blockAddressText))
        .withDigestTipAddress(digestResult.getDigestTipAddress());

// Get a result back
GetBlockResult getBlockResult = client.getBlock(getBlockRequest);

// Submit a request for the block
GetBlockRequest getBlockRequest = new GetBlockRequest
{
    Name = ledgerName,
    BlockAddress = new ValueHolder
    {
        IonText = blockAddressText
    },
    DigestTipAddress = getDigestResponse.DigestTipAddress
};

// Get a response back
GetBlockResponse getBlockResponse = client.GetBlockAsync(getBlockRequest).Result;

// Submit a request for the block
blockInput := qldb.GetBlockInput{
    Name:             &currentLedgerName,
    BlockAddress:     &qldb.ValueHolder{IonText: &blockAddress},
    DigestTipAddress: digestOutput.DigestTipAddress,
}

// Get a result back
blockOutput, err := client.GetBlock(&blockInput)
if err != nil {
    panic(err)
}

// Submit a request for the block
const getBlockRequest: GetBlockRequest = {
    Name: ledgerName,
    BlockAddress: {
        IonText: dumpText(blockAddress)
    },
    DigestTipAddress: getDigestResponse.DigestTipAddress
};

// Get a response back
const getBlockResponse: GetBlockResponse = await qldbClient.getBlock(getBlockRequest).promise();

def block_address_to_dictionary(ion_dict):
"""
Convert a block address from IonPyDict into a dictionary.
Shape of the dictionary must be: {'IonText': "{strandId: <"strandId">, sequenceNo: <sequenceNo>}"}

:type ion_dict: :py:class:`amazon.ion.simple_types.IonPyDict`/str
:param ion_dict: The block address value to convert.

:rtype: dict
:return: The converted dict.
"""
block_address = {'IonText': {}}
if not isinstance(ion_dict, str):
    py_dict = '{{strandId: "{}", sequenceNo:{}}}'.format(ion_dict['strandId'], ion_dict['sequenceNo'])
    ion_dict = py_dict
block_address['IonText'] = ion_dict
return block_address

# Submit a request for the block and get a result back
block_response = qldb_client.get_block(Name=ledger_name, BlockAddress=block_address_to_dictionary(block_address),
                                       DigestTipAddress=digest_tip_address)

Dans cet exemple, vous l'utilisez IonLoader pour charger l'objet du bloc dans un IonDatagram conteneur.

String blockText = getBlockResult.getBlock().getIonText();

IonDatagram datagram = SYSTEM.getLoader().load(blockText);
ionStruct = (IonStruct)datagram.get(0);

final byte[] blockHash = ((IonBlob)ionStruct.get("blockHash")).getBytes();

Vous pouvez également IonLoader charger la preuve dans unIonDatagram.

proofText = getBlockResult.getProof().getIonText();

// Take the proof and create a list of hash binary data
datagram = SYSTEM.getLoader().load(proofText);
ListIterator<IonValue> listIter = ((IonList)datagram.iterator().next()).listIterator();

internalHashes.clear();
while (listIter.hasNext()) {
    internalHashes.add(((IonBlob)listIter.next()).getBytes());
}

Dans cet exemple, vous pouvez IonLoader charger le bloc et la preuve dans un datagramme ionique pour chacun d'eux.

string blockText = getBlockResponse.Block.IonText;
IIonDatagram blockValue = IonLoader.Default.Load(blockText);

// blockValue is a IonDatagram, and the first value is an IonStruct containing the blockHash
byte[] blockHash = blockValue.GetElementAt(0).GetField("blockHash").Bytes().ToArray();

proofText = getBlockResponse.Proof.IonText;
proofValue = IonLoader.Default.Load(proofText);

Dans cet exemple, vous utilisez un lecteur Ion pour convertir la preuve en binaire et pour parcourir la liste des hachages de nœuds de la preuve.

proofText = blockOutput.Proof.IonText

block := new(map[string]interface{})
err = ion.UnmarshalString(*blockOutput.Block.IonText, block)
if err != nil {
    panic(err)
}

blockHash := (*block)["blockHash"].([]byte)

// Use ion.Reader to iterate over the proof's node hashes
reader = ion.NewReaderString(*proofText)
// Enter the struct containing node hashes
reader.Next()
if err := reader.StepIn(); err != nil {
    panic(err)
}

Dans cet exemple, vous utilisez la load fonction pour convertir le bloc et la preuve en binaire.

const blockValue: dom.Value = load(getBlockResponse.Block.IonText)
let blockHash: Uint8Array = blockValue.get("blockHash").uInt8ArrayValue();

proofValue = load(getBlockResponse.Proof.IonText);

Dans cet exemple, vous utilisez la loads fonction pour convertir le bloc et la preuve en binaire.

block_text = block_response.get('Block').get('IonText')
block = loads(block_text)

block_hash = block.get('blockHash')

proof_text = block_response.get('Proof').get('IonText')
proof_hashes = loads(proof_text)

// Calculate digest
calculatedDigest = internalHashes.stream().reduce(blockHash, BlockHashVerification::dot);

verified = Arrays.equals(expectedDigest, calculatedDigest);

if (verified) {
    System.out.printf("Block address '%s' successfully verified!%n", blockAddressText);
} else {
    System.out.printf("Block address '%s' verification failed!%n", blockAddressText);
}

foreach (IIonValue proofHash in proofValue.GetElementAt(0))
{
    // Calculate the digest
    blockHash = Dot(blockHash, proofHash.Bytes().ToArray());
}

verified = expectedDigest.SequenceEqual(blockHash);

if (verified)
{
    Console.WriteLine($"Block address '{blockAddressText}' successfully verified!");
}
else
{
    Console.WriteLine($"Block address '{blockAddressText}' verification failed!");
}

// Going through nodes and calculate digest
for reader.Next() {
    val, err := reader.ByteValue()
    if err != nil {
        panic(err)
    }
    blockHash, err = dot(blockHash, val)
}

// Compare blockHash with the expected digest
verified = reflect.DeepEqual(blockHash, expectedDigest)

if verified {
    fmt.Printf("Block address '%s' successfully verified!\n", blockAddress)
} else {
    fmt.Printf("Block address '%s' verification failed!\n", blockAddress)
    return
}

proofValue.elements().forEach((proofHash: dom.Value) => {
    // Calculate the digest
    blockHash = dot(blockHash, proofHash.uInt8ArrayValue());
});

verified = isEqual(expectedDigest, blockHash);

if (verified) {
    console.log(`Block address '${dumpText(blockAddress)}' successfully verified!`);
} else {
    console.log(`Block address '${dumpText(blockAddress)}' verification failed!`);
}

# Calculate digest
calculated_digest = reduce(dot, proof_hashes, block_hash)

verified = calculated_digest == expected_digest
if verified:
    print("Block address '{}' successfully verified!".format(dumps(block_address,
                                                                   binary=False,
                                                                   omit_version_marker=True)))
else:
    print("Block address '{}' verification failed!".format(block_address))

/**
 * Takes two hashes, sorts them, concatenates them, and then returns the
 * hash of the concatenated array.
 *
 * @param h1
 *              Byte array containing one of the hashes to compare.
 * @param h2
 *              Byte array containing one of the hashes to compare.
 * @return the concatenated array of hashes.
 */
public static byte[] dot(final byte[] h1, final byte[] h2) {
    if (h1.length != HASH_LENGTH || h2.length != HASH_LENGTH) {
        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid hash.");
    }

    int byteEqual = 0;
    for (int i = h1.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
        byteEqual = Byte.compare(h1[i], h2[i]);
        if (byteEqual != 0) {
            break;
        }
    }

    byte[] concatenated = new byte[h1.length + h2.length];
    if (byteEqual < 0) {
        System.arraycopy(h1, 0, concatenated, 0, h1.length);
        System.arraycopy(h2, 0, concatenated, h1.length, h2.length);
    } else {
        System.arraycopy(h2, 0, concatenated, 0, h2.length);
        System.arraycopy(h1, 0, concatenated, h2.length, h1.length);
    }

    MessageDigest messageDigest;
    try {
        messageDigest = MessageDigest.getInstance("SHA-256");
    } catch (NoSuchAlgorithmException e) {
        throw new IllegalStateException("SHA-256 message digest is unavailable", e);
    }

    messageDigest.update(concatenated);
    return messageDigest.digest();
}

/// <summary>
/// Takes two hashes, sorts them, concatenates them, and then returns the
/// hash of the concatenated array.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="h1">Byte array containing one of the hashes to compare.</param>
/// <param name="h2">Byte array containing one of the hashes to compare.</param>
/// <returns>The concatenated array of hashes.</returns>
private static byte[] Dot(byte[] h1, byte[] h2)
{
    if (h1.Length == 0)
    {
        return h2;
    }

    if (h2.Length == 0)
    {
        return h1;
    }

    HashAlgorithm hashAlgorithm = HashAlgorithm.Create("SHA256");
    HashComparer comparer = new HashComparer();
    if (comparer.Compare(h1, h2) < 0)
    {
        return hashAlgorithm.ComputeHash(h1.Concat(h2).ToArray());
    }
    else
    {
        return hashAlgorithm.ComputeHash(h2.Concat(h1).ToArray());
    }
}

private class HashComparer : IComparer<byte[]>
{
    private static readonly int HASH_LENGTH = 32;

    public int Compare(byte[] h1, byte[] h2)
    {
        if (h1.Length != HASH_LENGTH || h2.Length != HASH_LENGTH)
        {
            throw new ArgumentException("Invalid hash");
        }

        for (var i = h1.Length - 1; i >= 0; i--)
        {
            var byteEqual = (sbyte)h1[i] - (sbyte)h2[i];
            if (byteEqual != 0)
            {
                return byteEqual;
            }
        }

        return 0;
    }
}

// Takes two hashes, sorts them, concatenates them, and then returns the hash of the concatenated array.
func dot(h1, h2 []byte) ([]byte, error) {
    compare, err := hashComparator(h1, h2)
    if err != nil {
        return nil, err
    }

    var concatenated []byte
    if compare < 0 {
        concatenated = append(h1, h2...)
    } else {
        concatenated = append(h2, h1...)
    }

    newHash := sha256.Sum256(concatenated)
    return newHash[:], nil
}

func hashComparator(h1 []byte, h2 []byte) (int16, error) {
    if len(h1) != hashLength || len(h2) != hashLength {
        return 0, errors.New("invalid hash")
    }
    for i := range h1 {
        // Reverse index for little endianness
        index := hashLength - 1 - i

        // Handle byte being unsigned and overflow
        h1Int := int16(h1[index])
        h2Int := int16(h2[index])
        if h1Int > 127 {
            h1Int = 0 - (256 - h1Int)
        }
        if h2Int > 127 {
            h2Int = 0 - (256 - h2Int)
        }

        difference := h1Int - h2Int
        if difference != 0 {
            return difference, nil
        }
    }
    return 0, nil
}

/**
 * Takes two hashes, sorts them, concatenates them, and calculates a digest based on the concatenated hash.
 * @param h1 Byte array containing one of the hashes to compare.
 * @param h2 Byte array containing one of the hashes to compare.
 * @returns The digest calculated from the concatenated hash values.
 */
function dot(h1: Uint8Array, h2: Uint8Array): Uint8Array {
    if (h1.length === 0) {
        return h2;
    }
    if (h2.length === 0) {
        return h1;
    }

    const newHashLib = createHash("sha256");

    let concatenated: Uint8Array;
    if (hashComparator(h1, h2) < 0) {
        concatenated = concatenate(h1, h2);
    } else {
        concatenated = concatenate(h2, h1);
    }
    newHashLib.update(concatenated);
    return newHashLib.digest();
}

/**
 * Compares two hashes by their **signed** byte values in little-endian order.
 * @param hash1 The hash value to compare.
 * @param hash2 The hash value to compare.
 * @returns Zero if the hash values are equal, otherwise return the difference of the first pair of non-matching
 *          bytes.
 * @throws RangeError When the hash is not the correct hash size.
 */
function hashComparator(hash1: Uint8Array, hash2: Uint8Array): number {
    if (hash1.length !== HASH_SIZE || hash2.length !== HASH_SIZE) {
        throw new RangeError("Invalid hash.");
    }
    for (let i = hash1.length-1; i >= 0; i--) {
        const difference: number = (hash1[i]<<24 >>24) - (hash2[i]<<24 >>24);
        if (difference !== 0) {
            return difference;
        }
    }
    return 0;
}

/**
 * Helper method that concatenates two Uint8Array.
 * @param arrays List of arrays to concatenate, in the order provided.
 * @returns The concatenated array.
 */
function concatenate(...arrays: Uint8Array[]): Uint8Array {
    let totalLength = 0;
    for (const arr of arrays) {
        totalLength += arr.length;
    }
    const result = new Uint8Array(totalLength);
    let offset = 0;
    for (const arr of arrays) {
        result.set(arr, offset);
        offset += arr.length;
    }
    return result;
}

/**
 * Helper method that checks for equality between two Uint8Array.
 * @param expected Byte array containing one of the hashes to compare.
 * @param actual Byte array containing one of the hashes to compare.
 * @returns Boolean indicating equality between the two Uint8Array.
 */
function isEqual(expected: Uint8Array, actual: Uint8Array): boolean {
    if (expected === actual) return true;
    if (expected == null || actual == null) return false;
    if (expected.length !== actual.length) return false;

    for (let i = 0; i < expected.length; i++) {
        if (expected[i] !== actual[i]) {
            return false;
        }
    }
    return true;
}

def dot(hash1, hash2):
    """
    Takes two hashes, sorts them, concatenates them, and then returns the
    hash of the concatenated array.

    :type hash1: bytes
    :param hash1: The hash value to compare.

    :type hash2: bytes
    :param hash2: The hash value to compare.

    :rtype: bytes
    :return: The new hash value generated from concatenated hash values.
    """
    if len(hash1) != hash_length or len(hash2) != hash_length:
        raise ValueError('Illegal hash.')

    hash_array1 = array('b', hash1)
    hash_array2 = array('b', hash2)

    difference = 0
    for i in range(len(hash_array1) - 1, -1, -1):
        difference = hash_array1[i] - hash_array2[i]
        if difference != 0:
            break

    if difference < 0:
        concatenated = hash1 + hash2
    else:
        concatenated = hash2 + hash1

    new_hash_lib = sha256()
    new_hash_lib.update(concatenated)
    new_digest = new_hash_lib.digest()
    return new_digest

import com.amazon.ion.IonBlob;
import com.amazon.ion.IonDatagram;
import com.amazon.ion.IonList;
import com.amazon.ion.IonReader;
import com.amazon.ion.IonString;
import com.amazon.ion.IonStruct;
import com.amazon.ion.IonSystem;
import com.amazon.ion.IonValue;
import com.amazon.ion.system.IonSystemBuilder;
import com.amazonaws.services.qldb.AmazonQLDB;
import com.amazonaws.services.qldb.AmazonQLDBClientBuilder;
import com.amazonaws.services.qldb.model.GetBlockRequest;
import com.amazonaws.services.qldb.model.GetBlockResult;
import com.amazonaws.services.qldb.model.GetDigestRequest;
import com.amazonaws.services.qldb.model.GetDigestResult;
import com.amazonaws.services.qldb.model.GetRevisionRequest;
import com.amazonaws.services.qldb.model.GetRevisionResult;
import com.amazonaws.services.qldb.model.ValueHolder;
import java.security.MessageDigest;
import java.security.NoSuchAlgorithmException;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.ListIterator;

import software.amazon.awssdk.regions.Region;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.qldbsession.QldbSessionClient;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.qldbsession.QldbSessionClientBuilder;
import software.amazon.qldb.QldbDriver;
import software.amazon.qldb.Result;

public class BlockHashVerification {
    private static final IonSystem SYSTEM = IonSystemBuilder.standard().build();
    private static final QldbDriver driver = createQldbDriver();
    private static final AmazonQLDB client = AmazonQLDBClientBuilder.standard().build();
    private static final String region = "us-east-1";
    private static final String ledgerName = "vehicle-registration";
    private static final String tableName = "VehicleRegistration";
    private static final String vin = "KM8SRDHF6EU074761";
    private static final int HASH_LENGTH = 32;

    /**
     * Create a pooled driver for creating sessions.
     *
     * @return The pooled driver for creating sessions.
     */
    public static QldbDriver createQldbDriver() {
        QldbSessionClientBuilder sessionClientBuilder = QldbSessionClient.builder();
        sessionClientBuilder.region(Region.of(region));

        return QldbDriver.builder()
                .ledger(ledgerName)
                .sessionClientBuilder(sessionClientBuilder)
                .build();
    }

    /**
     * Takes two hashes, sorts them, concatenates them, and then returns the
     * hash of the concatenated array.
     *
     * @param h1
     *              Byte array containing one of the hashes to compare.
     * @param h2
     *              Byte array containing one of the hashes to compare.
     * @return the concatenated array of hashes.
     */
    public static byte[] dot(final byte[] h1, final byte[] h2) {
        if (h1.length != HASH_LENGTH || h2.length != HASH_LENGTH) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid hash.");
        }

        int byteEqual = 0;
        for (int i = h1.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
            byteEqual = Byte.compare(h1[i], h2[i]);
            if (byteEqual != 0) {
                break;
            }
        }

        byte[] concatenated = new byte[h1.length + h2.length];
        if (byteEqual < 0) {
            System.arraycopy(h1, 0, concatenated, 0, h1.length);
            System.arraycopy(h2, 0, concatenated, h1.length, h2.length);
        } else {
            System.arraycopy(h2, 0, concatenated, 0, h2.length);
            System.arraycopy(h1, 0, concatenated, h2.length, h1.length);
        }

        MessageDigest messageDigest;
        try {
            messageDigest = MessageDigest.getInstance("SHA-256");
        } catch (NoSuchAlgorithmException e) {
            throw new IllegalStateException("SHA-256 message digest is unavailable", e);
        }

        messageDigest.update(concatenated);
        return messageDigest.digest();
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        // Get a digest
        GetDigestRequest digestRequest = new GetDigestRequest().withName(ledgerName);
        GetDigestResult digestResult = client.getDigest(digestRequest);

        java.nio.ByteBuffer digest = digestResult.getDigest();

        // expectedDigest is the buffer we will use later to compare against our calculated digest
        byte[] expectedDigest = new byte[digest.remaining()];
        digest.get(expectedDigest);

        // Retrieve info for the given vin's document revisions
        Result result = driver.execute(txn -> {
            final String query = String.format("SELECT blockAddress, hash, metadata.id FROM _ql_committed_%s WHERE data.VIN = '%s'", tableName, vin);
            return txn.execute(query);
        });

        System.out.printf("Verifying document revisions for vin '%s' in table '%s' in ledger '%s'%n", vin, tableName, ledgerName);

        for (IonValue ionValue : result) {
            IonStruct ionStruct = (IonStruct)ionValue;

            // Get the requested fields
            IonValue blockAddress = ionStruct.get("blockAddress");
            IonBlob hash = (IonBlob)ionStruct.get("hash");
            String metadataId = ((IonString)ionStruct.get("id")).stringValue();

            System.out.printf("Verifying document revision for id '%s'%n", metadataId);

            String blockAddressText = blockAddress.toString();

            // Submit a request for the revision
            GetRevisionRequest revisionRequest = new GetRevisionRequest()
                    .withName(ledgerName)
                    .withBlockAddress(new ValueHolder().withIonText(blockAddressText))
                    .withDocumentId(metadataId)
                    .withDigestTipAddress(digestResult.getDigestTipAddress());

            // Get a result back
            GetRevisionResult revisionResult = client.getRevision(revisionRequest);

            String proofText = revisionResult.getProof().getIonText();

            // Take the proof and convert it to a list of byte arrays
            List<byte[]> internalHashes = new ArrayList<>();
            IonReader reader = SYSTEM.newReader(proofText);
            reader.next();
            reader.stepIn();
            while (reader.next() != null) {
                internalHashes.add(reader.newBytes());
            }

            // Calculate digest
            byte[] calculatedDigest = internalHashes.stream().reduce(hash.getBytes(), BlockHashVerification::dot);

            boolean verified = Arrays.equals(expectedDigest, calculatedDigest);

            if (verified) {
                System.out.printf("Successfully verified document revision for id '%s'!%n", metadataId);
            } else {
                System.out.printf("Document revision for id '%s' verification failed!%n", metadataId);
                return;
            }

            // Submit a request for the block
            GetBlockRequest getBlockRequest = new GetBlockRequest()
                    .withName(ledgerName)
                    .withBlockAddress(new ValueHolder().withIonText(blockAddressText))
                    .withDigestTipAddress(digestResult.getDigestTipAddress());

            // Get a result back
            GetBlockResult getBlockResult = client.getBlock(getBlockRequest);

            String blockText = getBlockResult.getBlock().getIonText();

            IonDatagram datagram = SYSTEM.getLoader().load(blockText);
            ionStruct = (IonStruct)datagram.get(0);

            final byte[] blockHash = ((IonBlob)ionStruct.get("blockHash")).getBytes();

            proofText = getBlockResult.getProof().getIonText();

            // Take the proof and create a list of hash binary data
            datagram = SYSTEM.getLoader().load(proofText);
            ListIterator<IonValue> listIter = ((IonList)datagram.iterator().next()).listIterator();

            internalHashes.clear();
            while (listIter.hasNext()) {
                internalHashes.add(((IonBlob)listIter.next()).getBytes());
            }

            // Calculate digest
            calculatedDigest = internalHashes.stream().reduce(blockHash, BlockHashVerification::dot);

            verified = Arrays.equals(expectedDigest, calculatedDigest);

            if (verified) {
                System.out.printf("Block address '%s' successfully verified!%n", blockAddressText);
            } else {
                System.out.printf("Block address '%s' verification failed!%n", blockAddressText);
            }
        }
    }
}

using Amazon.IonDotnet;
using Amazon.IonDotnet.Builders;
using Amazon.IonDotnet.Tree;
using Amazon.QLDB;
using Amazon.QLDB.Driver;
using Amazon.QLDB.Model;
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.IO;
using System.Linq;
using System.Security.Cryptography;

namespace BlockHashVerification
{
    class BlockHashVerification
    {
        private static readonly string ledgerName = "vehicle-registration";
        private static readonly string tableName = "VehicleRegistration";
        private static readonly string vin = "KM8SRDHF6EU074761";
        private static readonly IQldbDriver driver = QldbDriver.Builder().WithLedger(ledgerName).Build();
        private static readonly IAmazonQLDB client = new AmazonQLDBClient();

        /// <summary>
        /// Takes two hashes, sorts them, concatenates them, and then returns the
        /// hash of the concatenated array.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="h1">Byte array containing one of the hashes to compare.</param>
        /// <param name="h2">Byte array containing one of the hashes to compare.</param>
        /// <returns>The concatenated array of hashes.</returns>
        private static byte[] Dot(byte[] h1, byte[] h2)
        {
            if (h1.Length == 0)
            {
                return h2;
            }

            if (h2.Length == 0)
            {
                return h1;
            }

            HashAlgorithm hashAlgorithm = HashAlgorithm.Create("SHA256");
            HashComparer comparer = new HashComparer();
            if (comparer.Compare(h1, h2) < 0)
            {
                return hashAlgorithm.ComputeHash(h1.Concat(h2).ToArray());
            }
            else
            {
                return hashAlgorithm.ComputeHash(h2.Concat(h1).ToArray());
            }
        }

        private class HashComparer : IComparer<byte[]>
        {
            private static readonly int HASH_LENGTH = 32;

            public int Compare(byte[] h1, byte[] h2)
            {
                if (h1.Length != HASH_LENGTH || h2.Length != HASH_LENGTH)
                {
                    throw new ArgumentException("Invalid hash");
                }

                for (var i = h1.Length - 1; i >= 0; i--)
                {
                    var byteEqual = (sbyte)h1[i] - (sbyte)h2[i];
                    if (byteEqual != 0)
                    {
                        return byteEqual;
                    }
                }

                return 0;
            }
        }

        static void Main()
        {
            // Get a digest
            GetDigestRequest getDigestRequest = new GetDigestRequest
            {
                Name = ledgerName
            };
            GetDigestResponse getDigestResponse = client.GetDigestAsync(getDigestRequest).Result;

            // expectedDigest is the buffer we will use later to compare against our calculated digest
            MemoryStream digest = getDigestResponse.Digest;
            byte[] expectedDigest = digest.ToArray();

            // Retrieve info for the given vin's document revisions
            var result = driver.Execute(txn => {
                string query = $"SELECT blockAddress, hash, metadata.id FROM _ql_committed_{tableName} WHERE data.VIN = '{vin}'";
                return txn.Execute(query);
            });

            Console.WriteLine($"Verifying document revisions for vin '{vin}' in table '{tableName}' in ledger '{ledgerName}'");

            foreach (IIonValue ionValue in result)
            {
                IIonStruct ionStruct = ionValue;

                // Get the requested fields
                IIonValue blockAddress = ionStruct.GetField("blockAddress");
                IIonBlob hash = ionStruct.GetField("hash");
                String metadataId = ionStruct.GetField("id").StringValue;

                Console.WriteLine($"Verifying document revision for id '{metadataId}'");

                // Use an Ion Reader to convert block address to text
                IIonReader reader = IonReaderBuilder.Build(blockAddress);
                StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
                IIonWriter textWriter = IonTextWriterBuilder.Build(sw);
                textWriter.WriteValues(reader);
                string blockAddressText = sw.ToString();

                // Submit a request for the revision
                GetRevisionRequest revisionRequest = new GetRevisionRequest
                {
                    Name = ledgerName,
                    BlockAddress = new ValueHolder
                    {
                        IonText = blockAddressText
                    },
                    DocumentId = metadataId,
                    DigestTipAddress = getDigestResponse.DigestTipAddress
                };
                
                // Get a response back
                GetRevisionResponse revisionResponse = client.GetRevisionAsync(revisionRequest).Result;

                string proofText = revisionResponse.Proof.IonText;
                IIonDatagram proofValue = IonLoader.Default.Load(proofText);

                byte[] documentHash = hash.Bytes().ToArray();
                foreach (IIonValue proofHash in proofValue.GetElementAt(0))
                {
                    // Calculate the digest
                    documentHash = Dot(documentHash, proofHash.Bytes().ToArray());
                }

                bool verified = expectedDigest.SequenceEqual(documentHash);

                if (verified)
                {
                    Console.WriteLine($"Successfully verified document revision for id '{metadataId}'!");
                }
                else
                {
                    Console.WriteLine($"Document revision for id '{metadataId}' verification failed!");
                    return;
                }

                // Submit a request for the block
                GetBlockRequest getBlockRequest = new GetBlockRequest
                {
                    Name = ledgerName,
                    BlockAddress = new ValueHolder
                    {
                        IonText = blockAddressText
                    },
                    DigestTipAddress = getDigestResponse.DigestTipAddress
                };

                // Get a response back
                GetBlockResponse getBlockResponse = client.GetBlockAsync(getBlockRequest).Result;

                string blockText = getBlockResponse.Block.IonText;
                IIonDatagram blockValue = IonLoader.Default.Load(blockText);

                // blockValue is a IonDatagram, and the first value is an IonStruct containing the blockHash
                byte[] blockHash = blockValue.GetElementAt(0).GetField("blockHash").Bytes().ToArray();

                proofText = getBlockResponse.Proof.IonText;
                proofValue = IonLoader.Default.Load(proofText);

                foreach (IIonValue proofHash in proofValue.GetElementAt(0))
                {
                    // Calculate the digest
                    blockHash = Dot(blockHash, proofHash.Bytes().ToArray());
                }

                verified = expectedDigest.SequenceEqual(blockHash);

                if (verified)
                {
                    Console.WriteLine($"Block address '{blockAddressText}' successfully verified!");
                }
                else
                {
                    Console.WriteLine($"Block address '{blockAddressText}' verification failed!");
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

package main

import (
    "context"
    "crypto/sha256"
    "errors"
    "fmt"
    "reflect"

    "github.com/amzn/ion-go/ion"
    "github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go/aws"
    AWSSession "github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go/aws/session"
    "github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go/service/qldb"
    "github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go/service/qldbsession"
    "github.com/awslabs/amazon-qldb-driver-go/qldbdriver"
)

const (
    hashLength = 32
    ledgerName = "vehicle-registration"
    tableName  = "VehicleRegistration"
    vin        = "KM8SRDHF6EU074761"
)

// Takes two hashes, sorts them, concatenates them, and then returns the hash of the concatenated array.
func dot(h1, h2 []byte) ([]byte, error) {
    compare, err := hashComparator(h1, h2)
    if err != nil {
        return nil, err
    }

    var concatenated []byte
    if compare < 0 {
        concatenated = append(h1, h2...)
    } else {
        concatenated = append(h2, h1...)
    }

    newHash := sha256.Sum256(concatenated)
    return newHash[:], nil
}

func hashComparator(h1 []byte, h2 []byte) (int16, error) {
    if len(h1) != hashLength || len(h2) != hashLength {
        return 0, errors.New("invalid hash")
    }
    for i := range h1 {
        // Reverse index for little endianness
        index := hashLength - 1 - i

        // Handle byte being unsigned and overflow
        h1Int := int16(h1[index])
        h2Int := int16(h2[index])
        if h1Int > 127 {
            h1Int = 0 - (256 - h1Int)
        }
        if h2Int > 127 {
            h2Int = 0 - (256 - h2Int)
        }

        difference := h1Int - h2Int
        if difference != 0 {
            return difference, nil
        }
    }
    return 0, nil
}

func main() {
    driverSession := AWSSession.Must(AWSSession.NewSession(aws.NewConfig()))
    qldbSession := qldbsession.New(driverSession)
    driver, err := qldbdriver.New(ledgerName, qldbSession, func(options *qldbdriver.DriverOptions) {})
    if err != nil {
        panic(err)
    }
    client := qldb.New(driverSession)

    // Get a digest
    currentLedgerName := ledgerName
    input := qldb.GetDigestInput{Name: &currentLedgerName}
    digestOutput, err := client.GetDigest(&input)
    if err != nil {
        panic(err)
    }

    // expectedDigest is the buffer we will later use to compare against our calculated digest
    expectedDigest := digestOutput.Digest

    // Retrieve info for the given vin's document revisions
    result, err := driver.Execute(context.Background(), func(txn qldbdriver.Transaction) (interface{}, error) {
        statement := fmt.Sprintf(
                "SELECT blockAddress, hash, metadata.id FROM _ql_committed_%s WHERE data.VIN = '%s'",
                tableName,
                vin)
        result, err := txn.Execute(statement)
        if err != nil {
            return nil, err
        }

        results := make([]map[string]interface{}, 0)

        // Convert the result set into a map
        for result.Next(txn) {
            var doc map[string]interface{}
            err := ion.Unmarshal(result.GetCurrentData(), &doc)
            if err != nil {
                return nil, err
            }
            results = append(results, doc)
        }
        return results, nil
    })
    if err != nil {
        panic(err)
    }
    resultSlice := result.([]map[string]interface{})

    fmt.Printf("Verifying document revisions for vin '%s' in table '%s' in ledger '%s'\n", vin, tableName, ledgerName)

    for _, value := range resultSlice {
        // Get the requested fields
        ionBlockAddress, err := ion.MarshalText(value["blockAddress"])
        if err != nil {
            panic(err)
        }
        blockAddress := string(ionBlockAddress)
        metadataId := value["id"].(string)
        documentHash := value["hash"].([]byte)

        fmt.Printf("Verifying document revision for id '%s'\n", metadataId)

        // Submit a request for the revision
        revisionInput := qldb.GetRevisionInput{
            BlockAddress:     &qldb.ValueHolder{IonText: &blockAddress},
            DigestTipAddress: digestOutput.DigestTipAddress,
            DocumentId:       &metadataId,
            Name:             &currentLedgerName,
        }

        // Get a result back
        revisionOutput, err := client.GetRevision(&revisionInput)
        if err != nil {
            panic(err)
        }

        proofText := revisionOutput.Proof.IonText

        // Use ion.Reader to iterate over the proof's node hashes
        reader := ion.NewReaderString(*proofText)
        // Enter the struct containing node hashes
        reader.Next()
        if err := reader.StepIn(); err != nil {
            panic(err)
        }

        // Going through nodes and calculate digest
        for reader.Next() {
            val, _ := reader.ByteValue()
            documentHash, err = dot(documentHash, val)
        }

        // Compare documentHash with the expected digest
        verified := reflect.DeepEqual(documentHash, expectedDigest)

        if verified {
            fmt.Printf("Successfully verified document revision for id '%s'!\n", metadataId)
        } else {
            fmt.Printf("Document revision for id '%s' verification failed!\n", metadataId)
            return
        }

        // Submit a request for the block
        blockInput := qldb.GetBlockInput{
            Name:             &currentLedgerName,
            BlockAddress:     &qldb.ValueHolder{IonText: &blockAddress},
            DigestTipAddress: digestOutput.DigestTipAddress,
        }

        // Get a result back
        blockOutput, err := client.GetBlock(&blockInput)
        if err != nil {
            panic(err)
        }

        proofText = blockOutput.Proof.IonText

        block := new(map[string]interface{})
        err = ion.UnmarshalString(*blockOutput.Block.IonText, block)
        if err != nil {
            panic(err)
        }

        blockHash := (*block)["blockHash"].([]byte)

        // Use ion.Reader to iterate over the proof's node hashes
        reader = ion.NewReaderString(*proofText)
        // Enter the struct containing node hashes
        reader.Next()
        if err := reader.StepIn(); err != nil {
            panic(err)
        }

        // Going through nodes and calculate digest
        for reader.Next() {
            val, err := reader.ByteValue()
            if err != nil {
                panic(err)
            }
            blockHash, err = dot(blockHash, val)
        }

        // Compare blockHash with the expected digest
        verified = reflect.DeepEqual(blockHash, expectedDigest)

        if verified {
            fmt.Printf("Block address '%s' successfully verified!\n", blockAddress)
        } else {
            fmt.Printf("Block address '%s' verification failed!\n", blockAddress)
            return
        }
    }
}

import { QldbDriver, Result, TransactionExecutor} from "amazon-qldb-driver-nodejs";
import { QLDB } from "aws-sdk"
import { GetBlockRequest, GetBlockResponse, GetDigestRequest, GetDigestResponse, GetRevisionRequest, GetRevisionResponse } from "aws-sdk/clients/qldb";
import { createHash } from "crypto";
import { dom, dumpText, load } from "ion-js"

const ledgerName: string = "vehicle-registration";
const tableName: string = "VehicleRegistration";
const vin: string = "KM8SRDHF6EU074761";
const driver: QldbDriver = new QldbDriver(ledgerName);
const qldbClient: QLDB = new QLDB();
const HASH_SIZE = 32;

/**
 * Takes two hashes, sorts them, concatenates them, and calculates a digest based on the concatenated hash.
 * @param h1 Byte array containing one of the hashes to compare.
 * @param h2 Byte array containing one of the hashes to compare.
 * @returns The digest calculated from the concatenated hash values.
 */
function dot(h1: Uint8Array, h2: Uint8Array): Uint8Array {
    if (h1.length === 0) {
        return h2;
    }
    if (h2.length === 0) {
        return h1;
    }

    const newHashLib = createHash("sha256");

    let concatenated: Uint8Array;
    if (hashComparator(h1, h2) < 0) {
        concatenated = concatenate(h1, h2);
    } else {
        concatenated = concatenate(h2, h1);
    }
    newHashLib.update(concatenated);
    return newHashLib.digest();
}

/**
 * Compares two hashes by their **signed** byte values in little-endian order.
 * @param hash1 The hash value to compare.
 * @param hash2 The hash value to compare.
 * @returns Zero if the hash values are equal, otherwise return the difference of the first pair of non-matching
 *          bytes.
 * @throws RangeError When the hash is not the correct hash size.
 */
function hashComparator(hash1: Uint8Array, hash2: Uint8Array): number {
    if (hash1.length !== HASH_SIZE || hash2.length !== HASH_SIZE) {
        throw new RangeError("Invalid hash.");
    }
    for (let i = hash1.length-1; i >= 0; i--) {
        const difference: number = (hash1[i]<<24 >>24) - (hash2[i]<<24 >>24);
        if (difference !== 0) {
            return difference;
        }
    }
    return 0;
}

/**
 * Helper method that concatenates two Uint8Array.
 * @param arrays List of arrays to concatenate, in the order provided.
 * @returns The concatenated array.
 */
function concatenate(...arrays: Uint8Array[]): Uint8Array {
    let totalLength = 0;
    for (const arr of arrays) {
        totalLength += arr.length;
    }
    const result = new Uint8Array(totalLength);
    let offset = 0;
    for (const arr of arrays) {
        result.set(arr, offset);
        offset += arr.length;
    }
    return result;
}

/**
 * Helper method that checks for equality between two Uint8Array.
 * @param expected Byte array containing one of the hashes to compare.
 * @param actual Byte array containing one of the hashes to compare.
 * @returns Boolean indicating equality between the two Uint8Array.
 */
function isEqual(expected: Uint8Array, actual: Uint8Array): boolean {
    if (expected === actual) return true;
    if (expected == null || actual == null) return false;
    if (expected.length !== actual.length) return false;

    for (let i = 0; i < expected.length; i++) {
        if (expected[i] !== actual[i]) {
            return false;
        }
    }
    return true;
}

const main = async function (): Promise<void> {
    // Get a digest
    const getDigestRequest: GetDigestRequest = {
        Name: ledgerName
    };
    const getDigestResponse: GetDigestResponse = await qldbClient.getDigest(getDigestRequest).promise();

    // expectedDigest is the buffer we will later use to compare against our calculated digest
    const expectedDigest: Uint8Array = <Uint8Array>getDigestResponse.Digest;

    const result: dom.Value[] = await driver.executeLambda(async (txn: TransactionExecutor): Promise<dom.Value[]> => {
        const query: string = `SELECT blockAddress, hash, metadata.id FROM _ql_committed_${tableName} WHERE data.VIN = '${vin}'`;
        const queryResult: Result = await txn.execute(query);
        return queryResult.getResultList();
    });

    console.log(`Verifying document revisions for vin '${vin}' in table '${tableName}' in ledger '${ledgerName}'`);

    for (let value of result) {
        // Get the requested fields
        const blockAddress: dom.Value = value.get("blockAddress");
        const hash: dom.Value = value.get("hash");
        const metadataId: string = value.get("id").stringValue();

        console.log(`Verifying document revision for id '${metadataId}'`);

        // Submit a request for the revision
        const revisionRequest: GetRevisionRequest = {
            Name: ledgerName,
            BlockAddress: {
                IonText: dumpText(blockAddress)
            },
            DocumentId: metadataId,
            DigestTipAddress: getDigestResponse.DigestTipAddress
        };

        // Get a response back
        const revisionResponse: GetRevisionResponse = await qldbClient.getRevision(revisionRequest).promise();

        let proofValue: dom.Value = load(revisionResponse.Proof.IonText);

        let documentHash: Uint8Array = hash.uInt8ArrayValue();
        proofValue.elements().forEach((proofHash: dom.Value) => {
            // Calculate the digest
            documentHash = dot(documentHash, proofHash.uInt8ArrayValue());
        });

        let verified: boolean = isEqual(expectedDigest, documentHash);

        if (verified) {
            console.log(`Successfully verified document revision for id '${metadataId}'!`);
        } else {
            console.log(`Document revision for id '${metadataId}' verification failed!`);
            return;
        }

        // Submit a request for the block
        const getBlockRequest: GetBlockRequest = {
            Name: ledgerName,
            BlockAddress: {
                IonText: dumpText(blockAddress)
            },
            DigestTipAddress: getDigestResponse.DigestTipAddress
        };

        // Get a response back
        const getBlockResponse: GetBlockResponse = await qldbClient.getBlock(getBlockRequest).promise();

        const blockValue: dom.Value = load(getBlockResponse.Block.IonText)
        let blockHash: Uint8Array = blockValue.get("blockHash").uInt8ArrayValue();

        proofValue = load(getBlockResponse.Proof.IonText);

        proofValue.elements().forEach((proofHash: dom.Value) => {
            // Calculate the digest
            blockHash = dot(blockHash, proofHash.uInt8ArrayValue());
        });

        verified = isEqual(expectedDigest, blockHash);

        if (verified) {
            console.log(`Block address '${dumpText(blockAddress)}' successfully verified!`);
        } else {
            console.log(`Block address '${dumpText(blockAddress)}' verification failed!`);
        }
    }
};

if (require.main === module) {
    main();
}

from amazon.ion.simpleion import dumps, loads
from array import array
from boto3 import client
from functools import reduce
from hashlib import sha256
from pyqldb.driver.qldb_driver import QldbDriver

ledger_name = 'vehicle-registration'
table_name = 'VehicleRegistration'
vin = 'KM8SRDHF6EU074761'
qldb_client = client('qldb')
hash_length = 32


def query_doc_revision(txn):
    query = "SELECT blockAddress, hash, metadata.id FROM _ql_committed_{} WHERE data.VIN = '{}'".format(table_name, vin)
    return txn.execute_statement(query)


def block_address_to_dictionary(ion_dict):
    """
    Convert a block address from IonPyDict into a dictionary.
    Shape of the dictionary must be: {'IonText': "{strandId: <"strandId">, sequenceNo: <sequenceNo>}"}

    :type ion_dict: :py:class:`amazon.ion.simple_types.IonPyDict`/str
    :param ion_dict: The block address value to convert.

    :rtype: dict
    :return: The converted dict.
    """
    block_address = {'IonText': {}}
    if not isinstance(ion_dict, str):
        py_dict = '{{strandId: "{}", sequenceNo:{}}}'.format(ion_dict['strandId'], ion_dict['sequenceNo'])
        ion_dict = py_dict
    block_address['IonText'] = ion_dict
    return block_address


def dot(hash1, hash2):
    """
    Takes two hashes, sorts them, concatenates them, and then returns the
    hash of the concatenated array.

    :type hash1: bytes
    :param hash1: The hash value to compare.

    :type hash2: bytes
    :param hash2: The hash value to compare.

    :rtype: bytes
    :return: The new hash value generated from concatenated hash values.
    """
    if len(hash1) != hash_length or len(hash2) != hash_length:
        raise ValueError('Illegal hash.')

    hash_array1 = array('b', hash1)
    hash_array2 = array('b', hash2)

    difference = 0
    for i in range(len(hash_array1) - 1, -1, -1):
        difference = hash_array1[i] - hash_array2[i]
        if difference != 0:
            break

    if difference < 0:
        concatenated = hash1 + hash2
    else:
        concatenated = hash2 + hash1

    new_hash_lib = sha256()
    new_hash_lib.update(concatenated)
    new_digest = new_hash_lib.digest()
    return new_digest


# Get a digest
get_digest_response = qldb_client.get_digest(Name=ledger_name)

# expected_digest is the buffer we will later use to compare against our calculated digest
expected_digest = get_digest_response.get('Digest')
digest_tip_address = get_digest_response.get('DigestTipAddress')

qldb_driver = QldbDriver(ledger_name=ledger_name)

# Retrieve info for the given vin's document revisions
result = qldb_driver.execute_lambda(query_doc_revision)

print("Verifying document revisions for vin '{}' in table '{}' in ledger '{}'".format(vin, table_name, ledger_name))

for value in result:
    # Get the requested fields
    block_address = value['blockAddress']
    document_hash = value['hash']
    metadata_id = value['id']

    print("Verifying document revision for id '{}'".format(metadata_id))

    # Submit a request for the revision and get a result back
    proof_response = qldb_client.get_revision(Name=ledger_name,
                                              BlockAddress=block_address_to_dictionary(block_address),
                                              DocumentId=metadata_id,
                                              DigestTipAddress=digest_tip_address)

    proof_text = proof_response.get('Proof').get('IonText')
    proof_hashes = loads(proof_text)

    # Calculate digest
    calculated_digest = reduce(dot, proof_hashes, document_hash)

    verified = calculated_digest == expected_digest
    if verified:
        print("Successfully verified document revision for id '{}'!".format(metadata_id))
    else:
        print("Document revision for id '{}' verification failed!".format(metadata_id))

    # Submit a request for the block and get a result back
    block_response = qldb_client.get_block(Name=ledger_name, BlockAddress=block_address_to_dictionary(block_address),
                                           DigestTipAddress=digest_tip_address)

    block_text = block_response.get('Block').get('IonText')
    block = loads(block_text)

    block_hash = block.get('blockHash')

    proof_text = block_response.get('Proof').get('IonText')
    proof_hashes = loads(proof_text)

    # Calculate digest
    calculated_digest = reduce(dot, proof_hashes, block_hash)

    verified = calculated_digest == expected_digest
    if verified:
        print("Block address '{}' successfully verified!".format(dumps(block_address,
                                                                       binary=False,
                                                                       omit_version_marker=True)))
    else:
        print("Block address '{}' verification failed!".format(block_address))