使用 SDK for Python (Boto3) 的 CloudWatch 範例

執行互動式案例，示範 CloudWatch OpenTelemetry 體驗。

from collections import Counter
from datetime import datetime, timedelta, timezone
import json
import logging
import random
import sys
import boto3
from botocore.exceptions import ClientError

from cloudwatch_basics import CloudWatchWrapper
from cloudwatch_otel import CloudWatchOTelWrapper

logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)

DEFAULT_QUERY = "avg by (host) (system_cpu_utilization) > 80"

# Valid evaluation intervals are 10, 20, 30, or any multiple of 60 up to 3600 seconds.
EVALUATION_INTERVAL = 60
PENDING_PERIOD = 300
RECOVERY_PERIOD = 120

DASHES = "-" * 80


class CloudWatchScenario:
    """Runs an interactive scenario that shows how to use Amazon CloudWatch."""

    def __init__(self, cloudwatch_wrapper, otel_wrapper):
        """
        :param cloudwatch_wrapper: An object that wraps CloudWatch metric, statistic,
                                   and dashboard actions.
        :param otel_wrapper: An object that wraps CloudWatch OTel enrichment, PromQL
                             alarm, and alarm mute rule actions.
        """
        self.cloudwatch_wrapper = cloudwatch_wrapper
        self.otel_wrapper = otel_wrapper

        # Suffix the resource names so repeated runs do not collide.
        suffix = random.randint(1000, 9999)
        self.alarm_name = f"doc-example-promql-alarm-{suffix}"
        self.dashboard_name = f"doc-example-dashboard-{suffix}"
        self.mute_rule_name = f"doc-example-mute-rule-{suffix}"

        # Tracks whether this run turned enrichment on, so that cleanup only turns off
        # enrichment that this run started.
        self.started_enrichment = False
        self.dashboard_created = False

    def run_scenario(self):
        """Runs the eight steps of the scenario in order."""
        print(DASHES)
        print("Welcome to the Amazon CloudWatch Basics scenario.")
        print(
            "\nCloudWatch now ingests OpenTelemetry metrics natively. This scenario walks\n"
            "through that experience: it turns on OTel enrichment so CloudWatch can\n"
            "correlate incoming OTLP metrics with the resources that produced them, alarms\n"
            "on those metrics with a PromQL query, and shows you which individual series\n"
            "drove the alarm.\n"
            "\nA PromQL alarm works differently from a classic metric alarm. Rather than\n"
            "watching one metric and counting breaching periods, it evaluates a query that\n"
            "can match many series at once, and tracks each one separately as a contributor."
        )
        print(DASHES)

        namespaces = self.list_metrics_and_namespaces()
        self.start_otel_enrichment()
        self.explain_otlp_ingestion()
        self.create_promql_alarm()
        self.inspect_alarm_contributors()
        self.get_statistics_and_chart_metric(namespaces)
        self.mute_alarm_for_maintenance()

    def list_metrics_and_namespaces(self):
        """
        Lists the metrics and namespaces already present in the account, to orient the
        reader before any configuration happens.

        :return: A Counter of namespace to metric count, most common first.
        """
        print("1. List metrics and namespaces")
        print(
            "\nBefore configuring anything, let's see what CloudWatch is already\n"
            "collecting in this account by calling ListMetrics.\n"
        )

        namespaces = Counter()
        metric_count = 0
        for metric in self.cloudwatch_wrapper.list_all_metrics():
            namespaces[metric.namespace] += 1
            metric_count += 1
            # This account may have a very large number of metrics, so stop once we
            # have enough to give the reader a sense of what is there.
            if metric_count >= 500:
                break

        print(f"\tFound {metric_count} metrics across {len(namespaces)} namespaces:")
        for namespace, count in namespaces.most_common(10):
            print(f"\t  {namespace} ({count} metrics)")

        if not namespaces:
            print(
                "\tNo metrics found in this account. The statistics and dashboard steps\n"
                "\tlater on need an existing metric, so they will be skipped."
            )

        print(DASHES)
        return namespaces

    def start_otel_enrichment(self):
        """
        Starts OTel enrichment, but only if it is not already running. Enrichment is
        what makes CloudWatch attach AWS resource context to incoming OTLP metrics.
        """
        print("2. Start OpenTelemetry enrichment")
        print(
            "\nEnrichment is what lets CloudWatch attach AWS resource context to the OTLP\n"
            "metrics you send it. Without it, your metrics arrive as opaque series with no\n"
            "connection to the resources that emitted them.\n"
            "\nWe check the current state first, and only start enrichment if it isn't\n"
            "already on.\n"
        )

        status = self.otel_wrapper.get_otel_enrichment_status()
        print(f"\tEnrichment status: {status}")

        if status != "Running":
            self.otel_wrapper.start_otel_enrichment()
            self.started_enrichment = True
            status = self.otel_wrapper.get_otel_enrichment_status()
            print(f"\tEnrichment status: {status}")
            print(
                "\n\tNote: this run started enrichment, so the cleanup step will stop it\n"
                "\tagain."
            )
        else:
            print(
                "\n\tEnrichment was already running, so we will leave it alone. The cleanup\n"
                "\tstep will not stop it, because other workloads in this account may\n"
                "\tdepend on it."
            )

        print(DASHES)

    @staticmethod
    def explain_otlp_ingestion():
        """
        Explains that OTLP metric ingestion is not an AWS SDK operation. This step makes
        no service call; naming the gap explicitly is the point.
        """
        print("3. Send OTLP metrics to CloudWatch")
        print(
            "\nThis step is not an AWS SDK operation, and that's worth being explicit\n"
            "about. Metrics reach CloudWatch over the OTLP protocol, through the CloudWatch\n"
            "agent, an OpenTelemetry Collector, or an ADOT SDK. There is no PutOTelMetrics\n"
            "API to call.\n"
            "\nPoint your collector at the CloudWatch metrics endpoint, which follows the\n"
            "pattern\n"
            "\thttps://monitoring.<region>.amazonaws.com/v1/metrics\n"
            "\nThe endpoint is HTTP/1.1 only and does not support gRPC, so use an otlphttp\n"
            "exporter rather than otlp. The metrics endpoint signs as 'monitoring'.\n"
            "\nSee otlp_collector_config.yaml in this folder for a working collector\n"
            "configuration."
        )
        print(DASHES)

    def create_promql_alarm(self):
        """Creates an alarm whose evaluation is a PromQL query."""
        print("4. Create a PromQL alarm")
        print(
            "\nNow we alarm on those metrics. The comparison goes inside the query itself:\n"
            "a PromQL alarm has no separate threshold, comparison operator, statistic, or\n"
            "period.\n"
        )

        query = (
            input(
                f"Enter a PromQL query, or press ENTER for [{DEFAULT_QUERY}]: "
            ).strip()
            or DEFAULT_QUERY
        )

        self.otel_wrapper.create_promql_alarm(
            self.alarm_name,
            query,
            EVALUATION_INTERVAL,
            pending_period=PENDING_PERIOD,
            recovery_period=RECOVERY_PERIOD,
            description="A PromQL alarm created by the Boto3 Basics scenario.",
        )

        print(f"\tCreated alarm {self.alarm_name}:")
        print(f"\t  query:              {query}")
        print(f"\t  evaluationInterval: {EVALUATION_INTERVAL} seconds")
        print(f"\t  pendingPeriod:      {PENDING_PERIOD} seconds")
        print(f"\t  recoveryPeriod:     {RECOVERY_PERIOD} seconds")
        print(
            "\n\tA PromQL alarm starts in the OK state rather than INSUFFICIENT_DATA, which\n"
            "\tis another way it differs from a classic alarm."
        )
        print(DASHES)

    def inspect_alarm_contributors(self):
        """
        Shows which individual series the alarm's query matched. This is the step with
        no classic-alarm equivalent.
        """
        print("5. Inspect the alarm's contributors")
        print(
            "\nEach contributor is one series the query matched, identified by its label\n"
            "set. This is how you find out which host is unhealthy rather than only that\n"
            "something is. Classic alarms have no equivalent.\n"
        )

        contributors = self.otel_wrapper.describe_alarm_contributors(self.alarm_name)

        if not contributors:
            print(
                "\tNo contributors yet. The query matched no series, which usually means no\n"
                "\tOTel metrics with these labels have arrived. Once your collector is\n"
                "\tsending data, each matching series appears here with its labels and the\n"
                "\treason it breached."
            )
        else:
            print(f"\tFound {len(contributors)} contributors:")
            for contributor in contributors:
                labels = ", ".join(
                    f"{key}={value}"
                    for key, value in sorted(
                        contributor.get("ContributorAttributes", {}).items()
                    )
                )
                print(f"\t  {contributor['ContributorId']}: {labels}")
                print(f"\t    reason: {contributor.get('StateReason')}")

        print(DASHES)

    def get_statistics_and_chart_metric(self, namespaces):
        """
        Gets statistics for an existing metric and charts it on a dashboard, so the
        reader can see what the alarm is evaluating.

        :param namespaces: The Counter of namespaces discovered in step 1.
        """
        print("6. Get statistics and chart the metric on a dashboard")
        print(
            "\nStatistics and dashboards are how you see what the alarm is evaluating.\n"
        )

        if not namespaces:
            print("\tSkipping statistics and dashboard because no metrics exist yet.")
            print(DASHES)
            return

        namespace = namespaces.most_common(1)[0][0]
        metric = next(
            (
                candidate
                for candidate in self.cloudwatch_wrapper.list_all_metrics()
                if candidate.namespace == namespace
            ),
            None,
        )

        if metric is None:
            print(f"\tNo metrics found in namespace {namespace}, skipping.")
            print(DASHES)
            return

        try:
            stats = self.cloudwatch_wrapper.get_metric_statistics(
                metric.namespace,
                metric.name,
                datetime.now(timezone.utc) - timedelta(days=1),
                datetime.now(timezone.utc),
                3600,
                ["Average", "Maximum"],
            )
            datapoints = stats["Datapoints"]
            print(
                f"\tStatistics for {metric.namespace} {metric.name} over the last day:"
            )
            print(f"\t  Datapoints: {len(datapoints)}")
            for datapoint in datapoints[:3]:
                print(
                    f"\t  {datapoint['Timestamp']} average {datapoint.get('Average')}, "
                    f"maximum {datapoint.get('Maximum')}"
                )
        except ClientError as error:
            print(f"\tCould not get statistics: {error}")

        try:
            region = self.otel_wrapper.cloudwatch_client.meta.region_name
            body = self.build_dashboard_body(metric, region)
            messages = self.cloudwatch_wrapper.put_dashboard(self.dashboard_name, body)
            self.dashboard_created = True
            for message in messages:
                print(f"\tDashboard validation message: {message.get('Message')}")
            print(f"\tCreated dashboard {self.dashboard_name}.")

            stored = self.cloudwatch_wrapper.get_dashboard(self.dashboard_name)
            print(
                f"\tRead the dashboard back, {len(stored)} characters of widget JSON."
            )
        except ClientError as error:
            print(f"\tCould not create the dashboard: {error}")

        print(DASHES)

    @staticmethod
    def build_dashboard_body(metric, region):
        """
        Builds a single-widget dashboard body that charts the given metric.

        :param metric: A Boto3 CloudWatch Metric resource.
        :param region: The region the metric is in. A metric widget must name its
                       region, because a dashboard can chart metrics from several.
        :return: The dashboard body, as a JSON string.
        """
        metric_spec = [metric.namespace, metric.name]
        for dimension in metric.dimensions or []:
            metric_spec.extend([dimension["Name"], dimension["Value"]])

        return json.dumps(
            {
                "widgets": [
                    {
                        "type": "text",
                        "x": 0,
                        "y": 0,
                        "width": 24,
                        "height": 2,
                        "properties": {
                            "markdown": "This dashboard was created programmatically "
                            "by an AWS SDK code example."
                        },
                    },
                    {
                        "type": "metric",
                        "x": 0,
                        "y": 2,
                        "width": 12,
                        "height": 6,
                        "properties": {
                            "metrics": [metric_spec],
                            "view": "timeSeries",
                            "stat": "Average",
                            "period": 300,
                            "region": region,
                            "title": metric.name,
                        },
                    },
                ]
            }
        )

    def mute_alarm_for_maintenance(self):
        """
        Creates a mute rule so the alarm's actions are suppressed during a maintenance
        window, then reads it back and finds it in the account's rules.
        """
        print("7. Mute the alarm for a maintenance window")
        print(
            "\nWhile a mute rule is active the targeted alarms keep evaluating and keep\n"
            "changing state, but their actions do not fire. This is the supported way to\n"
            "suppress notifications during planned maintenance, instead of disabling alarm\n"
            "actions and hoping someone remembers to turn them back on.\n"
        )

        # The expression is a five-field cron expression,
        # cron(Minutes Hours Day-of-month Month Day-of-week). Note that this is five
        # fields, not the six that Amazon EventBridge uses. For a one-time window, use
        # at(yyyy-MM-ddThh:mm), with no seconds. The duration is an ISO 8601 duration
        # from PT1M to P15D, so PT2H rather than 2h.
        expression = "cron(0 2 * * SUN)"
        duration = "PT2H"
        tz = "America/Los_Angeles"

        self.otel_wrapper.put_alarm_mute_rule(
            self.mute_rule_name,
            expression,
            duration,
            alarm_names=[self.alarm_name],
            timezone=tz,
            description="A mute rule created by the Boto3 Basics scenario.",
        )

        print(f"\tCreated mute rule {self.mute_rule_name}:")
        print(f"\t  schedule: {expression} for {duration}")
        print(f"\t  timezone: {tz}")
        print(f"\t  targets:  {self.alarm_name}")
        print(
            "\n\tNote the two formats here. The expression is a five-field cron expression,\n"
            "\tfive rather than the six Amazon EventBridge uses. The duration is an ISO 8601\n"
            "\tduration, so 'PT2H' and not '2h'.\n"
            "\n\tAlso note that MuteTargets is set explicitly. If you leave it out, the rule\n"
            "\tapplies to every alarm in the account."
        )

        mute_rule = self.otel_wrapper.get_alarm_mute_rule(self.mute_rule_name)
        print(
            f"\tRead the rule back: status {mute_rule.get('Status')}, "
            f"mute type {mute_rule.get('MuteType')}."
        )

        summaries = self.otel_wrapper.list_alarm_mute_rules(alarm_name=self.alarm_name)
        print(f"\tFound {len(summaries)} mute rules targeting this alarm.")
        # Mute rule summaries carry no name field, only an ARN, so match on the ARN
        # suffix.
        for summary in summaries:
            arn = summary.get("AlarmMuteRuleArn", "")
            if arn.endswith(f"/{self.mute_rule_name}") or arn.endswith(
                f":{self.mute_rule_name}"
            ):
                print(f"\t  matched by ARN: {arn} ({summary.get('Status')})")
                break

        print(DASHES)

    def clean_up(self):
        """
        Deletes the resources the scenario created. Each deletion is attempted
        independently so that one failure does not leave the remaining resources behind.
        """
        print("8. Clean up")
        answer = input("Delete the resources this scenario created? (y/n) ")
        if answer.strip().lower() != "y":
            print(
                "\tSkipping cleanup. Note that the alarm, dashboard, and mute rule are\n"
                "\tstill in your account, and enrichment may still be running."
            )
            print(DASHES)
            return

        try:
            self.otel_wrapper.delete_alarm_mute_rule(self.mute_rule_name)
            print(f"\tDeleted mute rule {self.mute_rule_name}.")
        except ClientError as error:
            print(f"\tCould not delete the mute rule: {error}")

        try:
            self.otel_wrapper.delete_alarms([self.alarm_name])
            print(f"\tDeleted alarm {self.alarm_name}.")
        except ClientError as error:
            print(f"\tCould not delete the alarm: {error}")

        if self.dashboard_created:
            try:
                self.cloudwatch_wrapper.delete_dashboards([self.dashboard_name])
                print(f"\tDeleted dashboard {self.dashboard_name}.")
            except ClientError as error:
                print(f"\tCould not delete the dashboard: {error}")

        if self.started_enrichment:
            try:
                self.otel_wrapper.stop_otel_enrichment()
                print("\tStopped OTel enrichment, because this run started it.")
            except ClientError as error:
                print(f"\tCould not stop OTel enrichment: {error}")
        else:
            print(
                "\tLeft OTel enrichment running, because it was already on before this run."
            )

        print(DASHES)


def main():
    logging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO, format="%(levelname)s: %(message)s")

    scenario = CloudWatchScenario(
        CloudWatchWrapper(boto3.resource("cloudwatch")),
        CloudWatchOTelWrapper(boto3.client("cloudwatch")),
    )
    try:
        scenario.run_scenario()
    except Exception:  # pylint: disable=broad-except
        logging.exception("Something went wrong with the scenario.")
    finally:
        scenario.clean_up()

    print("This concludes the Amazon CloudWatch Basics scenario.")


if __name__ == "__main__":
    sys.exit(main())

包裝 CloudWatch OpenTelemetry 操作案例呼叫的類別。

import logging
import time

import boto3
from botocore.exceptions import ClientError

logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)


class CloudWatchOTelWrapper:
    """Encapsulates the OpenTelemetry-oriented Amazon CloudWatch operations."""

    def __init__(self, cloudwatch_client):
        """
        :param cloudwatch_client: A Boto3 CloudWatch client. The OpenTelemetry
                                  operations are only available on the client
                                  interface, not on the higher-level
                                  ``boto3.resource("cloudwatch")`` interface.
        """
        self.cloudwatch_client = cloudwatch_client

    @classmethod
    def from_client(cls):
        """
        Creates a wrapper backed by a default CloudWatch client.

        :return: A CloudWatchOTelWrapper.
        """
        return cls(boto3.client("cloudwatch"))


    def get_otel_enrichment_status(self):
        """
        Gets the current OTel enrichment status for the account.

        :return: The status, either 'Running' or 'Stopped'.
        """
        try:
            response = self.cloudwatch_client.get_o_tel_enrichment()
        except ClientError:
            logger.exception("Couldn't get the OTel enrichment status.")
            raise
        else:
            status = response["Status"]
            logger.info("OTel enrichment status is %s.", status)
            return status


    def start_otel_enrichment(self):
        """
        Turns on OTel enrichment for the account. Once enrichment is running,
        CloudWatch vended metrics that carry a resource identifier dimension, such as
        the EC2 CPUUtilization metric with its InstanceId dimension, are decorated with
        resource ARN and resource tag labels and become queryable with PromQL.

        Resource tags on telemetry must already be enabled for the account before you
        call this operation.
        """
        try:
            # Boto3 splits the OTel prefix when it converts the StartOTelEnrichment
            # operation name to snake case, so the method is start_o_tel_enrichment.
            self.cloudwatch_client.start_o_tel_enrichment()
            logger.info("Started OTel enrichment for this account.")
        except ClientError:
            logger.exception("Couldn't start OTel enrichment.")
            raise


    def create_promql_alarm(
        self,
        alarm_name,
        query,
        evaluation_interval,
        pending_period=300,
        recovery_period=120,
        description=None,
        alarm_actions=None,
    ):
        """
        Creates an alarm that evaluates a PromQL query.

        A PromQL alarm differs from a classic metric alarm in a few ways. The query can
        match many series at once, and each matching series is tracked separately as a
        *contributor*. Instead of counting breaching periods, you specify durations: a
        contributor moves to ALARM after it breaches continuously for the pending
        period, and back to OK after it stops breaching for the recovery period. A
        PromQL alarm starts in the OK state rather than INSUFFICIENT_DATA.

        The PromQL evaluation parameters live in the EvaluationCriteria union, which is
        mutually exclusive with the classic MetricName and Metrics parameters. When you
        use EvaluationCriteria you must also set EvaluationInterval, and you must not
        set Period, Statistic, Threshold, ComparisonOperator, EvaluationPeriods,
        DatapointsToAlarm, or TreatMissingData.

        :param alarm_name: The name of the alarm. Must be unique within the Region.
        :param query: The PromQL query to evaluate, such as
                      'avg(cpu_utilization_percent) > 80'. The comparison belongs in
                      the query itself; there is no separate threshold parameter.
        :param evaluation_interval: How often, in seconds, to run the query. Valid
                                    values are 10, 20, 30, and any multiple of 60, up
                                    to 3600.
        :param pending_period: How long, in seconds, a contributor must breach
                               continuously before it moves to ALARM.
        :param recovery_period: How long, in seconds, a contributor must stop breaching
                                before it moves back to OK.
        :param description: The description of the alarm.
        :param alarm_actions: A list of ARNs to notify when the alarm fires, such as an
                              Amazon SNS topic.
        """
        promql_criteria = {
            "Query": query,
            "PendingPeriod": pending_period,
            "RecoveryPeriod": recovery_period,
        }
        kwargs = {
            "AlarmName": alarm_name,
            "EvaluationCriteria": {"PromQLCriteria": promql_criteria},
            "EvaluationInterval": evaluation_interval,
        }
        if description is not None:
            kwargs["AlarmDescription"] = description
        if alarm_actions is not None:
            kwargs["AlarmActions"] = alarm_actions

        try:
            self.cloudwatch_client.put_metric_alarm(**kwargs)
            logger.info("Created PromQL alarm %s for query %s.", alarm_name, query)
        except ClientError:
            logger.exception("Couldn't create PromQL alarm %s.", alarm_name)
            raise


    def describe_alarm_contributors(self, alarm_name):
        """
        Gets the contributors for a PromQL alarm. Each contributor is one series that
        the alarm's query matched, identified by its label set. This is how you find out
        *which* hosts, services, or pods are breaching, rather than only that something
        is.

        :param alarm_name: The name of the PromQL alarm.
        :return: The list of contributors. Each contributor has a ContributorId, a
                 ContributorAttributes map of the labels that identify the series, a
                 StateReason, and the time it last changed state.
        """
        contributors = []
        try:
            next_token = None
            while True:
                kwargs = {"AlarmName": alarm_name}
                if next_token is not None:
                    kwargs["NextToken"] = next_token
                response = self.cloudwatch_client.describe_alarm_contributors(**kwargs)
                contributors.extend(response["AlarmContributors"])
                next_token = response.get("NextToken")
                if not next_token:
                    break
        except ClientError:
            logger.exception("Couldn't get contributors for alarm %s.", alarm_name)
            raise
        else:
            logger.info(
                "Got %s contributors for alarm %s.", len(contributors), alarm_name
            )
            return contributors


    def put_alarm_mute_rule(
        self,
        name,
        expression,
        duration,
        alarm_names=None,
        timezone=None,
        description=None,
    ):
        """
        Creates or updates an alarm mute rule. While a mute rule is active the targeted
        alarms keep evaluating and keep transitioning between states, but their
        configured actions do not fire. This is the supported way to suppress
        notifications during a known maintenance window instead of disabling alarm
        actions and hoping someone remembers to turn them back on.

        :param name: The name of the mute rule.
        :param expression: When the rule activates. For a recurring window, use a
                           five-field cron expression,
                           'cron(Minutes Hours Day-of-month Month Day-of-week)', such as
                           'cron(0 2 * * SUN)' for every Sunday at 2:00 AM. Note that
                           this is five fields, not the six that Amazon EventBridge
                           uses. For a one-time window, use 'at(yyyy-MM-ddThh:mm)',
                           such as 'at(2026-09-05T02:00)'.
        :param duration: How long the mute window lasts once it activates, in ISO 8601
                         duration format, from 'PT1M' (one minute) to 'P15D' (15 days).
                         For example, 'PT2H' is two hours and 'P2DT12H' is two days and
                         12 hours.
        :param alarm_names: The names of up to 100 alarms to mute. If omitted, the rule
                            applies to all alarms in the account.
        :param timezone: The time zone the expression is evaluated in, such as
                         'America/Los_Angeles'.
        :param description: The description of the mute rule.
        """
        schedule = {"Expression": expression, "Duration": duration}
        if timezone is not None:
            schedule["Timezone"] = timezone

        kwargs = {"Name": name, "Rule": {"Schedule": schedule}}
        if alarm_names is not None:
            kwargs["MuteTargets"] = {"AlarmNames": alarm_names}
        if description is not None:
            kwargs["Description"] = description

        try:
            self.cloudwatch_client.put_alarm_mute_rule(**kwargs)
            logger.info("Put alarm mute rule %s.", name)
        except ClientError:
            logger.exception("Couldn't put alarm mute rule %s.", name)
            raise


    def get_alarm_mute_rule(self, name):
        """
        Gets the full configuration of an alarm mute rule, including its schedule, the
        alarms it targets, and whether it is currently SCHEDULED, ACTIVE, or EXPIRED.

        :param name: The name of the mute rule.
        :return: The mute rule.
        """
        try:
            response = self.cloudwatch_client.get_alarm_mute_rule(
                AlarmMuteRuleName=name
            )
        except ClientError:
            logger.exception("Couldn't get alarm mute rule %s.", name)
            raise
        else:
            logger.info("Got alarm mute rule %s.", name)
            return response


    def list_alarm_mute_rules(self, alarm_name=None, statuses=None):
        """
        Lists alarm mute rules in the account.

        :param alarm_name: When specified, only rules that target this alarm are
                           returned.
        :param statuses: When specified, only rules in these statuses are returned.
                         Valid values are 'SCHEDULED', 'ACTIVE', and 'EXPIRED'.
        :return: The list of mute rule summaries.
        """
        summaries = []
        try:
            next_token = None
            while True:
                kwargs = {}
                if alarm_name is not None:
                    kwargs["AlarmName"] = alarm_name
                if statuses is not None:
                    kwargs["Statuses"] = statuses
                if next_token is not None:
                    kwargs["NextToken"] = next_token
                response = self.cloudwatch_client.list_alarm_mute_rules(**kwargs)
                summaries.extend(response.get("AlarmMuteRuleSummaries", []))
                next_token = response.get("NextToken")
                if not next_token:
                    break
        except ClientError:
            logger.exception("Couldn't list alarm mute rules.")
            raise
        else:
            logger.info("Got %s alarm mute rules.", len(summaries))
            return summaries


    def delete_alarm_mute_rule(self, name):
        """
        Deletes an alarm mute rule.

        :param name: The name of the mute rule.
        """
        try:
            self.cloudwatch_client.delete_alarm_mute_rule(AlarmMuteRuleName=name)
            logger.info("Deleted alarm mute rule %s.", name)
        except ClientError:
            logger.exception("Couldn't delete alarm mute rule %s.", name)
            raise


    def stop_otel_enrichment(self):
        """
        Turns off OTel enrichment for the account. Existing PromQL alarms are not
        deleted, but vended metrics stop being enriched with resource ARN and tag
        labels, so queries that select on those labels stop matching.
        """
        try:
            self.cloudwatch_client.stop_o_tel_enrichment()
            logger.info("Stopped OTel enrichment for this account.")
        except ClientError:
            logger.exception("Couldn't stop OTel enrichment.")
            raise

案例呼叫的指標、統計資料和儀表板操作。

    def list_all_metrics(self):
        """
        Gets every metric in the account, without filtering by namespace or name. Use
        this to discover what CloudWatch is already collecting before you configure
        anything.

        :return: An iterator that yields the retrieved metrics.
        """
        try:
            metric_iter = self.cloudwatch_resource.metrics.all()
            logger.info("Got all metrics for the account.")
        except ClientError:
            logger.exception("Couldn't get metrics for the account.")
            raise
        else:
            return metric_iter


    def get_metric_statistics(self, namespace, name, start, end, period, stat_types):
        """
        Gets statistics for a metric within a specified time span. Metrics are grouped
        into the specified period.

        :param namespace: The namespace of the metric.
        :param name: The name of the metric.
        :param start: The UTC start time of the time span to retrieve.
        :param end: The UTC end time of the time span to retrieve.
        :param period: The period, in seconds, in which to group metrics. The period
                       must match the granularity of the metric, which depends on
                       the metric's age. For example, metrics that are older than
                       three hours have a one-minute granularity, so the period must
                       be at least 60 and must be a multiple of 60.
        :param stat_types: The type of statistics to retrieve, such as average value
                           or maximum value.
        :return: The retrieved statistics for the metric.
        """
        try:
            metric = self.cloudwatch_resource.Metric(namespace, name)
            stats = metric.get_statistics(
                StartTime=start, EndTime=end, Period=period, Statistics=stat_types
            )
            logger.info(
                "Got %s statistics for %s.", len(stats["Datapoints"]), stats["Label"]
            )
        except ClientError:
            logger.exception("Couldn't get statistics for %s.%s.", namespace, name)
            raise
        else:
            return stats


    def put_dashboard(self, name, body):
        """
        Creates or replaces a dashboard. The body is a JSON document describing the
        dashboard's widgets.

        :param name: The name of the dashboard.
        :param body: The dashboard body, as a JSON string.
        :return: Any validation messages the service returned. An empty list means the
                 dashboard body was accepted as written.
        """
        try:
            response = self.cloudwatch_resource.meta.client.put_dashboard(
                DashboardName=name, DashboardBody=body
            )
            logger.info("Put dashboard %s.", name)
        except ClientError:
            logger.exception("Couldn't put dashboard %s.", name)
            raise
        else:
            return response.get("DashboardValidationMessages", [])


    def get_dashboard(self, name):
        """
        Gets a dashboard's body, so you can confirm what the service actually stored.

        :param name: The name of the dashboard.
        :return: The dashboard body, as a JSON string.
        """
        try:
            response = self.cloudwatch_resource.meta.client.get_dashboard(
                DashboardName=name
            )
            logger.info("Got dashboard %s.", name)
        except ClientError:
            logger.exception("Couldn't get dashboard %s.", name)
            raise
        else:
            return response["DashboardBody"]


    def delete_dashboards(self, names):
        """
        Deletes the specified dashboards.

        :param names: The names of the dashboards to delete.
        """
        try:
            self.cloudwatch_resource.meta.client.delete_dashboards(DashboardNames=names)
            logger.info("Deleted dashboards %s.", ", ".join(names))
        except ClientError:
            logger.exception("Couldn't delete dashboards %s.", ", ".join(names))
            raise

class CloudWatchOTelWrapper:
    """Encapsulates the OpenTelemetry-oriented Amazon CloudWatch operations."""

    def __init__(self, cloudwatch_client):
        """
        :param cloudwatch_client: A Boto3 CloudWatch client. The OpenTelemetry
                                  operations are only available on the client
                                  interface, not on the higher-level
                                  ``boto3.resource("cloudwatch")`` interface.
        """
        self.cloudwatch_client = cloudwatch_client

    @classmethod
    def from_client(cls):
        """
        Creates a wrapper backed by a default CloudWatch client.

        :return: A CloudWatchOTelWrapper.
        """
        return cls(boto3.client("cloudwatch"))


    def delete_alarm_mute_rule(self, name):
        """
        Deletes an alarm mute rule.

        :param name: The name of the mute rule.
        """
        try:
            self.cloudwatch_client.delete_alarm_mute_rule(AlarmMuteRuleName=name)
            logger.info("Deleted alarm mute rule %s.", name)
        except ClientError:
            logger.exception("Couldn't delete alarm mute rule %s.", name)
            raise

class CloudWatchWrapper:
    """Encapsulates Amazon CloudWatch functions."""

    def __init__(self, cloudwatch_resource):
        """
        :param cloudwatch_resource: A Boto3 CloudWatch resource.
        """
        self.cloudwatch_resource = cloudwatch_resource


    def delete_metric_alarms(self, metric_namespace, metric_name):
        """
        Deletes all of the alarms that are currently watching the specified metric.

        :param metric_namespace: The namespace of the metric.
        :param metric_name: The name of the metric.
        """
        try:
            metric = self.cloudwatch_resource.Metric(metric_namespace, metric_name)
            metric.alarms.delete()
            logger.info(
                "Deleted alarms for metric %s.%s.", metric_namespace, metric_name
            )
        except ClientError:
            logger.exception(
                "Couldn't delete alarms for metric %s.%s.",
                metric_namespace,
                metric_name,
            )
            raise

class CloudWatchOTelWrapper:
    """Encapsulates the OpenTelemetry-oriented Amazon CloudWatch operations."""

    def __init__(self, cloudwatch_client):
        """
        :param cloudwatch_client: A Boto3 CloudWatch client. The OpenTelemetry
                                  operations are only available on the client
                                  interface, not on the higher-level
                                  ``boto3.resource("cloudwatch")`` interface.
        """
        self.cloudwatch_client = cloudwatch_client

    @classmethod
    def from_client(cls):
        """
        Creates a wrapper backed by a default CloudWatch client.

        :return: A CloudWatchOTelWrapper.
        """
        return cls(boto3.client("cloudwatch"))


    def describe_alarm_contributors(self, alarm_name):
        """
        Gets the contributors for a PromQL alarm. Each contributor is one series that
        the alarm's query matched, identified by its label set. This is how you find out
        *which* hosts, services, or pods are breaching, rather than only that something
        is.

        :param alarm_name: The name of the PromQL alarm.
        :return: The list of contributors. Each contributor has a ContributorId, a
                 ContributorAttributes map of the labels that identify the series, a
                 StateReason, and the time it last changed state.
        """
        contributors = []
        try:
            next_token = None
            while True:
                kwargs = {"AlarmName": alarm_name}
                if next_token is not None:
                    kwargs["NextToken"] = next_token
                response = self.cloudwatch_client.describe_alarm_contributors(**kwargs)
                contributors.extend(response["AlarmContributors"])
                next_token = response.get("NextToken")
                if not next_token:
                    break
        except ClientError:
            logger.exception("Couldn't get contributors for alarm %s.", alarm_name)
            raise
        else:
            logger.info(
                "Got %s contributors for alarm %s.", len(contributors), alarm_name
            )
            return contributors

class CloudWatchWrapper:
    """Encapsulates Amazon CloudWatch functions."""

    def __init__(self, cloudwatch_resource):
        """
        :param cloudwatch_resource: A Boto3 CloudWatch resource.
        """
        self.cloudwatch_resource = cloudwatch_resource


    def get_metric_alarms(self, metric_namespace, metric_name):
        """
        Gets the alarms that are currently watching the specified metric.

        :param metric_namespace: The namespace of the metric.
        :param metric_name: The name of the metric.
        :returns: An iterator that yields the alarms.
        """
        metric = self.cloudwatch_resource.Metric(metric_namespace, metric_name)
        alarm_iter = metric.alarms.all()
        logger.info("Got alarms for metric %s.%s.", metric_namespace, metric_name)
        return alarm_iter

class CloudWatchWrapper:
    """Encapsulates Amazon CloudWatch functions."""

    def __init__(self, cloudwatch_resource):
        """
        :param cloudwatch_resource: A Boto3 CloudWatch resource.
        """
        self.cloudwatch_resource = cloudwatch_resource


    def enable_alarm_actions(self, alarm_name, enable):
        """
        Enables or disables actions on the specified alarm. Alarm actions can be
        used to send notifications or automate responses when an alarm enters a
        particular state.

        :param alarm_name: The name of the alarm.
        :param enable: When True, actions are enabled for the alarm. Otherwise, they
                       disabled.
        """
        try:
            alarm = self.cloudwatch_resource.Alarm(alarm_name)
            if enable:
                alarm.enable_actions()
            else:
                alarm.disable_actions()
            logger.info(
                "%s actions for alarm %s.",
                "Enabled" if enable else "Disabled",
                alarm_name,
            )
        except ClientError:
            logger.exception(
                "Couldn't %s actions alarm %s.",
                "enable" if enable else "disable",
                alarm_name,
            )
            raise

class CloudWatchWrapper:
    """Encapsulates Amazon CloudWatch functions."""

    def __init__(self, cloudwatch_resource):
        """
        :param cloudwatch_resource: A Boto3 CloudWatch resource.
        """
        self.cloudwatch_resource = cloudwatch_resource


    def enable_alarm_actions(self, alarm_name, enable):
        """
        Enables or disables actions on the specified alarm. Alarm actions can be
        used to send notifications or automate responses when an alarm enters a
        particular state.

        :param alarm_name: The name of the alarm.
        :param enable: When True, actions are enabled for the alarm. Otherwise, they
                       disabled.
        """
        try:
            alarm = self.cloudwatch_resource.Alarm(alarm_name)
            if enable:
                alarm.enable_actions()
            else:
                alarm.disable_actions()
            logger.info(
                "%s actions for alarm %s.",
                "Enabled" if enable else "Disabled",
                alarm_name,
            )
        except ClientError:
            logger.exception(
                "Couldn't %s actions alarm %s.",
                "enable" if enable else "disable",
                alarm_name,
            )
            raise

class CloudWatchOTelWrapper:
    """Encapsulates the OpenTelemetry-oriented Amazon CloudWatch operations."""

    def __init__(self, cloudwatch_client):
        """
        :param cloudwatch_client: A Boto3 CloudWatch client. The OpenTelemetry
                                  operations are only available on the client
                                  interface, not on the higher-level
                                  ``boto3.resource("cloudwatch")`` interface.
        """
        self.cloudwatch_client = cloudwatch_client

    @classmethod
    def from_client(cls):
        """
        Creates a wrapper backed by a default CloudWatch client.

        :return: A CloudWatchOTelWrapper.
        """
        return cls(boto3.client("cloudwatch"))


    def get_alarm_mute_rule(self, name):
        """
        Gets the full configuration of an alarm mute rule, including its schedule, the
        alarms it targets, and whether it is currently SCHEDULED, ACTIVE, or EXPIRED.

        :param name: The name of the mute rule.
        :return: The mute rule.
        """
        try:
            response = self.cloudwatch_client.get_alarm_mute_rule(
                AlarmMuteRuleName=name
            )
        except ClientError:
            logger.exception("Couldn't get alarm mute rule %s.", name)
            raise
        else:
            logger.info("Got alarm mute rule %s.", name)
            return response

class CloudWatchWrapper:
    """Encapsulates Amazon CloudWatch functions."""

    def __init__(self, cloudwatch_resource):
        """
        :param cloudwatch_resource: A Boto3 CloudWatch resource.
        """
        self.cloudwatch_resource = cloudwatch_resource


    def get_metric_statistics(self, namespace, name, start, end, period, stat_types):
        """
        Gets statistics for a metric within a specified time span. Metrics are grouped
        into the specified period.

        :param namespace: The namespace of the metric.
        :param name: The name of the metric.
        :param start: The UTC start time of the time span to retrieve.
        :param end: The UTC end time of the time span to retrieve.
        :param period: The period, in seconds, in which to group metrics. The period
                       must match the granularity of the metric, which depends on
                       the metric's age. For example, metrics that are older than
                       three hours have a one-minute granularity, so the period must
                       be at least 60 and must be a multiple of 60.
        :param stat_types: The type of statistics to retrieve, such as average value
                           or maximum value.
        :return: The retrieved statistics for the metric.
        """
        try:
            metric = self.cloudwatch_resource.Metric(namespace, name)
            stats = metric.get_statistics(
                StartTime=start, EndTime=end, Period=period, Statistics=stat_types
            )
            logger.info(
                "Got %s statistics for %s.", len(stats["Datapoints"]), stats["Label"]
            )
        except ClientError:
            logger.exception("Couldn't get statistics for %s.%s.", namespace, name)
            raise
        else:
            return stats

class CloudWatchOTelWrapper:
    """Encapsulates the OpenTelemetry-oriented Amazon CloudWatch operations."""

    def __init__(self, cloudwatch_client):
        """
        :param cloudwatch_client: A Boto3 CloudWatch client. The OpenTelemetry
                                  operations are only available on the client
                                  interface, not on the higher-level
                                  ``boto3.resource("cloudwatch")`` interface.
        """
        self.cloudwatch_client = cloudwatch_client

    @classmethod
    def from_client(cls):
        """
        Creates a wrapper backed by a default CloudWatch client.

        :return: A CloudWatchOTelWrapper.
        """
        return cls(boto3.client("cloudwatch"))


    def get_otel_enrichment_status(self):
        """
        Gets the current OTel enrichment status for the account.

        :return: The status, either 'Running' or 'Stopped'.
        """
        try:
            response = self.cloudwatch_client.get_o_tel_enrichment()
        except ClientError:
            logger.exception("Couldn't get the OTel enrichment status.")
            raise
        else:
            status = response["Status"]
            logger.info("OTel enrichment status is %s.", status)
            return status

class CloudWatchOTelWrapper:
    """Encapsulates the OpenTelemetry-oriented Amazon CloudWatch operations."""

    def __init__(self, cloudwatch_client):
        """
        :param cloudwatch_client: A Boto3 CloudWatch client. The OpenTelemetry
                                  operations are only available on the client
                                  interface, not on the higher-level
                                  ``boto3.resource("cloudwatch")`` interface.
        """
        self.cloudwatch_client = cloudwatch_client

    @classmethod
    def from_client(cls):
        """
        Creates a wrapper backed by a default CloudWatch client.

        :return: A CloudWatchOTelWrapper.
        """
        return cls(boto3.client("cloudwatch"))


    def list_alarm_mute_rules(self, alarm_name=None, statuses=None):
        """
        Lists alarm mute rules in the account.

        :param alarm_name: When specified, only rules that target this alarm are
                           returned.
        :param statuses: When specified, only rules in these statuses are returned.
                         Valid values are 'SCHEDULED', 'ACTIVE', and 'EXPIRED'.
        :return: The list of mute rule summaries.
        """
        summaries = []
        try:
            next_token = None
            while True:
                kwargs = {}
                if alarm_name is not None:
                    kwargs["AlarmName"] = alarm_name
                if statuses is not None:
                    kwargs["Statuses"] = statuses
                if next_token is not None:
                    kwargs["NextToken"] = next_token
                response = self.cloudwatch_client.list_alarm_mute_rules(**kwargs)
                summaries.extend(response.get("AlarmMuteRuleSummaries", []))
                next_token = response.get("NextToken")
                if not next_token:
                    break
        except ClientError:
            logger.exception("Couldn't list alarm mute rules.")
            raise
        else:
            logger.info("Got %s alarm mute rules.", len(summaries))
            return summaries

class CloudWatchWrapper:
    """Encapsulates Amazon CloudWatch functions."""

    def __init__(self, cloudwatch_resource):
        """
        :param cloudwatch_resource: A Boto3 CloudWatch resource.
        """
        self.cloudwatch_resource = cloudwatch_resource


    def list_metrics(self, namespace, name, recent=False):
        """
        Gets the metrics within a namespace that have the specified name.
        If the metric has no dimensions, a single metric is returned.
        Otherwise, metrics for all dimensions are returned.

        :param namespace: The namespace of the metric.
        :param name: The name of the metric.
        :param recent: When True, only metrics that have been active in the last
                       three hours are returned.
        :return: An iterator that yields the retrieved metrics.
        """
        try:
            kwargs = {"Namespace": namespace, "MetricName": name}
            if recent:
                kwargs["RecentlyActive"] = "PT3H"  # List past 3 hours only
            metric_iter = self.cloudwatch_resource.metrics.filter(**kwargs)
            logger.info("Got metrics for %s.%s.", namespace, name)
        except ClientError:
            logger.exception("Couldn't get metrics for %s.%s.", namespace, name)
            raise
        else:
            return metric_iter

class CloudWatchOTelWrapper:
    """Encapsulates the OpenTelemetry-oriented Amazon CloudWatch operations."""

    def __init__(self, cloudwatch_client):
        """
        :param cloudwatch_client: A Boto3 CloudWatch client. The OpenTelemetry
                                  operations are only available on the client
                                  interface, not on the higher-level
                                  ``boto3.resource("cloudwatch")`` interface.
        """
        self.cloudwatch_client = cloudwatch_client

    @classmethod
    def from_client(cls):
        """
        Creates a wrapper backed by a default CloudWatch client.

        :return: A CloudWatchOTelWrapper.
        """
        return cls(boto3.client("cloudwatch"))


    def put_alarm_mute_rule(
        self,
        name,
        expression,
        duration,
        alarm_names=None,
        timezone=None,
        description=None,
    ):
        """
        Creates or updates an alarm mute rule. While a mute rule is active the targeted
        alarms keep evaluating and keep transitioning between states, but their
        configured actions do not fire. This is the supported way to suppress
        notifications during a known maintenance window instead of disabling alarm
        actions and hoping someone remembers to turn them back on.

        :param name: The name of the mute rule.
        :param expression: When the rule activates. For a recurring window, use a
                           five-field cron expression,
                           'cron(Minutes Hours Day-of-month Month Day-of-week)', such as
                           'cron(0 2 * * SUN)' for every Sunday at 2:00 AM. Note that
                           this is five fields, not the six that Amazon EventBridge
                           uses. For a one-time window, use 'at(yyyy-MM-ddThh:mm)',
                           such as 'at(2026-09-05T02:00)'.
        :param duration: How long the mute window lasts once it activates, in ISO 8601
                         duration format, from 'PT1M' (one minute) to 'P15D' (15 days).
                         For example, 'PT2H' is two hours and 'P2DT12H' is two days and
                         12 hours.
        :param alarm_names: The names of up to 100 alarms to mute. If omitted, the rule
                            applies to all alarms in the account.
        :param timezone: The time zone the expression is evaluated in, such as
                         'America/Los_Angeles'.
        :param description: The description of the mute rule.
        """
        schedule = {"Expression": expression, "Duration": duration}
        if timezone is not None:
            schedule["Timezone"] = timezone

        kwargs = {"Name": name, "Rule": {"Schedule": schedule}}
        if alarm_names is not None:
            kwargs["MuteTargets"] = {"AlarmNames": alarm_names}
        if description is not None:
            kwargs["Description"] = description

        try:
            self.cloudwatch_client.put_alarm_mute_rule(**kwargs)
            logger.info("Put alarm mute rule %s.", name)
        except ClientError:
            logger.exception("Couldn't put alarm mute rule %s.", name)
            raise

建立警示，根據 OpenTelemetry 指標評估 PromQL 查詢。

class CloudWatchOTelWrapper:
    """Encapsulates the OpenTelemetry-oriented Amazon CloudWatch operations."""

    def __init__(self, cloudwatch_client):
        """
        :param cloudwatch_client: A Boto3 CloudWatch client. The OpenTelemetry
                                  operations are only available on the client
                                  interface, not on the higher-level
                                  ``boto3.resource("cloudwatch")`` interface.
        """
        self.cloudwatch_client = cloudwatch_client

    @classmethod
    def from_client(cls):
        """
        Creates a wrapper backed by a default CloudWatch client.

        :return: A CloudWatchOTelWrapper.
        """
        return cls(boto3.client("cloudwatch"))


    def create_promql_alarm(
        self,
        alarm_name,
        query,
        evaluation_interval,
        pending_period=300,
        recovery_period=120,
        description=None,
        alarm_actions=None,
    ):
        """
        Creates an alarm that evaluates a PromQL query.

        A PromQL alarm differs from a classic metric alarm in a few ways. The query can
        match many series at once, and each matching series is tracked separately as a
        *contributor*. Instead of counting breaching periods, you specify durations: a
        contributor moves to ALARM after it breaches continuously for the pending
        period, and back to OK after it stops breaching for the recovery period. A
        PromQL alarm starts in the OK state rather than INSUFFICIENT_DATA.

        The PromQL evaluation parameters live in the EvaluationCriteria union, which is
        mutually exclusive with the classic MetricName and Metrics parameters. When you
        use EvaluationCriteria you must also set EvaluationInterval, and you must not
        set Period, Statistic, Threshold, ComparisonOperator, EvaluationPeriods,
        DatapointsToAlarm, or TreatMissingData.

        :param alarm_name: The name of the alarm. Must be unique within the Region.
        :param query: The PromQL query to evaluate, such as
                      'avg(cpu_utilization_percent) > 80'. The comparison belongs in
                      the query itself; there is no separate threshold parameter.
        :param evaluation_interval: How often, in seconds, to run the query. Valid
                                    values are 10, 20, 30, and any multiple of 60, up
                                    to 3600.
        :param pending_period: How long, in seconds, a contributor must breach
                               continuously before it moves to ALARM.
        :param recovery_period: How long, in seconds, a contributor must stop breaching
                                before it moves back to OK.
        :param description: The description of the alarm.
        :param alarm_actions: A list of ARNs to notify when the alarm fires, such as an
                              Amazon SNS topic.
        """
        promql_criteria = {
            "Query": query,
            "PendingPeriod": pending_period,
            "RecoveryPeriod": recovery_period,
        }
        kwargs = {
            "AlarmName": alarm_name,
            "EvaluationCriteria": {"PromQLCriteria": promql_criteria},
            "EvaluationInterval": evaluation_interval,
        }
        if description is not None:
            kwargs["AlarmDescription"] = description
        if alarm_actions is not None:
            kwargs["AlarmActions"] = alarm_actions

        try:
            self.cloudwatch_client.put_metric_alarm(**kwargs)
            logger.info("Created PromQL alarm %s for query %s.", alarm_name, query)
        except ClientError:
            logger.exception("Couldn't create PromQL alarm %s.", alarm_name)
            raise

建立評估單一 CloudWatch 指標的警示。

class CloudWatchWrapper:
    """Encapsulates Amazon CloudWatch functions."""

    def __init__(self, cloudwatch_resource):
        """
        :param cloudwatch_resource: A Boto3 CloudWatch resource.
        """
        self.cloudwatch_resource = cloudwatch_resource


    def create_metric_alarm(
        self,
        metric_namespace,
        metric_name,
        alarm_name,
        stat_type,
        period,
        eval_periods,
        threshold,
        comparison_op,
    ):
        """
        Creates an alarm that watches a metric.

        :param metric_namespace: The namespace of the metric.
        :param metric_name: The name of the metric.
        :param alarm_name: The name of the alarm.
        :param stat_type: The type of statistic the alarm watches.
        :param period: The period in which metric data are grouped to calculate
                       statistics.
        :param eval_periods: The number of periods that the metric must be over the
                             alarm threshold before the alarm is set into an alarmed
                             state.
        :param threshold: The threshold value to compare against the metric statistic.
        :param comparison_op: The comparison operation used to compare the threshold
                              against the metric.
        :return: The newly created alarm.
        """
        try:
            metric = self.cloudwatch_resource.Metric(metric_namespace, metric_name)
            alarm = metric.put_alarm(
                AlarmName=alarm_name,
                Statistic=stat_type,
                Period=period,
                EvaluationPeriods=eval_periods,
                Threshold=threshold,
                ComparisonOperator=comparison_op,
            )
            logger.info(
                "Added alarm %s to track metric %s.%s.",
                alarm_name,
                metric_namespace,
                metric_name,
            )
        except ClientError:
            logger.exception(
                "Couldn't add alarm %s to metric %s.%s",
                alarm_name,
                metric_namespace,
                metric_name,
            )
            raise
        else:
            return alarm

class CloudWatchWrapper:
    """Encapsulates Amazon CloudWatch functions."""

    def __init__(self, cloudwatch_resource):
        """
        :param cloudwatch_resource: A Boto3 CloudWatch resource.
        """
        self.cloudwatch_resource = cloudwatch_resource


    def put_metric_data(self, namespace, name, value, unit):
        """
        Sends a single data value to CloudWatch for a metric. This metric is given
        a timestamp of the current UTC time.

        :param namespace: The namespace of the metric.
        :param name: The name of the metric.
        :param value: The value of the metric.
        :param unit: The unit of the metric.
        """
        try:
            metric = self.cloudwatch_resource.Metric(namespace, name)
            metric.put_data(
                Namespace=namespace,
                MetricData=[{"MetricName": name, "Value": value, "Unit": unit}],
            )
            logger.info("Put data for metric %s.%s", namespace, name)
        except ClientError:
            logger.exception("Couldn't put data for metric %s.%s", namespace, name)
            raise

將一組資料放入 CloudWatch 指標。

class CloudWatchWrapper:
    """Encapsulates Amazon CloudWatch functions."""

    def __init__(self, cloudwatch_resource):
        """
        :param cloudwatch_resource: A Boto3 CloudWatch resource.
        """
        self.cloudwatch_resource = cloudwatch_resource


    def put_metric_data_set(self, namespace, name, timestamp, unit, data_set):
        """
        Sends a set of data to CloudWatch for a metric. All of the data in the set
        have the same timestamp and unit.

        :param namespace: The namespace of the metric.
        :param name: The name of the metric.
        :param timestamp: The UTC timestamp for the metric.
        :param unit: The unit of the metric.
        :param data_set: The set of data to send. This set is a dictionary that
                         contains a list of values and a list of corresponding counts.
                         The value and count lists must be the same length.
        """
        try:
            metric = self.cloudwatch_resource.Metric(namespace, name)
            metric.put_data(
                Namespace=namespace,
                MetricData=[
                    {
                        "MetricName": name,
                        "Timestamp": timestamp,
                        "Values": data_set["values"],
                        "Counts": data_set["counts"],
                        "Unit": unit,
                    }
                ],
            )
            logger.info("Put data set for metric %s.%s.", namespace, name)
        except ClientError:
            logger.exception("Couldn't put data set for metric %s.%s.", namespace, name)
            raise

class CloudWatchOTelWrapper:
    """Encapsulates the OpenTelemetry-oriented Amazon CloudWatch operations."""

    def __init__(self, cloudwatch_client):
        """
        :param cloudwatch_client: A Boto3 CloudWatch client. The OpenTelemetry
                                  operations are only available on the client
                                  interface, not on the higher-level
                                  ``boto3.resource("cloudwatch")`` interface.
        """
        self.cloudwatch_client = cloudwatch_client

    @classmethod
    def from_client(cls):
        """
        Creates a wrapper backed by a default CloudWatch client.

        :return: A CloudWatchOTelWrapper.
        """
        return cls(boto3.client("cloudwatch"))


    def start_otel_enrichment(self):
        """
        Turns on OTel enrichment for the account. Once enrichment is running,
        CloudWatch vended metrics that carry a resource identifier dimension, such as
        the EC2 CPUUtilization metric with its InstanceId dimension, are decorated with
        resource ARN and resource tag labels and become queryable with PromQL.

        Resource tags on telemetry must already be enabled for the account before you
        call this operation.
        """
        try:
            # Boto3 splits the OTel prefix when it converts the StartOTelEnrichment
            # operation name to snake case, so the method is start_o_tel_enrichment.
            self.cloudwatch_client.start_o_tel_enrichment()
            logger.info("Started OTel enrichment for this account.")
        except ClientError:
            logger.exception("Couldn't start OTel enrichment.")
            raise

class CloudWatchOTelWrapper:
    """Encapsulates the OpenTelemetry-oriented Amazon CloudWatch operations."""

    def __init__(self, cloudwatch_client):
        """
        :param cloudwatch_client: A Boto3 CloudWatch client. The OpenTelemetry
                                  operations are only available on the client
                                  interface, not on the higher-level
                                  ``boto3.resource("cloudwatch")`` interface.
        """
        self.cloudwatch_client = cloudwatch_client

    @classmethod
    def from_client(cls):
        """
        Creates a wrapper backed by a default CloudWatch client.

        :return: A CloudWatchOTelWrapper.
        """
        return cls(boto3.client("cloudwatch"))


    def stop_otel_enrichment(self):
        """
        Turns off OTel enrichment for the account. Existing PromQL alarms are not
        deleted, but vended metrics stop being enriched with resource ARN and tag
        labels, so queries that select on those labels stop matching.
        """
        try:
            self.cloudwatch_client.stop_o_tel_enrichment()
            logger.info("Stopped OTel enrichment for this account.")
        except ClientError:
            logger.exception("Couldn't stop OTel enrichment.")
            raise

建立包裝 CloudWatch 操作的類別。

from datetime import datetime, timedelta, timezone
import logging
from pprint import pprint
import random
import time
import boto3
from botocore.exceptions import ClientError

logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)


class CloudWatchWrapper:
    """Encapsulates Amazon CloudWatch functions."""

    def __init__(self, cloudwatch_resource):
        """
        :param cloudwatch_resource: A Boto3 CloudWatch resource.
        """
        self.cloudwatch_resource = cloudwatch_resource


    def put_metric_data_set(self, namespace, name, timestamp, unit, data_set):
        """
        Sends a set of data to CloudWatch for a metric. All of the data in the set
        have the same timestamp and unit.

        :param namespace: The namespace of the metric.
        :param name: The name of the metric.
        :param timestamp: The UTC timestamp for the metric.
        :param unit: The unit of the metric.
        :param data_set: The set of data to send. This set is a dictionary that
                         contains a list of values and a list of corresponding counts.
                         The value and count lists must be the same length.
        """
        try:
            metric = self.cloudwatch_resource.Metric(namespace, name)
            metric.put_data(
                Namespace=namespace,
                MetricData=[
                    {
                        "MetricName": name,
                        "Timestamp": timestamp,
                        "Values": data_set["values"],
                        "Counts": data_set["counts"],
                        "Unit": unit,
                    }
                ],
            )
            logger.info("Put data set for metric %s.%s.", namespace, name)
        except ClientError:
            logger.exception("Couldn't put data set for metric %s.%s.", namespace, name)
            raise


    def create_metric_alarm(
        self,
        metric_namespace,
        metric_name,
        alarm_name,
        stat_type,
        period,
        eval_periods,
        threshold,
        comparison_op,
    ):
        """
        Creates an alarm that watches a metric.

        :param metric_namespace: The namespace of the metric.
        :param metric_name: The name of the metric.
        :param alarm_name: The name of the alarm.
        :param stat_type: The type of statistic the alarm watches.
        :param period: The period in which metric data are grouped to calculate
                       statistics.
        :param eval_periods: The number of periods that the metric must be over the
                             alarm threshold before the alarm is set into an alarmed
                             state.
        :param threshold: The threshold value to compare against the metric statistic.
        :param comparison_op: The comparison operation used to compare the threshold
                              against the metric.
        :return: The newly created alarm.
        """
        try:
            metric = self.cloudwatch_resource.Metric(metric_namespace, metric_name)
            alarm = metric.put_alarm(
                AlarmName=alarm_name,
                Statistic=stat_type,
                Period=period,
                EvaluationPeriods=eval_periods,
                Threshold=threshold,
                ComparisonOperator=comparison_op,
            )
            logger.info(
                "Added alarm %s to track metric %s.%s.",
                alarm_name,
                metric_namespace,
                metric_name,
            )
        except ClientError:
            logger.exception(
                "Couldn't add alarm %s to metric %s.%s",
                alarm_name,
                metric_namespace,
                metric_name,
            )
            raise
        else:
            return alarm


    def put_metric_data(self, namespace, name, value, unit):
        """
        Sends a single data value to CloudWatch for a metric. This metric is given
        a timestamp of the current UTC time.

        :param namespace: The namespace of the metric.
        :param name: The name of the metric.
        :param value: The value of the metric.
        :param unit: The unit of the metric.
        """
        try:
            metric = self.cloudwatch_resource.Metric(namespace, name)
            metric.put_data(
                Namespace=namespace,
                MetricData=[{"MetricName": name, "Value": value, "Unit": unit}],
            )
            logger.info("Put data for metric %s.%s", namespace, name)
        except ClientError:
            logger.exception("Couldn't put data for metric %s.%s", namespace, name)
            raise


    def get_metric_statistics(self, namespace, name, start, end, period, stat_types):
        """
        Gets statistics for a metric within a specified time span. Metrics are grouped
        into the specified period.

        :param namespace: The namespace of the metric.
        :param name: The name of the metric.
        :param start: The UTC start time of the time span to retrieve.
        :param end: The UTC end time of the time span to retrieve.
        :param period: The period, in seconds, in which to group metrics. The period
                       must match the granularity of the metric, which depends on
                       the metric's age. For example, metrics that are older than
                       three hours have a one-minute granularity, so the period must
                       be at least 60 and must be a multiple of 60.
        :param stat_types: The type of statistics to retrieve, such as average value
                           or maximum value.
        :return: The retrieved statistics for the metric.
        """
        try:
            metric = self.cloudwatch_resource.Metric(namespace, name)
            stats = metric.get_statistics(
                StartTime=start, EndTime=end, Period=period, Statistics=stat_types
            )
            logger.info(
                "Got %s statistics for %s.", len(stats["Datapoints"]), stats["Label"]
            )
        except ClientError:
            logger.exception("Couldn't get statistics for %s.%s.", namespace, name)
            raise
        else:
            return stats


    def get_metric_alarms(self, metric_namespace, metric_name):
        """
        Gets the alarms that are currently watching the specified metric.

        :param metric_namespace: The namespace of the metric.
        :param metric_name: The name of the metric.
        :returns: An iterator that yields the alarms.
        """
        metric = self.cloudwatch_resource.Metric(metric_namespace, metric_name)
        alarm_iter = metric.alarms.all()
        logger.info("Got alarms for metric %s.%s.", metric_namespace, metric_name)
        return alarm_iter


    def delete_metric_alarms(self, metric_namespace, metric_name):
        """
        Deletes all of the alarms that are currently watching the specified metric.

        :param metric_namespace: The namespace of the metric.
        :param metric_name: The name of the metric.
        """
        try:
            metric = self.cloudwatch_resource.Metric(metric_namespace, metric_name)
            metric.alarms.delete()
            logger.info(
                "Deleted alarms for metric %s.%s.", metric_namespace, metric_name
            )
        except ClientError:
            logger.exception(
                "Couldn't delete alarms for metric %s.%s.",
                metric_namespace,
                metric_name,
            )
            raise

使用包裝函式類別將資料放入指標中、觸發觀察指標的警示，以及從警示取得資料。

def usage_demo():
    print("-" * 88)
    print("Welcome to the Amazon CloudWatch metrics and alarms demo!")
    print("-" * 88)

    logging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO, format="%(levelname)s: %(message)s")

    cw_wrapper = CloudWatchWrapper(boto3.resource("cloudwatch"))

    minutes = 20
    metric_namespace = "doc-example-metric"
    metric_name = "page_views"
    start = datetime.now(timezone.utc) - timedelta(minutes=minutes)
    print(
        f"Putting data into metric {metric_namespace}.{metric_name} spanning the "
        f"last {minutes} minutes."
    )
    for offset in range(0, minutes):
        stamp = start + timedelta(minutes=offset)
        cw_wrapper.put_metric_data_set(
            metric_namespace,
            metric_name,
            stamp,
            "Count",
            {
                "values": [
                    random.randint(bound, bound * 2)
                    for bound in range(offset + 1, offset + 11)
                ],
                "counts": [random.randint(1, offset + 1) for _ in range(10)],
            },
        )

    alarm_name = "high_page_views"
    period = 60
    eval_periods = 2
    print(f"Creating alarm {alarm_name} for metric {metric_name}.")
    alarm = cw_wrapper.create_metric_alarm(
        metric_namespace,
        metric_name,
        alarm_name,
        "Maximum",
        period,
        eval_periods,
        100,
        "GreaterThanThreshold",
    )
    print(f"Alarm ARN is {alarm.alarm_arn}.")
    print(f"Current alarm state is: {alarm.state_value}.")

    print(
        f"Sending data to trigger the alarm. This requires data over the threshold "
        f"for {eval_periods} periods of {period} seconds each."
    )
    while alarm.state_value == "INSUFFICIENT_DATA":
        print("Sending data for the metric.")
        cw_wrapper.put_metric_data(
            metric_namespace, metric_name, random.randint(100, 200), "Count"
        )
        alarm.load()
        print(f"Current alarm state is: {alarm.state_value}.")
        if alarm.state_value == "INSUFFICIENT_DATA":
            print(f"Waiting for {period} seconds...")
            time.sleep(period)
        else:
            print("Wait for a minute for eventual consistency of metric data.")
            time.sleep(period)
            if alarm.state_value == "OK":
                alarm.load()
                print(f"Current alarm state is: {alarm.state_value}.")

    print(
        f"Getting data for metric {metric_namespace}.{metric_name} during timespan "
        f"of {start} to {datetime.now(timezone.utc)} (times are UTC)."
    )
    stats = cw_wrapper.get_metric_statistics(
        metric_namespace,
        metric_name,
        start,
        datetime.now(timezone.utc),
        60,
        ["Average", "Minimum", "Maximum"],
    )
    print(
        f"Got {len(stats['Datapoints'])} data points for metric "
        f"{metric_namespace}.{metric_name}."
    )
    pprint(sorted(stats["Datapoints"], key=lambda x: x["Timestamp"]))

    print(f"Getting alarms for metric {metric_name}.")
    alarms = cw_wrapper.get_metric_alarms(metric_namespace, metric_name)
    for alarm in alarms:
        print(f"Alarm {alarm.name} is currently in state {alarm.state_value}.")

    print(f"Deleting alarms for metric {metric_name}.")
    cw_wrapper.delete_metric_alarms(metric_namespace, metric_name)

    print("Thanks for watching!")
    print("-" * 88)

建立包裝 CloudWatch OpenTelemetry 操作的類別。

import logging
import time

import boto3
from botocore.exceptions import ClientError

logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)


class CloudWatchOTelWrapper:
    """Encapsulates the OpenTelemetry-oriented Amazon CloudWatch operations."""

    def __init__(self, cloudwatch_client):
        """
        :param cloudwatch_client: A Boto3 CloudWatch client. The OpenTelemetry
                                  operations are only available on the client
                                  interface, not on the higher-level
                                  ``boto3.resource("cloudwatch")`` interface.
        """
        self.cloudwatch_client = cloudwatch_client

    @classmethod
    def from_client(cls):
        """
        Creates a wrapper backed by a default CloudWatch client.

        :return: A CloudWatchOTelWrapper.
        """
        return cls(boto3.client("cloudwatch"))


    def start_otel_enrichment(self):
        """
        Turns on OTel enrichment for the account. Once enrichment is running,
        CloudWatch vended metrics that carry a resource identifier dimension, such as
        the EC2 CPUUtilization metric with its InstanceId dimension, are decorated with
        resource ARN and resource tag labels and become queryable with PromQL.

        Resource tags on telemetry must already be enabled for the account before you
        call this operation.
        """
        try:
            # Boto3 splits the OTel prefix when it converts the StartOTelEnrichment
            # operation name to snake case, so the method is start_o_tel_enrichment.
            self.cloudwatch_client.start_o_tel_enrichment()
            logger.info("Started OTel enrichment for this account.")
        except ClientError:
            logger.exception("Couldn't start OTel enrichment.")
            raise


    def get_otel_enrichment_status(self):
        """
        Gets the current OTel enrichment status for the account.

        :return: The status, either 'Running' or 'Stopped'.
        """
        try:
            response = self.cloudwatch_client.get_o_tel_enrichment()
        except ClientError:
            logger.exception("Couldn't get the OTel enrichment status.")
            raise
        else:
            status = response["Status"]
            logger.info("OTel enrichment status is %s.", status)
            return status


    def create_promql_alarm(
        self,
        alarm_name,
        query,
        evaluation_interval,
        pending_period=300,
        recovery_period=120,
        description=None,
        alarm_actions=None,
    ):
        """
        Creates an alarm that evaluates a PromQL query.

        A PromQL alarm differs from a classic metric alarm in a few ways. The query can
        match many series at once, and each matching series is tracked separately as a
        *contributor*. Instead of counting breaching periods, you specify durations: a
        contributor moves to ALARM after it breaches continuously for the pending
        period, and back to OK after it stops breaching for the recovery period. A
        PromQL alarm starts in the OK state rather than INSUFFICIENT_DATA.

        The PromQL evaluation parameters live in the EvaluationCriteria union, which is
        mutually exclusive with the classic MetricName and Metrics parameters. When you
        use EvaluationCriteria you must also set EvaluationInterval, and you must not
        set Period, Statistic, Threshold, ComparisonOperator, EvaluationPeriods,
        DatapointsToAlarm, or TreatMissingData.

        :param alarm_name: The name of the alarm. Must be unique within the Region.
        :param query: The PromQL query to evaluate, such as
                      'avg(cpu_utilization_percent) > 80'. The comparison belongs in
                      the query itself; there is no separate threshold parameter.
        :param evaluation_interval: How often, in seconds, to run the query. Valid
                                    values are 10, 20, 30, and any multiple of 60, up
                                    to 3600.
        :param pending_period: How long, in seconds, a contributor must breach
                               continuously before it moves to ALARM.
        :param recovery_period: How long, in seconds, a contributor must stop breaching
                                before it moves back to OK.
        :param description: The description of the alarm.
        :param alarm_actions: A list of ARNs to notify when the alarm fires, such as an
                              Amazon SNS topic.
        """
        promql_criteria = {
            "Query": query,
            "PendingPeriod": pending_period,
            "RecoveryPeriod": recovery_period,
        }
        kwargs = {
            "AlarmName": alarm_name,
            "EvaluationCriteria": {"PromQLCriteria": promql_criteria},
            "EvaluationInterval": evaluation_interval,
        }
        if description is not None:
            kwargs["AlarmDescription"] = description
        if alarm_actions is not None:
            kwargs["AlarmActions"] = alarm_actions

        try:
            self.cloudwatch_client.put_metric_alarm(**kwargs)
            logger.info("Created PromQL alarm %s for query %s.", alarm_name, query)
        except ClientError:
            logger.exception("Couldn't create PromQL alarm %s.", alarm_name)
            raise


    def describe_alarm_contributors(self, alarm_name):
        """
        Gets the contributors for a PromQL alarm. Each contributor is one series that
        the alarm's query matched, identified by its label set. This is how you find out
        *which* hosts, services, or pods are breaching, rather than only that something
        is.

        :param alarm_name: The name of the PromQL alarm.
        :return: The list of contributors. Each contributor has a ContributorId, a
                 ContributorAttributes map of the labels that identify the series, a
                 StateReason, and the time it last changed state.
        """
        contributors = []
        try:
            next_token = None
            while True:
                kwargs = {"AlarmName": alarm_name}
                if next_token is not None:
                    kwargs["NextToken"] = next_token
                response = self.cloudwatch_client.describe_alarm_contributors(**kwargs)
                contributors.extend(response["AlarmContributors"])
                next_token = response.get("NextToken")
                if not next_token:
                    break
        except ClientError:
            logger.exception("Couldn't get contributors for alarm %s.", alarm_name)
            raise
        else:
            logger.info(
                "Got %s contributors for alarm %s.", len(contributors), alarm_name
            )
            return contributors


    def put_alarm_mute_rule(
        self,
        name,
        expression,
        duration,
        alarm_names=None,
        timezone=None,
        description=None,
    ):
        """
        Creates or updates an alarm mute rule. While a mute rule is active the targeted
        alarms keep evaluating and keep transitioning between states, but their
        configured actions do not fire. This is the supported way to suppress
        notifications during a known maintenance window instead of disabling alarm
        actions and hoping someone remembers to turn them back on.

        :param name: The name of the mute rule.
        :param expression: When the rule activates. For a recurring window, use a
                           five-field cron expression,
                           'cron(Minutes Hours Day-of-month Month Day-of-week)', such as
                           'cron(0 2 * * SUN)' for every Sunday at 2:00 AM. Note that
                           this is five fields, not the six that Amazon EventBridge
                           uses. For a one-time window, use 'at(yyyy-MM-ddThh:mm)',
                           such as 'at(2026-09-05T02:00)'.
        :param duration: How long the mute window lasts once it activates, in ISO 8601
                         duration format, from 'PT1M' (one minute) to 'P15D' (15 days).
                         For example, 'PT2H' is two hours and 'P2DT12H' is two days and
                         12 hours.
        :param alarm_names: The names of up to 100 alarms to mute. If omitted, the rule
                            applies to all alarms in the account.
        :param timezone: The time zone the expression is evaluated in, such as
                         'America/Los_Angeles'.
        :param description: The description of the mute rule.
        """
        schedule = {"Expression": expression, "Duration": duration}
        if timezone is not None:
            schedule["Timezone"] = timezone

        kwargs = {"Name": name, "Rule": {"Schedule": schedule}}
        if alarm_names is not None:
            kwargs["MuteTargets"] = {"AlarmNames": alarm_names}
        if description is not None:
            kwargs["Description"] = description

        try:
            self.cloudwatch_client.put_alarm_mute_rule(**kwargs)
            logger.info("Put alarm mute rule %s.", name)
        except ClientError:
            logger.exception("Couldn't put alarm mute rule %s.", name)
            raise


    def get_alarm_mute_rule(self, name):
        """
        Gets the full configuration of an alarm mute rule, including its schedule, the
        alarms it targets, and whether it is currently SCHEDULED, ACTIVE, or EXPIRED.

        :param name: The name of the mute rule.
        :return: The mute rule.
        """
        try:
            response = self.cloudwatch_client.get_alarm_mute_rule(
                AlarmMuteRuleName=name
            )
        except ClientError:
            logger.exception("Couldn't get alarm mute rule %s.", name)
            raise
        else:
            logger.info("Got alarm mute rule %s.", name)
            return response


    def list_alarm_mute_rules(self, alarm_name=None, statuses=None):
        """
        Lists alarm mute rules in the account.

        :param alarm_name: When specified, only rules that target this alarm are
                           returned.
        :param statuses: When specified, only rules in these statuses are returned.
                         Valid values are 'SCHEDULED', 'ACTIVE', and 'EXPIRED'.
        :return: The list of mute rule summaries.
        """
        summaries = []
        try:
            next_token = None
            while True:
                kwargs = {}
                if alarm_name is not None:
                    kwargs["AlarmName"] = alarm_name
                if statuses is not None:
                    kwargs["Statuses"] = statuses
                if next_token is not None:
                    kwargs["NextToken"] = next_token
                response = self.cloudwatch_client.list_alarm_mute_rules(**kwargs)
                summaries.extend(response.get("AlarmMuteRuleSummaries", []))
                next_token = response.get("NextToken")
                if not next_token:
                    break
        except ClientError:
            logger.exception("Couldn't list alarm mute rules.")
            raise
        else:
            logger.info("Got %s alarm mute rules.", len(summaries))
            return summaries


    def delete_alarm_mute_rule(self, name):
        """
        Deletes an alarm mute rule.

        :param name: The name of the mute rule.
        """
        try:
            self.cloudwatch_client.delete_alarm_mute_rule(AlarmMuteRuleName=name)
            logger.info("Deleted alarm mute rule %s.", name)
        except ClientError:
            logger.exception("Couldn't delete alarm mute rule %s.", name)
            raise


    def stop_otel_enrichment(self):
        """
        Turns off OTel enrichment for the account. Existing PromQL alarms are not
        deleted, but vended metrics stop being enriched with resource ARN and tag
        labels, so queries that select on those labels stop matching.
        """
        try:
            self.cloudwatch_client.stop_o_tel_enrichment()
            logger.info("Stopped OTel enrichment for this account.")
        except ClientError:
            logger.exception("Couldn't stop OTel enrichment.")
            raise


    def delete_alarms(self, alarm_names):
        """
        Deletes the specified alarms.

        :param alarm_names: The names of the alarms to delete.
        """
        try:
            self.cloudwatch_client.delete_alarms(AlarmNames=alarm_names)
            logger.info("Deleted alarms %s.", ", ".join(alarm_names))
        except ClientError:
            logger.exception("Couldn't delete alarms %s.", ", ".join(alarm_names))
            raise

使用包裝函式類別，透過 PromQL 查詢對 OpenTelemetry 指標發出警示，檢查警示的貢獻者並將其靜音。

def usage_demo():
    """
    Walks through the OpenTelemetry metrics workflow in CloudWatch: turn on
    enrichment, alarm on a PromQL query, inspect the contributors that matched, mute
    the alarm for a maintenance window, then clean up.

    This scenario assumes OpenTelemetry metrics are already flowing into the account,
    either from an OpenTelemetry collector, the CloudWatch agent, or the ADOT SDK.
    """
    print("-" * 88)
    print("Welcome to the Amazon CloudWatch OpenTelemetry metrics demo!")
    print("-" * 88)

    logging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO, format="%(levelname)s: %(message)s")

    cw = CloudWatchOTelWrapper.from_client()

    alarm_name = "doc-example-promql-high-cpu"
    mute_rule_name = "doc-example-maintenance-window"

    print("Checking whether OTel enrichment is on for this account.")
    status = cw.get_otel_enrichment_status()
    started_enrichment_here = False
    if status == "Stopped":
        print("Enrichment is stopped. Starting it so vended metrics accept PromQL.")
        cw.start_otel_enrichment()
        started_enrichment_here = True
    else:
        print("Enrichment is already running. Leaving it alone.")

    query = 'avg by (host_name) (cpu_utilization_percent{service_name="checkout"}) > 80'
    print(f"\nCreating a PromQL alarm on: {query}")
    cw.create_promql_alarm(
        alarm_name,
        query,
        evaluation_interval=30,
        pending_period=300,
        recovery_period=120,
        description="Average CPU over 80% per host for the checkout service.",
    )
    print(
        "The alarm evaluates every 30 seconds. A host moves to ALARM after breaching "
        "for 300 seconds straight, and back to OK after 120 seconds clean."
    )

    print("\nWaiting a moment for the first evaluation, then listing contributors.")
    time.sleep(30)
    contributors = cw.describe_alarm_contributors(alarm_name)
    if not contributors:
        print(
            "No contributors yet. The query matched no series, which usually means "
            "no OTel metrics with these labels have arrived. Send some OTel metrics "
            "through the OTLP endpoint and run this again."
        )
    for contributor in contributors:
        labels = ", ".join(
            f"{key}={value}"
            for key, value in sorted(contributor["ContributorAttributes"].items())
        )
        print(f"  {contributor['ContributorId']}: {labels}")
        print(f"    reason: {contributor['StateReason']}")

    print(f"\nMuting {alarm_name} for a weekly two-hour maintenance window.")
    cw.put_alarm_mute_rule(
        mute_rule_name,
        expression="cron(0 2 * * SUN)",
        duration="PT2H",
        alarm_names=[alarm_name],
        timezone="America/Los_Angeles",
        description="Suppress checkout CPU pages during Sunday patching.",
    )
    rule = cw.get_alarm_mute_rule(mute_rule_name)
    print(f"Mute rule status is {rule.get('Status')}.")
    print(
        "While the window is active the alarm keeps evaluating and still changes "
        "state; only its actions are suppressed."
    )

    print(f"\nMute rules targeting {alarm_name}:")
    for summary in cw.list_alarm_mute_rules(alarm_name=alarm_name):
        print(f"  {summary.get('AlarmMuteRuleArn')} ({summary.get('Status')})")

    print("\nCleaning up.")
    cw.delete_alarm_mute_rule(mute_rule_name)
    cw.delete_alarms([alarm_name])
    if started_enrichment_here:
        print("Stopping OTel enrichment, since this demo started it.")
        cw.stop_otel_enrichment()

    print("\nThanks for watching!")
    print("-" * 88)

設定 OpenTelemetry Collector，將此範例警示的 OTLP 指標傳送至 CloudWatch 指標端點。透過 OTLP 的指標擷取不是 AWSSDK 操作，因此這一半的範例是收集器組態，而不是 SDK 程式碼。

# Purpose
#
# An OpenTelemetry Collector configuration that sends OTLP metrics to the Amazon
# CloudWatch metrics endpoint. Once metrics land in CloudWatch they are queryable with
# PromQL in Query Studio, and you can alarm on them with the PromQL alarm operations
# shown in cloudwatch_otel.py.
#
# Metric ingestion over OTLP is deliberately NOT an AWS SDK operation. There is no
# boto3 call that sends OTLP metrics. You send them with one of the following, in
# rough order of how integrated the CloudWatch experience is:
#
#   1. The CloudWatch agent (recommended). An AWS-managed OpenTelemetry Collector with
#      CloudWatch components pre-built. Adds entity correlation, runtime metrics, and
#      Container Insights support.
#   2. An upstream OpenTelemetry Collector. What this file configures.
#   3. A custom OpenTelemetry Collector build.
#   4. The AWS Distro for OpenTelemetry (ADOT) SDK, with no collector at all.
#
# Prerequisites
#
# * An OpenTelemetry Collector release that includes the sigv4authextension. The
#   contrib distribution does. See
#   https://github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-collector-releases/releases
# * AWS credentials the collector can resolve. On Amazon EC2, attach the
#   CloudWatchAgentServerPolicy managed policy to the instance role. On Amazon EKS,
#   bind that policy to the collector's service account with IRSA. On premises, run
#   `aws configure` for an IAM user that has the same policy.
#
# Run the collector with:
#
#   otelcol-contrib --config otlp_collector_config.yaml
#
# Then point your instrumented application at http://localhost:4318.
#
# For more information, see
# https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonCloudWatch/latest/monitoring/CloudWatch-OTLPEndpoint.html

receivers:
  # The CloudWatch OTLP endpoints are HTTP 1.1 only and do not support gRPC. You can
  # still accept gRPC from your applications here and let the collector translate, but
  # this example keeps the receiver HTTP-only to mirror what is sent upstream.
  otlp:
    protocols:
      http:
        endpoint: "0.0.0.0:4318"

processors:
  # Batch to stay inside the endpoint's per-request limits: 1 MB uncompressed and
  # 1,000 datapoints, counted as the sum across ResourceMetrics, ScopeMetrics, and
  # Metrics. A batch of 200 leaves comfortable headroom.
  batch:
    send_batch_size: 200
    timeout: 10s

exporters:
  otlphttp:
    tls:
      insecure: false
    # Pattern: https://monitoring.{region}.amazonaws.com/v1/metrics
    endpoint: "https://monitoring.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/v1/metrics"
    # Only gzip and none are supported.
    compression: gzip
    auth:
      authenticator: sigv4auth

extensions:
  # SigV4 is the recommended authentication method, and the only one supported for
  # traces. For hosts outside AWS you can instead use the bearertokenauth extension
  # against the metrics or logs endpoints; see
  # https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonCloudWatch/latest/monitoring/CloudWatch-OTLP-MetricsBearerTokenAuth.html
  sigv4auth:
    # The metrics endpoint signs as "monitoring". The logs endpoint signs as "logs"
    # and the traces endpoint as "xray".
    service: "monitoring"
    region: "us-east-1"

service:
  extensions: [sigv4auth]
  pipelines:
    metrics:
      receivers: [otlp]
      processors: [batch]
      exporters: [otlphttp]

# Endpoint limits worth designing around, all per account and Region:
#
#   Maximum TPS                  500
#   New series creation rate     1,000,000 per 10-minute window
#   Maximum request size         1 MB uncompressed
#   Maximum datapoint count      1,000 per request
#   Maximum metadata size        40 KB of labels and values per series per datapoint
#   Maximum label count          150 across Resource, Scope, and Datapoint attributes
#   Timestamp window             at most 10 minutes in the future, 14 days in the past
#
# Exceeding the TPS or new-series limits returns 429. The size, count, metadata,
# label, and timestamp limits return 400, and a request whose metrics are only
# partially invalid returns 200 with the valid metrics ingested.